Clearcut 1965; scarified with pads & chains 1966 for seed from cones in slash. Photo 1971 after 4 yrs. Sackville Twp. Thunder Bay

Clearcut 1963, scarified with pads & chains 1963 for seed from cones in slash. Photo after 6 yrs. Marks Twp. Thunder Bay.

Grafted white spruce in Thunder Bay Seed orchard.

General view of Thunder Bay seed orchard

Tunneling in 23 yr aspen to provide space for planting 3+0 white spruce. Tunneled March 1971, planted May 1971. Limestone Lake.

Tunnelling in 23 yr aspen to provide space for planting 3+0 white spruce. Tunneled March 1971, planted May 1971. Limestone Lake

Clearcut then wildfires 1941 & 1948. White spruce 2+2 planted 1966. Photo 1971. N.B. evidence of frost damage. Limestone lake

White spruce 2+2 planted 1966 in area clearcut, then wildfires 1941 & 1948. N.B. evidence of frost, i.e. lack of woody growth and areas of no trees, also leaders of trees above frost line. Limestone Lake

White spruce 2+2 planted 1966 in area clearcut, then wildfires 1941 & 1948. N.B. evidence of frost, i.e. lack of woody growth and areas of no trees, also leaders of trees above frost line. Limestone Lake.

White spruce 2+2 planted 1966; dense aspen competition cleaned winter 1971 with axes. Person is George Marek. Limestone Lake