Hemlock seedlings on mineral soil created by road construction, n.b. number of seedlings. Algonquin Park.

Hemlock seedling on forest floor, n.b. hard maple litter. Algonquin Park.

Regeneration of hemlock only at base of old pine stump or old pine stem. Algonquin Park.

Regeneration of hemlock only at base of old pine stump or old pine stem. Algonquin Park.

Soil profile under mature hemlock. n.b. well-developed podzol with Ae and Bf Algonquin Park

General view through mature hemlock stand. Algonquin Park.

Forest floor under mature hemlock, n.b. complete absence of regeneration and other vegetation.

Interior of hemlock stand, Algonquin Park

Hemlock stand n.b. old white pine stump. Algonquin park.

Crown closure in mature stand, Algonquin park.