Bending and breakage in black spruce (planted 1965). Heavy snow 1968-69 followed by a thaw and freezing rain, then refreezing to form heavy crust. J.D.Irving, Black Brook.

Bending of "whips", i.e. slender understory stems exposed after a selection harvest. Geography Barrie woodlot, Highway 97 near Ayr.

Bent saplings. S. Ottawa. Photo Mike Rosen.

Faculty presenting an award.