Seedling showing evidence of frost-heaving in seedbed. Black spruce, 2+0, seedbed.

Band sown spruce. Black spruce, 1+0, seedbeds.

Broadcast greenhouse beds for transplanting in summer, ht. 10-15cm. Black spruce, 1+0, greenhouse.

Comparison of greenhouse grown seedlings vs regular seedbed stock left: sdlgs sown greenhouse Feb. heeled-in June, transplanted Aug right: 11/2 seedbed stock transplanted Aug. Black spruce, 1+1, transplants.

Comparison of seedlings from greenhouse 1/2+1 vs seedbed 11/2+1; n.b. greenhouse with compact root system, although smaller than conventional stock.

Mulched seedbeds to prevent frost heaving, n.b. success. Black spruce, 2+0, mulching, peat.

Peat mulch applied to seedbeds in late August to prevent frost heaving. Black spruce; mulching. 1+0.

Mulching seedbeds used to apply peat to seedbeds. Mulching, equipment.

Mulching seedbeds n.b. machine has put on mulch, now it is being brushed to ensure even distribution. Mulching seedbeds, black spruce, 1+0.

General view of seedbeds in fall. Black spruce, 1+0, seedbeds, general view.