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Fire origin jack pine & black spruce at 48yrs. N.B. crowns. Engelhart Management Unit (Plonski Forest).

Fire origin black spruce & aspen at 48yrs. Engelart Management Unit (Plonski Forest).

Fire origin black spruce & aspen at 48yrs. Engelhart Management Unit (Plonski Forest)

Sleigh haul of pulpwood, 1950. NE Ontario

Red pine at 43yrs planted on abandoned wind-eroded farmland. Vivian Forest west tract (York Regional Forest). Persons- Erling Armson (skis) & Harriett Armson (red jacket)

Red pine planted ca. 1926 on "wasteland", i.e. old fields, at 43yrs. Vivian Forest west tract (York Regional Forest).

Same area as slide #416, after Hurricane of 1938. Photo 1938. Harvard Forest, Pisgah Tract. So much for old-growth.

Old-growth white pine & white cedar originated after hurricane & fire in mid-1600s?
Photo 1915. Harvard Forest, Pisgah Tract.

Black spruce planted 1966 in lowland area subject to late spring frost. N.B. no damage. J.D.Irving, Black Brook, Camp #9

Bending and breakage in black spruce (planted 1965). Heavy snow 1968-69 followed by a thaw and freezing rain, then refreezing to form heavy crust. J.D.Irving, Black Brook.