Gleying in the lower part of a grey-brown podzolic near Maple

Clay illuvation in Bt of Grey-brown podzolic near Maple; N.B. the biotite mineral.

Clay illuviation in Bt of a grey-brown podzolic near maple

Grey-brown podzolic in a clay loam under maple, beech, ash at the Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill; photo used in KAA text.

Roots of young poderosa pine in pumice soil (1500 yrs ago) n.b. the two-tiered root system.

Closeup to show quartz and feldspar particles from the Ae of Podzol profile in the Kirkwood Forest, near Thessalon.

Evidence of perturbation due to windthrow after fire under a white pine stump in till near Dorset

Evidence of perturbation due to windthrow after fire under a white pine stump in till near Dorset.

Note intensity of rooting in this very shallow over granite gneiss bedrock

Note intensity of rooting in this very shallow over granite gneiss bedrock