Splashing of fine soil around seedlings from irrigation water. White spruce, 2+0, mulching, lack of mulch results in "caking."

A large irrigation gun-totally oversized. White spruce, 2+0, irrigation.

Band sown seedbeds n.b. chlorosis. Red pine, 2+0, seedbeds.

R.D. Carman examining soil on the site of the new nursery, n.b. existing vegetation. Nursery establishment.

Shredding peat prior to application on the first seedbeds. Peat shredding.

A rotary mulcher built at the nursery. Mulching.

A closeup of the rotary head of the mulcher. Mulching.

Gandy fertilizer spreader. Fertilization.

Mulching seedbeds with rotary spreader using sawdust. 0, mulching.

Seedbeds n.b. short beds (manual not machine treated) and the skinner irrigation system. Red pine, seedbeds.