Dead top of leader resulting from aphid attack. Black spruce, 2+0, aphid damage.

Seedling from bed to show dead foliage from aphid attack. Black spruce, 2+0, aphid damage.

Botrytis mold on lower foliage in very dense and moist seedbeds density approx. 300sdlgs/sq/ft. Black spruce, 2+0, botrytis damage.

Cross-section of seedlings in situ showing lower dead foliage due to Botrytis and dead leadertop to aphids. Black spruce, 2+0, botrytis and aphid damage.

Cross-section of dense seedbed (300sdlgs/sq/ft) to show effects of Botrytis mold. Black spruce, 2+0, Botrytis damage.

Seed sown March, outplanted July 1972 at Camp 66, Miramichi. Black spruce, 1+1, container, paper pot.

Seedling showing evidence of frost-heaving in seedbed. Black spruce, 2+0, seedbed.

Band sown spruce. Black spruce, 1+0, seedbeds.

Broadcast greenhouse beds for transplanting in summer, ht. 10-15cm. Black spruce, 1+0, greenhouse.

Comparison of greenhouse grown seedlings vs regular seedbed stock left: sdlgs sown greenhouse Feb. heeled-in June, transplanted Aug right: 11/2 seedbed stock transplanted Aug. Black spruce, 1+1, transplants.