Budworms eating on tips of white spruce. Black Brook, J.D.Irving.

Petawawa - PNre - normal and fastigiate form (grafts)

Phosphorus deficiency in jack pine at 25 days. Jack pine, 1+0, nutrient deficiency, phosphorus.

Phosphorus deficiency in seedling jack pine at 70 days from germination. Jack pine, 1+0, nutrient deficiency - phosphorus.

Phosphorus purpling in shoots of seedlings. White spruce, 2+0, nutrient deficiency, phosphorus.

Photo at Vivian of residual old white pine stump on deep sands that eroded after clearing for agriculture in mid 1800's. Pine were approximately 200+yrs and came in on previous Indigenous fields. Alfisol, HF, T, WN, D.

Photo of a black solodized solonetz by Soil survey in Alberta. Aridisol, P, C, D.

Photo of Ae in profile in Slide # 61; n.b. dominancy of silica grain illustrating weathering and removal, i.e. eluviation. Spodosol, HAM, C.

Photo of Bf horizon in profile Slide # 61; n.b. iron colouration and the fine particles coating the larger grains, i.e. illuviation. Spodosol, HBM, C.

Photo of C horizon (waterlaid) in profile Slide # 61; n.b. individual minerals e.g. silica, feldspar and biotite. Spodosol, HCM, CM.