Profile under the fallen trunk of the windthrown pine; n.b disturbance to the right; also slides numbers 33, 34, 35. Spodosol, P, C, WN, D.

Digging out a soil pit by hand; KAA and Ken Reese doing their thing at the Swastika Nursery where there is to be more clearing of jack pine to enlarge the nursery. Spodosol, P, C, F, D.

Digging the soil pit cf. slide #36, technology to the rescue! At Swastika nursery. Spodosol, P, C, F, D.

Nitrogen-fixing nodules on Alnus; actinomycetes the organisms. Spodosol, HF, BSY.

Cluster of nodules on Alnus; N-fixing by Actinomycetes. Spodosol, HF, BSY.

Nodules on black locust (robinia pseudoacacia) with rhizobium bacteria nitrogen-fixing; see slides #42 and 43. Alfisol, HF, BSY.

Cross-section of black locust nodule (x4) to show general structure and the red colour due to presence of 'leghemoglobin' which shows there is active nitrogen-fixation. Alfisol, HF, BSY.

Cross-section of black locust nodule (x360) to show rhizobium cells the bacteria which due the nitrogen-fixation. Alfisol, HF, BSY.

Profile under 300+ year Douglas fir and red cedar; Ah 25cm with worms; silt loam with gleying at 60cm; Pack Forest near Puyallup. Mollisol, P, C, D.

Brown forest with Ah under 36 year red cedar at Haney (UBC Forest); B horizon has concretions called 'shot'. Mollisol, P, C, F, D.