Cross-section of dense seedbed (300sdlgs/sq/ft) to show effects of Botrytis mold. Black spruce, 2+0, Botrytis damage.

Cross-section of seedlings in situ showing lower dead foliage due to Botrytis and dead leadertop to aphids. Black spruce, 2+0, botrytis and aphid damage.

Botrytis mold on lower foliage in very dense and moist seedbeds density approx. 300sdlgs/sq/ft. Black spruce, 2+0, botrytis damage.

Seedling from bed to show dead foliage from aphid attack. Black spruce, 2+0, aphid damage.

Dead top of leader resulting from aphid attack. Black spruce, 2+0, aphid damage.

Aphids in succulent leader. Black spruce, 2+0, aphid damage.

Healthy spruce being inspected by Bob Bezzant. Black spruce, 2+2, transplants.

Wade irrigation system on seedbeds. Jack pine, 2+0, irrigation.

Manual thinning of seedbeds from 40-65sdlgs/sq.ft. By hand to 30sdlgs/sq.ft. Red pine, 2+0, thinning.

Seedbed thinning after strip application of paraquat. Red pine, 3+0, thinning.