Nitrogen deficiency (needle chlorosis) in white spruce planted in poorly-drained old field sandy loams. Larose Forest, Limerick

Decadent red pine, Quetico, Hilly Island, Lac LaCroix. Photo Orie Loucks

Fire origin white pine with balsam fir understory. Quetico, Norway Pt. Photo Orie Loucks

Decadent red pine stand, live remnants on shoreline. Quetico, Irving Island. Photo Orie Loucks.

Over-mature red pine with black spruce developing in openings. Quetico. Photo Orie Loucks.

Over-mature red pine, fire origin. N.B. hardwoods in opening one young red pine in the foreground.

Fire origin white pine, with spruce and eastern white cedar. 90 yrs. Quetico. N.B. hardwood understory. Photo Orie Loucks

Over-mature black spruce on sphagnum peat. Older trees are 210 yrs N.B. younger age classes in openings. Quetico. Photo Orie Loucks.

Earl of Bathurst estate, Wiltshire. Spruce planted in hardwood opening

White spruce, 5 yrs. from planting. CIP Experimental area. Person is Paul Aird.