Roots of young poderosa pine in pumice soil (1500 yrs ago) n.b. the two-tiered root system.

Closeup to show quartz and feldspar particles from the Ae of Podzol profile in the Kirkwood Forest, near Thessalon.

Evidence of perturbation due to windthrow after fire under a white pine stump in till near Dorset

Evidence of perturbation due to windthrow after fire under a white pine stump in till near Dorset.

Note intensity of rooting in this very shallow over granite gneiss bedrock

Note intensity of rooting in this very shallow over granite gneiss bedrock

Poorly developed Podzol in ablation till (granite gneiss) over bedrock at Dorset, n.b. dark B and roots

Frost polygons in central Newfoundland; person is Bob Van Nostrand of Canadian Forestry Service, St. John's Nfld.

Poor drainage in a typic hapludult, Duke Forest

Typic hapludult, Durham loamy sand derived from weathering of granite.