Frost polygons in central Newfoundland; person is Bob Van Nostrand of Canadian Forestry Service, St. John's Nfld.

Poorly developed Podzol in ablation till (granite gneiss) over bedrock at Dorset, n.b. dark B and roots

Note intensity of rooting in this very shallow over granite gneiss bedrock

Note intensity of rooting in this very shallow over granite gneiss bedrock

Evidence of perturbation due to windthrow after fire under a white pine stump in till near Dorset.

Evidence of perturbation due to windthrow after fire under a white pine stump in till near Dorset

Closeup to show quartz and feldspar particles from the Ae of Podzol profile in the Kirkwood Forest, near Thessalon.

Roots of young poderosa pine in pumice soil (1500 yrs ago) n.b. the two-tiered root system.

Grey-brown podzolic in a clay loam under maple, beech, ash at the Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill; photo used in KAA text.

Clay illuviation in Bt of a grey-brown podzolic near maple