Covering shoes of the seeder. Seeding.

Normal purpling of jack pine after the onset of the first frosts. Jack pine, winter "purpling."

Vertical root pruner in general use at Thunder Bay. Jack pine, 3+0, pruning roots.

Comparison of normal 2+2 (left) and 1.5+1.5 (right). White spruce, 2+2, transplants.

Soil after lifting of first seedling crop, n.b. soil heterogeneity some Ae and Bf horizons. White spruce, soil conditions.

A general view of seedbeds. Douglas fir.

A general view of seedbeds. Engelmann spruce, 2+0.

Shading seedbeds with airplane target material. Engelmann spruce, shading.

Covering sand being applied to seedbeds. 0, seedbed covering.

Purpling in jack pine after first good frost. Jack pine, winter "purpling."