Plinthic paleudult, n.b. the paleogley in the upper portion of the profile (very ancient, i.e. 1+m yrs); forest is Longleaf pine, P. palustris in Sandhills, N.C.

Forest floor under maple after a Spring (April) prescribed burn; n.b. only partial removal, floor remains intact; cf. #144 & 145.

Surface after an August fire in a jack pine cutover in Burt Twp. of Plonski Forest, Swastika; n.b. some exposure of mineral soil and the evidence of surface erosion by lining up of fine twigs

Surface after an August fire in a jack pine cutover, Burt Twp in the Plonski Forest, Swastika; N.B. intensity of burning to mineral soil due to slash fuel; cf.Slide # 145

Gleying in the lower part of a grey-brown podzolic near Maple

Clay illuvation in Bt of Grey-brown podzolic near Maple; N.B. the biotite mineral.

Clay illuviation in Bt of a grey-brown podzolic near maple

Grey-brown podzolic in a clay loam under maple, beech, ash at the Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill; photo used in KAA text.

Roots of young poderosa pine in pumice soil (1500 yrs ago) n.b. the two-tiered root system.

Closeup to show quartz and feldspar particles from the Ae of Podzol profile in the Kirkwood Forest, near Thessalon.