Dense lower story of natural red spruce under hard maple and yellow birch. Bowaters Mersey, Nova Scotia. Area had been heavily cut 20+ yrs before.

Natural regeneration of red spruce and hemlock in mixed stand. N.B. person in blue shirt is Dr. I.C.M.(Cam) Place

Natural regeneration of red spruce under mature tree in mixed stand of hard maple, birch and red spruce

Ponderosa pine with dense groundcover of Manzanita and Arctostaphylus parryana. SE Oregon.

Landscape view across Petawawa Management Unit, now part of AFA's area in Algonquin park, to show pine forest. N.B. dead tree killed by blister rust.

Over mature stand 350+years being harvested at UBC Forest, Haney

Birch and balsam established on white pine windthrow resulting from fire. Near Dorset.

Birch and balsam established on white pine windthrow resulting from fire. Near Dorset.

Red alder, 20 yrs. old after harvesting of conifers on lower slope. Pack Forest of U of Washington

95 yr.old Douglas fir windthrown. N.B. man in hole left when tree fell.