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                    <text>REMARKS BY MR. K. C. A. DAWSON, ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR OF ANTHROPOLOGY, LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY
RE:

MID-CANADA REGION

Over the past summer I have travelled across our country from
Northern Newfoundland to the Yukon.

During these travels I talked

with many people in an attempt to ascertain their attitude and views
about Canada's North.
Knowing your continued interest in the north, I would like to
take this opportunity to pass on to you my conclusions.

This is not a

formal paper just a series of thoughts and ideas stemming from my wide
ranging travels in the past year.
For thousands of years man in the north had adapted himself
to nature, and not nature to himself.

This changed with the arrival,

in the seventeenth century, of people out of Europe.

The land was

scoured for fur bearing animals that had heretofor been used by family
groups of Indians for clothing and meat.
The exchange of furs for European goods, resulted in the
complete distruction of the adaptive dependence on the natural
environment of the indigenous peoples.

Their way of life changed to

one of dependence on the whims of alien peoples.

The shifting of

foreign markets, and the decline in the availability of furs, in large
measure the result of over-harvesting, brought the vast fur trade organizatio
to an end.

Thus, by the middle of the ninteenth century the northern

peoples, now without their basic food resources, and dependant on an
alien technology, were left to fend for themselves.

�- 2 -

Since the arrival of the Euro-Canadian, development of the
boreal forest shield region has been characterized by transient,
extractive, commercial ventures.

These ventures, based on the

requirements of communities unrelated to the north, proceed with little
consideration for the people living in the north.

As a result, many

people who have made their permanent home in the north, have developed
over the years a sense of alienation from the south of Canada.
From the period of exploration, resting on the then lucrative
fur trade, to the quest for recovery of precious metal resources, to
the present denudation of the forests by the pulp and paper industry,
all major economic activities have been based on extraction of
resources, are transient in nature, and are controlled by outsiders,
for outsiders.
We all know of ghost towns resulting from the termination of
mining operations in the north.

One only needs to fly over the north

to see how Euro-Canadians have treated their own people, and the
resources of the region.
region continues.

The dependency on forces outside the

Under present utilization of our forests, I believe

it is likely, albeit for sound economic reasons, that the pulp and
paper industries may well move their operations south to areas of fast
growing southern pine, once existing facilities have fulfilled their
economic usefulness.

And once again, we will witness the indifference

of the rest of Canada to the well being of their compatriots, who
choose to occupy the central heartland and hold it as Canadian territory.

�- 3 This repetitive alienation of people living in the north is
aggravated by factors other than economic.

The growing multiplicity

of regulations, usually designed for southern areas with high population
density, is felt as an unwarranted, repressive and authoritarian
intrusion into individual freedom of expression and action.

The power

of government offices to search "wherever their suspicions may chance
to fall" is totally subversive of democracy.

The burden of this action

is expressed in the obvious indifference and lack of initiative
manifested in many northern communities relative to other communities
in Canada, for the people feel they have only colonial status.

There

is an obvious need for some form of regional government, answerable to
the people in the north.

Certainly, a new approach is required, for the

land is not the private preserve of those from outside who may, from
time to time, wish to harvest its resources.
People living in the south of our country perpetuate a myth
that Canada no longer has a frontier situation.
erroneous.

This is completely

There are hundreds of square miles of territory surrounding

the great inland waters of Hudson's and James Bay with less than one
person per square mile.

This kind of isolation, this indifference in

experience and background, results in a people with entirely different
outlooks on life.

If Canada is to grow and prosper, the resources of

the north must be developed, but I suggest it should be with the
people of the north, not separate from them.
I should record that there appears to be no problem of national
identity in the north.

From coast to coast, everyone I talked with,

whether they were old settlers, indigenous peoples, or recent immigrants,

�- 4 was first and foremost a Canadian, even where their very survival
depended on foreign capital investment.

There are, of course, regional

variations, but in all regions our people view themselves clearly apart
from the Americans.

This, I believe, stands in marked contrast to many

of our southern city populations.
Another aspect of the problem of identification for the people
of the north is communication.

There are regions which by virtue of

radio are informed as to what is happening, in their neighbouring
communities, in their Provincial or Territorial Capitol, in Ottawa,
and in the world.

These people do not feel cut off and isolated.

But

there are other areas, such as northern Ontario, where such is not
the case.

People in the Lakehead have virtually no idea of what is going on

in Sault Ste. Marie, their nearest neighbouring city, for there is no radio
link.

Commercial broadcasting, in the area, looks inward rather than

outward.

This does not aid in identification of Northern people with

the rest of Canada, but reinforces the felt isolation.

The same may

be said for the prevailing newspaper media in the Lakehead.

Furthermore,

agencies such as the C.B.C. have completely abrogated their responsibility
in Northern Ontario, for they have not even bothered to set up a station
in the area.
The situation is perpetuated by the existing power structure
at the local level, with its 'old guard' family control, which, while
it no doubt gives stability to the community, often performs like the
Family Compact of old Upper Canada.

The ultimate social actions which

result from this kind of control are well-known.

Another factor in this

�- 5 process of alienation of the people of the north, is the prevailing
absentee ownership of the extractive based industries; Management is
transient, and transient management, regardless of how conscientious
it might be, in terms of community involvement, is still - transient.
With reference to the work force significant elements of this
force are mobile, others are seasonal workers, while others are subject
to dislocation in the face of the application of new technologies.
Thus many do not make a lasting contribution to the long term
development of northern communities.

For the same reasons many young

people leave the region, thus the north is
its young people.

losing its best resource -

Those who do stay, frequently become a public

charge as they age, for there are no alternative avenues of employment
open to them, in a land with virtually no light secondary industry.
Lack of opportunity has resulted in a poverty problem in many areas of
the north, yet if it is to be developed competant people are needed and
a program to induce young Canadians to come north and open up the
frontier is required.
The many indigenous people of the region have reaped the
grievous suffering of a subjected people, under the dichotomy which
prevails between the needs of people, and the goals of our economic
system.

Their expanding population largely the result of the

introduction of limited health services, based on pre-natal and post-natal
care combined with the introduction of game conservation measures,
which limited food and cash resources, has resulted in a forced
dependency

on an alien overseer.

This, combined with the introduction

�-

6 -

of a formal education program, has caused a severe and drastic
dislocation in the way of life of these peoples.
direction of conformity to an alien culture.

A change in the

The only justification

for such action must rest in the 'right of conquest', a stand no
longer palatable in todays world.
The dominant society must recognize that it is engaged in an
unco-ordinated program of forced acculturation.

Only then might they

be in a position to face up to the effects of their actions.

In the

meantime, for those many young people, who, as a direct result of actions
taken to date, are no longer able to fit into their own society, yet
do not have a place in the communal life of the dominant society, an
answer must be found.

One which will at least permit those who want

to participate, an opportunity to do so.
I would suggest that the people of Canada have within their
power the means for providing a role for many of these young people.
The numerous government departments that maintain sizable operations
in the areas inhabited by Indian people could employ many of them.
Whatever the cost in dislocation because of labour turn-over or expense
incurred in on-the-job training, consideration should be given to
such an approach.

It is believed that if such a scheme were implemented,

there would be, over the years, a gradual shifting to employment in
the private sector of the economy.
Returning to consideration of the development of the north
as a region, it must be recognized that any development program has
far reaching effects.

What factors, for example, have been considered

in respect to the on-going survey of water resources of the Albany River?

�- 7 One cannot help but wonder if any consideration has been given to the
resulting dislocation of the indigenous people, not to mention the
utter distruction of plants and animals, and the concomrnitant disruption
of the ecological balance.

A minimum requirement would seen to be a

complete summary of the resources of the area, before deciding on a
program of inundation and diversion of the waters.

Once again, it

appears, the land will be exploited by outsiders, for the benefit of
outsiders.
In terms of research, any program set up to investigate the
north should be centred in northern institutions, not in the south
as often is the case today.

For example, research with respect to an

afforestation and reclamation of our soggy wastelands around Hundson's
Bay could be undertaken by the universities now situated in the north.
One only needs to look at the vast range of chemicals which the USSR
is recovering from their peat bogs, to recognize the unrealized
potential of the area.

Conservation and pollution research must also

be the subject of continuing study if we are to leave the land livable
for future generations.
Let us look at some possibilities for development of the north.
There are areas now forested which are suitable for cattle grazing.
Such a land utilization would not only provide a local food supply,
supplanting the present situation which sees almost all basic food
supplies imported, it would also provide a working situation for many
people in a context with which they could identify.

Further, a programme

of co-operative ventures, to produce and market products would be

�-

highly desirable.

8 -

Such enterprises would belong to the people, and

•

they would identify with the operations.

This is very important, since

a sense of identity cannot now be achieved with ownership and control
resting, as it does, some place far removed from the north.
Looking north to the Bay much of the land appears uninhabitable.
But it could be put to use for grazing caribou, under the management
of the native people, who live in large tracts of that area.

This is

the natural habitat of the caribou, an animal which can digest many
plants not suitable to man, and convert them to edible meat.

The caribou

is a herd animal, and could be domesticated without major difficulty.
The development of plant products in the north, by the people
living there, is worthy of consideration.

This would include the

cultivation and harvesting of such products as blueberries, cranberries,
mu shrooms, wild rice, and mosses.

With some encouragement and

assistance, such enterprises might be undertaken by many of the Indians
living in the region.
Much of the land surface of the north is comprised of
beautifully coloured shield rock.

Noting the stre.rg:h, durability

and range of colours of this rock, one considers the possibility of
crushing it for utilization as surface coating for curtain walling.
Certainly there is a large and growing market for such building materials
in the magolithic buildings of the southern metropoli.
The d.eve,l opment of the off-shore mineral finds, now under
exploration in Hudson's Bay, could be undertaken by going overland,
through Ontario, rather than by water, as is now the case.

The wealth

apparently lies there, would certainly justify the building of an

�- 9 overland route by the public sector which would open up corridors to
r

the Bay.

The result would be of inestimable benefit to the people of

the north, and to the country as a whole.
In todays world, industry has a social responsibility.

It

is no longer acceptable to establish an extractive industry with a
short life span.

Once an industry goes into an area, regardless of

the type, it attracts many other secondary service enterprises.
means people, families

communities.

This

Corporations in todays world

have a responsibility for the communities they create.
I have tried to state some of the problems that prevail in
the central sh:eld region of Canada, and to c£fer some suggestions as
to future direction of growth and development in the region.

The aspect

cE. 'people' has been emphasized, because it is fundamental.
Under our present system of blended private and public sector
financing of development, the people of Canada have a direct responsibility
for ensuring the development of their mid northern territories but
they must make a choice between haphazard and unplanned development
and planned programmed development soundly based on both the human and
natural resources of the country.

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