Needle mortality due to high temp. in late March - a reflection of sun by surface ice/snow crust on needles followed by night freezing temp. Benoit Twp. nr Kirkland Lake

Jack pine showing mid-zone of foliage mortality, lower foliage was below snow, and upper was in cold air; middle foliage was subject to heating from reflection off snow/ice surface. Person R.D. Carm.

White pine(87 yrs) showing two fire scars. Sand lake nr. Dorset

Black locust from root sucker of larger tree in background at Sand Banks. N.B. "Bonzai" Scots Pine and exposed roots on the surface.

Scots pine 15 yrs. on blow sand Sand Banks, Prince Edward Co.

Scots pine 25yrs on blow sand at Sand Banks, Prince Edward Co. N.B. exposed roots - a "bonzai" pine.

Scots pine 15 yrs, on blow sand, in open(foreground) under Carolina poplar in backgound. Sand Banks, Prince Edward Co.

Start of removal of lateral buds on red pine to produce "knot-free" lower log after several years of continued debudding. nr. Dorset

Debudded red pine to produce a knot-free lower log after several years of debudding. Nr. Dorset

Red pine on abandoned farmland, deep medium sand. Foliage symptoms of potassium deficiency (chlorosis>necrosis). Hughes plantation, Huntsville.