Black spruce, 2, 4, 5 T herbicide applied aerially, 1.5 lbs/acre, August 1973. Photo June 1974. n.b. unsprayed area to right. Predominant vegetation red cherry. Miramichi, J.D. Irving.

Hemlock seedling on decaying old log. Algonquin Park.

Hemlock seedlings on mineral soil created by road construction, n.b. number of seedlings. Algonquin Park.

Hemlock seedling on forest floor, n.b. hard maple litter. Algonquin Park.

Regeneration of hemlock only at base of old pine stump or old pine stem. Algonquin Park.

Regeneration of hemlock only at base of old pine stump or old pine stem. Algonquin Park.

Soil profile under mature hemlock. n.b. well-developed podzol with Ae and Bf Algonquin Park

General view through mature hemlock stand. Algonquin Park.

Forest floor under mature hemlock, n.b. complete absence of regeneration and other vegetation.

Interior of hemlock stand, Algonquin Park