Soil profile under mature hemlock. n.b. well-developed podzol with Ae and Bf Algonquin Park

General view through mature hemlock stand. Algonquin Park.

Forest floor under mature hemlock, n.b. complete absence of regeneration and other vegetation.

Interior of hemlock stand, Algonquin Park

Hemlock stand n.b. old white pine stump. Algonquin park.

Crown closure in mature stand, Algonquin park.

Dense mature stand of hemlock in Algonquin Park.

Eastern hemlock, clearcut in Algonquin Park.

Blake MacDonald's experiment to show the impact of water supply: weekly vs. fortnightly watering on growth of hard maple seedlings.

Blake MacDonald's experiment to show the impact of water supply: weekly vs. fortnightly watering on growth of hard maple seedlings.