Spring wildfire in open natural white pine. St.Williams. N.B. the mineral soil exposed. The forest floor in these Ontario forests is minimal, due to rapid decomposition.

Spruce budworm damage in balsam fir. New Brunswick

Spruce budworm damage in balsam fir. New Brunswick

Spruce in paper pots, n.b. mortality due to drought from improper watering. White spruce, 1+0, container.

Spruce in styroblocks at 3 months. Container, white spruce, 1+0.

Spruces planted 1965. Skin Gulch, Black Brook, J.D.Irving. cf. slide #186 & #188. Landscape photo same location, photo taken 8 years later.

Squaring white pine

Squirrel pruning of black spruce. Raith.

Land use types at the St. John River Valley, New Brunswick

Tallgrass and land use types at the St. John River Valley, New Brunswick