Natural regeneration of Engelmann spruce and Balsam fir. Northwest power and Paper Co. Hinton

Atlantic shoreline Balsam fir, north of St. John's. N.B. form and growth.

Boreal forest from the air. North of Prince Albert

Boreal forest black spruce & white birch. N.B. decadent birch. North of Prince Albert.

Natural stand of Pinus densiflora in Nishine, Japan. N.B. poor form and dense woody understory. Photo Carl Heimberger

White spruce, 5 yrs. from planting. CIP Experimental area. Person is Paul Aird.

Earl of Bathurst estate, Wiltshire. Spruce planted in hardwood opening

Over-mature black spruce on sphagnum peat. Older trees are 210 yrs N.B. younger age classes in openings. Quetico. Photo Orie Loucks.

Fire origin white pine, with spruce and eastern white cedar. 90 yrs. Quetico. N.B. hardwood understory. Photo Orie Loucks

Over-mature red pine, fire origin. N.B. hardwoods in opening one young red pine in the foreground.