Bending of "whips", i.e. slender understory stems exposed after a selection harvest. Geography Barrie woodlot, Highway 97 near Ayr.

Diagram illustrating silvicultural options re: composition, density, productivity, and spacial.

Blake MacDonald's experiment to show the impact of water supply: weekly vs. fortnightly watering on growth of hard maple seedlings.

Blake MacDonald's experiment to show the impact of water supply: weekly vs. fortnightly watering on growth of hard maple seedlings.

Eastern hemlock, clearcut in Algonquin Park.

Dense mature stand of hemlock in Algonquin Park.

Crown closure in mature stand, Algonquin park.

Hemlock stand n.b. old white pine stump. Algonquin park.

Interior of hemlock stand, Algonquin Park

Forest floor under mature hemlock, n.b. complete absence of regeneration and other vegetation.