710 10 13585 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/a3201cf561f5a198d4774141177ab299.pdf d6e502fcffa7cfc31e7f48f6f3b426b2 PDF Text Text LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY ' SCIENCE REVIE VOLUME 1 NUMBER 5 .6 �t L KEE NI E SIT S IE ERE IE incorporating LAKEHEAD UNNERSITY MATHEMATICS GAZETTE CARET IS PUBLISHED BY THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE OF LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO, CANADA. P7B 5E1 EDITOR Dr. G. Harvais Lakehead University ASSOCIATE EDITOR Mr. B. Spenceley Lakehead University EDITORIAL BOARD Mr. W. Bilbrough, Lakeview High School, Thunder Bay. Mr. G. Campbell, Westgate Collegiate & Vocational Institute, Thunder Bay. Mr. C. Gehrels, Ontario Ministry of Education. Mr. W. Lajoie, Westgate Collegiate & Vocational Institute, Thunder Bay. Mr. J. Palko, Fort William Collegiate Institute, Thunder Bay. Mr. T. Reynolds, Queen Elizabeth High School, Sioux Lookout. CONTENTS VOLUME 1, NUMBER 5, May 1975 4 Who Says People Don't Get Involved? by Lynn Hamilton and Audrey Saxberg 6 9 Student Services About Pressing Plants by Professor C. Garton A Chemist in Thailand 11 by Dr. A. N. Hughes 16 Asbestos Contamination & Dr. R.A. Ross Affective Contrast: behavioral contrast of liking 19 by Dr. S. R. Goldstein Metrication? Surely, you don't mean it! 21 by Professor John Hart How Many Villagers? : an exercise... 23 by Mr. Robert S. Dilley Quality or Quantity: the modern dilemma 25 by Dr. Paul Barclay-Estrup Will I Need a Calculator in University? 29 by Professor C. Kent/ Betting Games that are a Sure Bet 31 by Dr. L.K. Roy An Analysis of the Game of Keno 33 by Dr. L. K. Roy Is the Mind a Material Object? or ....... Typesetter: Seppo Kasma Printing: LU. Printshop Design: LU. Media Services 34 by Dr. J. Douglas Rabb Colouring-In Maps 36 by Dr. Brian A.M. Phillips THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN CARET DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE OPINIONS OF THE EDITOR, THE FACULTY OR THE UNIVERSITY. OUR COVER arises from the article, "A Chemist in Thailand". Originally a Buddhist temple wall relief, it depicts the Thai calendar. The outer rim shows the twelve year cycle in which each year of the cycle is represented by an animal. �L I y I L I IC MASTER'S PR R El Bl L y It is anticipated that the M.Sc. (Biology) will commence in July of this year. This is contingent upon the arrival of Dr. Walter T. Momot, an aquatics biologist who is expected to join the staff of the department. The Ontario Council of Graduate Studies have approved the programme but have specified that only 8 students can be admitted initially. The areas of specialization are also to be somewhat restricted in the early stages with the provision of expansion in the future. Inquiries should be directed to the Chairman, Department of Biology, Lakehead University. E RAP Y The Department of Geography has revised its B.Sc. and Honours B.Sc. programs and has made a series of changes in its course offerings, aimed at providing greater choice for third and fourth year students. A copy of the new programs, with course descriptions, is posted on the Department notice board, and can also be obtained from the Department chairman. Science students should also note that there is now an Honours B.Sc. program in Geography with Geology minor: this replaces the old B.A. Geography-Geology program. EL GY "If you wish to become a geologist you should know that you may combine geological studies with four other disciplines: with Chemistry - the most popular and generally most useful combination with Physics - as the basis for a career as a geophysicist with Biology - for careers in the vitally important field of environmental studies with Economics - for careers in the management of non-renewable resources." �3. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR April 9, 1975. In Volume 1 no. 3 (p.37) and Volume 1 no. 4 (p.2) of your journal the name of the late Dr. L.S.B. Leakey is misspelled (as Leaky). As a fellow-member of Dr. Leakey's college (St. John's, Cambridge) I owe it to him to set this right. I would also like to note that his best-known discovery, Zinjanthropus boisei, is usually so spelled (not Zinganthropus). However, Z. boisei was not, as far as I know, also a member of my college. Such an old fossil was probably an Oxford man. Yours sincerely, Robert S. Dilley Lakehead University Thunder Bay * * * * * * * * * * * am delighted that Caret is read, and even scrutinized. Thank you for pointing out our errors to us. On the basis of this information, should the specific name be leakei or leakeyi, or ... ? (May I add that scientific names of organisms are always in a different type from that of the rest of the text, most commonly italics). - Editor March 12, 1975 I was horrified by the mistatements in the recent article by Dr. Richard Reis. i) He claims the most conservative estimate of the fraction of stars with planetary systems rv 1, and that a similar conservative estimate for the fraction of such planets on which life does develop ,..., 1. Most authorities would regard these 'conservative' figures most liberal! ii) There is still controversy surrounding the existence of planets around Banard's star - and I would hesitate to use this example to give "strong support to the statistical estimation that there may be at least fifty million planets in our galaxy." iii) He states "it is just as likely that we would be in a position to teach them much more than they can teach us about science & technology Bolderdash. The human race has been industrialized for about 2000 years - and has around 4 x 109 years before the sun novas. The probabi Iity of another civilization capable of communicating with the electromagnetic spectrum (which we have been using for about 50 years) learning from us is incredibly small. In short this article is erroneous and dul I. Surely the editors of Caret are capable of instituting a system of referees so that similar misleading articles are caught before they appear in print. Dr. J.S. Griffith Lakehead University Thunder Bay * * * * * * * * * * * am disappointed that Dr. Griffith did not "like Dr. Reis' article, but I hope that this difference of opinions will produce some enlightening comments. I would certainly like to hear from Dr. Reis again, but, alas, my attempts to get in touch with him have so far failed. I very much hope that, in the meantime, other readers will send in their comments. Caret is definitely NOT intended to be a referred scientific journal. I like to read in Dr. Griffith's letter, an offer to review articles for us. I would be delighted to call upon him in future. Meanwhile, I think this sort of controversy adds some spice to life. I like it. - Editor True or False? cataract: a cataract is a waterfall, a cascade. It is better known as an eye condition where the lens or the cornea becomes opaque. It is also a downpour of rain, a rush of water, a steam-engine governor acting by flow of water. How about carotid: yellowish or orange pigment associated with chlorophyl Is in all green plants. carob: the measure of weight for precious jewels and metals. goatsucker: a dairy woodpecker. �HO SAYS PEOPLE DON'T GET INVOLVED? 4. by: Lynn Hamilton and Audrey Saxberg Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. On the face of it the assignment seemed quite simple. Our public-spirited Physics professor, Dr. Hart, asked each class member to check the accuracy of two parking meters in town. As working mothers, who are part-time students, time is limited, and Wednesday evening at seven o'clock seemed best. We decided that at this time no one would be around to interfere with our work, and we could carry on unnoticed. Having made our decision as to time and date, we began settling things at home, discussing the assignment with our husbands in a matter-of-fact fashion. It was their reactins that gave us our first inkling that we were doing something extraordinary. "Are you kidding?" "You're not really going downtown to do that!" "You CAN'T put money in a parking meter after six o'clock!" "You really are going, aren't you?" Yes, we were. We met on Arthur Street and picked out a likely parking meter, found our change and got out the stopwatch and notebook. These unobtrusive perparations created a reaction. A man, 'sauced to the eyeballs' suddenly appeared from nowhere shouting "Hey lady, are you from out of town? You don't have to put money in the meters after six o'clock." "We re working on an assignment," we said, trying to sound nonchalant. "For the city?" he asked in a booming voice. "No, for our Physics class." "I 'II bet you 're really doing a secret report for the city," he shouted. (A crowd was gathering). "No, we're not," we said, and put the nickel in the meter, but before we had a moment to check the stopwatch, he had turned the dial and ruined our first timing. The crowd was getting larger. "These here ladies are doing a secret report for the city," our man said ceremoniously. 1 "If you magnetize the nickel before you put it in, it will gum up the works," one man told us helpfully. "I've heard if you cover a penny with aluminum foil, you can use it as a nickel," someone else said. "What kind of secret report are you doing?" someone else asked. "None," we said. Disgusted and embarrassed, and writing off the loss of the nickel to experience, we slunk away leaving them to their discussions as to just who we were and how to 'put one over' on the City Parking Authority. Finding another parking meter, this one with two meters attached, we decided to use it for our next two efforts. A car was parked by it, but we didn't feel that this was something to worry about. Out came the notebooks, in went the nickel. One of us held the lever while the other checked the stopwatch. We were intent on getting everything right this time. "Three, two, one - now!" and the lever was released triumphantly. The exact time was recorded - and we looked up into the startled faces of the car's owners. This respectable middle-aged couple apparently made an initial decision that it would be prudent to ignore us, but this proved to be too much for the lady. With one foot in her car, and the other still on the sidewalk, she paused, mouth opening and closing with no sound being emitted, eyes wide with questions. She stood like that for several seconds before her husband, anxious to get away from us, started to drive off, with the lady still half in and half out of the car. By this time we were beginning to feel slightly conspicuous. We were cold too, and decided to wait out most of the twenty minutes we had bought in a nearby restaurant. After sixteen minutes had passed we gulped down the rest of our coffee and darted out across the street to the meter. Good! We had caught it in time. The minutes ticked by and we stood poised with the stopwarch, waiting. The time was clocked. Half of the assignment was now �5. done. We looked up this time to find five men waving wildly in the restaurant window across the street. One came running over without his coat in sub-zero weather to tel I us that we didn't need to put money in the meters after six o'clock. "We know," we said. "Thank you," and left him there on the sidewalk staring at us and shivering. "Crazy women," he muttered. Up the street we went, and found another meter with two heads which would suffice for the last two timings. Out came the notebooks, in went the nickel. Zooming out the blackness came three boys on bicycles. "You don't have to put money in the meters after six o'clock," one said. Trying a different approach we answered, "Oh, really?" "I don't even drive and I'm not stupid enough to put money in a meter after six o'clock. What's wrong with you anyway?" (Not only had we met with opposition this time, but we had met it in angelic-looking, but nasty little boys). Using her 'mother-voice' my friend said, "Why aren't you boys at home? It's after nine o'clock." Using his 'brat-voice' one of the angels said, "Why aren't you in a rubber room, stupid ladies?", and with that they zoomed off leaving us quite mortified. All-in-all the whole experience was becoming quite trying. We sat on the curb, this time quite oblivious to passers-by who probably thought we had just come out of the hotel and were sobering up on the sidewalk. We took our last timing as the meter clicked off. Two couples passed by, and each said, "You don't have to put money in the meters after six o'clock." "We know," we said, "thank you." With our times recorded, our teeth chattering, our price at a new low we left downtown Port Arthur never to return again after six o'clock. Next time you think people on the street refuse to get involved in other people's problems, don't bet your parking meter money on it. EDITOR'S NOTE Over many centuries much has been written about spring and its effects on the lives of individuals and on society in general. We, in this part of Canada, are wel I aware of these effects, and I need not say much more on the subject. It is also that time of the year when old interests are renewed, new ones are born, and future activities are looked into more firmly. In the past, this has also been the time when we have had many inquiries from highschool students contemplating a university education. Particularly for the benefit of those students, we are printing some information on some of the facilities available at Lakehead University. (We would like to hear if it is helpful or not.) This is also the time when many teachers, students and nature lovers in general will find themselves spending more time in our "great outdoors". There is much biological activity in our North Western Ontario, but, alas, we are short of people to collect and analyse the data. So, when YOU are out there on a picnic, a fishing or other similar trip, why not 'mix business with pleasure', and contribute to our better understanding of our area? Study your flora. Collect some plants. Start a herbarium (at home or in your school). To help you, amateur or 'professional', Professor Claude Garton has kindly prepared some handy hints. (Professor Garton has contributed and is still contributing actively to our knowledge of our local flora, and he needs no introduction to plant taxonomists in this country). Now YOU TOO can benefit from his vast experience! Furthermore, he is always ready to help, and he may even lend you a plant press until you get your own! Why not make this a school project and start now? If pressing plants does not turn you on, you can still contribute through drawings, paintings, photographs, etc., and in many other ways. �6. The Canada Department of Manpower & Immigration maintains a Student Placement Office on the campus of Lakehead University. The aim of the Student Placement Office is to provide assistance to students who are seeking either part-time, summer or permanent employment. The assistance takes the form of a wide variety of services to students of all years and disciplines. An opportunity is offered to participate in the on-campus recruitment program whereby employers from the private and public sectors from all across Canada visit the University to recruit recent University graduates. The Office also has up-to-date career literature, brochures, employment statistics, and information about re-employment trends, salaries and Manpower programs such as student Mobility, Mobility Grants and Relocation Grants. Another form of assistance is direct referral to part-time and summer jobs. In order to take the fullest advantages of the services offered, students seeking employment should register with the Student Placement Office as early in the year as possible. Should you want to find out more about Manpower programs and services call 345-2121 extension 254 or visit the Student Placement Office located on the second floor of the University Centre Building. The Student Placement Office also serves High School students who are seeking summer part-time employment. The University provides new students with many opportunities for intellectual and personal growth. Personal problems often interfere with student' academic and social development. It is the concern of the Dean of Students and his staff to maintain in all students such a sense of well-being that they are able to take advantage of all the oppotunities for full development. The Dean of Students and the University physician are especially qualified to help stu- I dents resolve their personal difficulties. The Dean of Students is also available to help students resolve problems connected with their choice of a course of study or a vocation. The Dean of Students Office is also responsible for various forms of financial assistance to students. In addition to providing information and application forms for the Government programs, the office administers a number of scholarships, bursaries and awards. A summary of financial assistance available to entering students and continuing students in the faculty of science follows. Interested students requiring more information should contact the Dean of Students Office. ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS C.J. SANDERS SCHOLARSHIP - $1500. This scholarship was established from the proceeds of a generous grant made by Mr. Sanders to Lakehead University. To be awarded to an outstanding student enrolling in a course leading to a university degree at Lakehead University under the following conditions: (a) $500 payable at registration, provided a first class average in the grade 13 papers required for admission is obtained, and financial need is known; (b) $500 payable in the second and third years respectively, provided that at least second class average has been obtained in the previous year of the student's course at Lakehead University. THE BORA LASKIN SCHOLARSHIP Five scholarships of $1000 each will be awarded on the basis of academic standing to students entering the Energy and Fuel Science programme. The scholarships are renewable for a maximum of three years depending on academic progress. �7. KATHLEEN BOOTH SCHOLARSHIP Value totals $2000. This scholarship is open to al I Mathematics Majors and wi 11 be awarded at the discretion of the Department of Mathematical Sciences. C.A.P. ONTARIO UNIVERSITIES' PHYSICS TEST SCHOLARSHIP - Full tuition costs. To be awarded on the recommendation of the Physics Department to a student from Northwestern Ontario who achieves high marks in the C.A.P. Ontario Universities' Physics Test. LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP - $300. All students entering Lakehead University with a standing of 80% or over are eligible for a Lakehead University Scholarship. No application is necessary for those scholarships awarded by the University since all students with an overal I average of 80% will be considered. NORMAN S. GRACE SCHOLARSHIP $80. To be awarded on the recommendation of the Department of Chemistry to a first year student of high academic standing who registers as a Chemistry Major. AUXILIARY TO ST. JOSEPH'S GENERAL HOSPITAL SCHOLARSHIP $150. To be awarded to a student preferably from Northwestern Ontario, who is entering the Bachelor of Science Nursing Degree Programme. The scholarship will be awarded on the basis of need and academic excellence. ENTRANCE BURSARIES AND AWARDS MARION E. TOMLINSON MEMORIAL BURSARY - $1000. To be awarded to a deserving student entering the degree or diploma programme at Lakehead University. $400 at registration, $300 at the beginning of the second year, $300 at the beginning of the third year, provided second class average is maintained. JOSEPH MARIEN MEMORIAL BURSAR I ES $500. Two bursaries of $500 each will be awarded to provide assistance to worthy and needy students seeking higher education in a degree programme. IBM THOMAS J. WATSON MEMORIAL BURSARIES - up to $200. To provide financial assistance to one or more needy students in good standing entering any faculty at Lakehead University. In addition, the donor provides an annual grantin-aid of $500 to the University. GREAT LAKES PAPER COMPANY FORESTRY BURSARY - $150. To be awarded to a deserving student entering the Forestry Diploma Programme at Lakehead University with the intention of proceeding to the degree programme. LOGOZZO AWARD - $150. To be awarded to a student entering the first year of a degree or diploma programme. The student should have a good scholastic record and excel at some athletic sport. Application forms for Entrance Scholarships and Bursaries are available from the Dean of Students Office. ONTARIO STUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME CANADA STUDENT LOAN PLAN These programmes are administered by the Ministry of Colleges and Universities of the Province of Ontario. They offer Canada student loans and provincial grants to provide awards for university and other postsecondary students. To be eligible to apply through the Ontario programme a student must be a Canadian citizen or a landed immigrant with at least twelve months residency in Ontario. An award is made after the student's loan and possibly a provincial grant is apportioned according to a formula established by the government. �8. Application forms and further details about these programmes may be obtained by contacting the Dean of Students Office. It is strongly recommended that interested students apply early to these programmes. Entrance students may apply for assistance before they receive their letters of acceptance from the university. INCOURSE SCHOLARSHIPS ANO BURSARIES A number of scholarships and bursaries are offered exclusively to 2nd to 4th year Science students. The following is a brief summary of those available. J.P. BICKELL FOUNDATION SCHOLARSH IP - $1500. (to be paid at a rate of $500 a year for three years provided the student maintains first class standing in the course). To be awarded to a student who obtains 80% in a science or applied science course at the end of the first year, who plans to take a degree in mining, metallurgy, geology or chemical engineering. ALLIED CHEMICAL CANADA, LIMITED, SCHOLARSHIP IN THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES - $750 and silver tray. The Allied Chemical Company of Canada, Limited offers a scholarship of $750 and a silver tray to be awarded to a student, not otherwise holding a scholarship, entering the final year of undergraduate studies in a chemistry programme. The award will be based on high academic achievement in previous undergraduate years and leadership qualities as demonstrated by participation in extra-curricular activities. PETER MCKELLAR SPENCE MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP - $200. To be awarded to a student who is continuing his education at Lakehead University. Those going on in Science, particularly Medicine or Nursing will be given preference. CHEMICAL INSTITUTE OF CANADA, LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY SCHOLARSHIP - $50. To be awarded to an outstanding student entering the third year chemistry at Lakehead University. The grade of the student receiving this scholarship must not be less than 80%. THUNDER BAY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION BURSARY - $500. To be awarded annually to a student or students who plan to continue their education in medicine, nursing or pure science. J.P. BICKELL FOUNDATION BURSARI ES - Total award $750. To be awarded on the basis of financial need to students registered in geology, mining, metallurgy or chemical engineering. ABITIBI PAPER COMPANY LIMITED BURSARY - $250. To be awarded on the basis of financial need, to a student showing general proficiency in his study of science or forestry who has demonstrated his intention to pursue further his studies in science or forestry at Lakehead University. PRINCESS BEATRICE CHAPTER 1.O.D.E. BURSARY - $100. To assist a student in science at the end of first or second year. Awarded annually on the basis of scholastic standing and financial need with preference being given to a son or daughter of a war veteran. INTERPROVINCIAL PIPE LINE COMPANY BURSARIES Total value $2500. Up to ten $250 bursaries wi 11 be awarded to deserving students, depending on need, who are continuing their education at Lakehead University; minimum of 50% of the bursaries wi 11 be awarded to students in the applied sciences. Awarded to Canadian and United States residents. Application forms are available from the Dean of Students Office and must be submitted by August 8th, 1975. �E SI A OUT by: Professor C. Garton, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. • WHY PRESS PLANTS? If living material is available this at first does not seem necessary. But our weather here is seasonal, and even in the tropics plants are subject to flushes of growth and fruiting. Through drying and pressing you can have plants at various stages of their development, all available at the same time for study. Besides, in the field you cannot easily examine a plant or its parts under a microscope. It may not even be possible to get it back to a laboratory to do so while it is fresh. So, press it and examine it at your leisure or convenience. A further advantage of dried specimens is that you can compare plants at different stages of their development or the same species from different localities. Individual and geographic differences are as much a feature of plants as of animals. Another important point, particularly in the naming and description of species: you can examine the same plant even after many years, for well-prepared and wel Ipreserved herbarium specimens will last for centuries. HOW DO I GO ABOUT PRESSING PLANTS? Exact instructions can be secured from the herbarium or from books. There are several more general points to be noted. 1. Get good representative material, neither too fat, too thin, too short, too tall. When plants are averaging one metre tall, it is foolish to select a 10 cm. dwarf simply because it will go into your press. 2. When plants are smaller than your press get several as different as possible to show variation. 3. Whatever the pressed plant does not show must be given in notes. If it is a tree, how tall is it, what kind of branching it demonstrates, what its bark is like (a sample if possible). Many trees bear fruits which, like those of many other 9. plants, are large and inconvenient for a press - save these separately. With most larger plants only fragments can be taken; so notes must be made about the whole plants. 4. Pressing does not usually retain the exact colour of a living plant. Notes again must record this. 5. All plant parts are three dimensional. The pressed plant has only two dimensions. A careful collector will provide for depth by such devices as splitting and flattening, for example, the corollas of tubular flowers, the leaves of the pitcher plant. A few extra flower heads pressed with the specimen can be included on the sheet in small easily opened envelopes. This is particularly necessary with grasses, sedges and al I plants where seed attachment such as in the Crucifers is critical in determining the species. 6. Unless a pressed plant is well supported with critical data it is worthless for future study. Date of collection, collector, place (and this must be exact enough so that a reader can locate the si~e), association (other plants growing with this particular one) amount of light, soil, moisture, habit of growth are some of the necessary items. It is wise to have in the field a pad with duplicate sheets so that notes can be made on the spot. The original is put with the specimen at the time. The duplicate provides a ready reference. 7. As to the actual mechanics of pressing and mounting the specimen you will get instructions and then develop your own techniques. That will give you specimens that wi 11 be a joy to behold and a pleasure to study. HINTS TO COLLECTORS 1. Latitude and longitude exact to the minute. 2. Distance from nearest post office. 3. Other data as exact as possible: township, concession and lot number, river, lake, stream etc. �10. 4. All data not shown by specimen: (a) Shrub or tree: height, type of growth, bark characteristics. (b) Herbs: type of growth - prostrate, 13. Gather mature seeds if available. These can be put in small envelopes to prevent loss. 14. If the plant is parasitic, as dodder, erect, climbing, submersed (give depth of water), floating. (c) Type of substrata: mud, silts, clay, loams, sand, gravel etc. (d) Plant associations: other dominant plants growing with this species. (e) Colour of foliage and inflorescence, recognizable portions of the host plant are desirable. 15. Plants should be put in the press for a few hours to relax. Then leaves, stems and floral parts can be straightened and rearranged. etc. (f) Name of collector. (g) Date of collection. SPECIMENS: 1. Average specimens as available. Smaller or larger than average specimens should 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. be avoided. Use newspaper folders which are smaller than 12" x 18" (News Chronicle and Times Journal excellent. Toronto, Globe & Mail, Star etc. are too large). Bend and criscross specimens to fit sheet. Make sure there are no protruding parts. Arrange specimens so that leaves show both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Arrange floral parts to show all floral structures. It may be necessary to split tubular corollas etc. Extra floral parts should be gathered where available. For grasses, sedges, rushes, etc. extra heads should be gathered. If available, be sure to collect enough specimens to completely fill 2 full sheets. If a plant is rare, as with orchids, one specimen as a record is sufficient in the interests of conservation. 10. Be sure to collect al I parts of the plant, including underground portions. 11. Roots etc. should be washed and dried off before pressing. 12. Flaccid plants, particularly water plants need to be floated in water over a screen and I ifted out on the screen to prevent matting. If these are allowed to dry for a few minutes the plants can then be transferred to the newspaper folder with ease. SPECIFIC DATA FOR FAMILIES AND GENERA: 1. Crucifers must be gathered with some mature fruit. 2. Sedges, grasses and rushes must have mature seeds but the heads must not be desi ntegrati ng. 3. Violets must have roots and rhizomes for determinations. Also, the late summer flowers or cleistogenes should be gathered. 4. Hawthorns require collection of flowers and, later, mature fruits. 5. Ferns must show the type of indusium 6. Pond weeds must show mature fruiting heads along with underground rhizomes 7. Composites must show type of florets and the involucre. 8. Orchids are usually covered with a heavy waxy epidermis. This prolongs drying time. In addition orchids have juices which are readily oxidised. Discolouring is almost inevitable unless gentle heat is used to hasten drying. 9. Mature fruits as in roses, currants etc. should be gathered and pressed. If possible these should be preserved in a suitable preservative in vials. 10. Cactus plants are extremely resistant to desiccation. These are usually split in half. 11. Mosses, lichens, and liverworts should be separated from substrata and pressed with gentle pressure as with other plants. 12. Most legumes must show both flowers and mature fruits for determination. GENERAL: 1. Moderate pressure is essential. Extreme pressure produces brittle, deformed specimens. (continued page 15) �by: Dr. A.N. Hughes Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. One of the great privileges of academic life (and, in my opinion, one which must be preserved at almost any cost) is sabbatical leave. This allows a professor who is somewhat ragged at the edges to go elsewhere and engage in scholarly activity of his choice for a year free from the daily cares of routine administration, University politics and student lynch mobs thirsting for his blood. If he so desires, he may not only change his location but he may also change to another culture. This is what I chose to do when after investigating various Universities active in my research field ( organophosphorus chemistry) in Australia, Britain and Germany, I decided to spend my year at Mahidol University in Thailand. The reasons for this were numerous. First, I had spent the years 1960-62 in Malaya (now Malaysia), and my wife and I had been very happy in South East Asia despite the Malayan emergency which finished shortly after our arrival. During our time in Malaya, we had visited Thailand as impoverished tourists and we were greatly impressed by the country, especially by the Thai culture and the easy acceptance of foreigners by the Thai people. We later returned to Thailand for a much longer stay ( 1964- 1967) where I worked at the University of Medical Sciences (now Mahidol University) in Bangkok. Our three years there had been very rewarding and academically successful, and we had made many Thai friends. We therefore decided to ask if we might go back for a further year, knowing how good the facilities for chemistry were there. We were accordingly delighted to hear from the Dean of Science, Dr. Kamchorn Manunapichu, that not only were we welcome but that he had arranged for the required Thai government approval of my visit, air-conditioned office space, full library and laboratory faci Iities and a car for my use a treatment which few sabbaticants in the western world would receive! In return, the University asked me to set aside only two or three hours each week to lecture on my special research interests and to advise graduate students from time to time. These arrangements were ideal for sabbatical study and we therefore set off for Bangkok in 1973, via Singapore and Malaysia. The day after our arrival we were able to find an excellent fully air-conditioned apartment in a block consisting of several low buildings grouped around a central court containing miniature Japanese gardens, shaded lawns, clumps of bamboo, fan palms and a swimming pool. These apartments were situated next to a beautifully landscaped small estate owned by a princess and were extremely wel I run by the Thai owner who ran them almost like a friendly club. Ail cleaning and laundry were done for us and we hired our own cook. There was the added bonus of an armed police guard on the gate at night to discourage burglars who are sometimes quite violent when caught in the act. These apartments were about ten minutes walk from the University but about 45 minutes drive. The Bangkok traffic is an unbelievable nightmare with eight-lane highways completely jammed for miles at rush hour (which seemed to be all hours except midnight to 6 a.m.). Before describing our year in Thailand, a brief account of the country is in order. Formerly known as Siam (the name was changed about thirty years ago), Thailand, which means the land of the free, lies south of China and is bounded by the turbulent countries of Burma, Laos and Cambodia and the more tranquil Malaysia. Alone of all South East Asian states, it was never a colony of a European power. This �12. was in large part due to the high degree of skill in dealing with Europeans shown by the rulers of the country, principally King Mongkut (inaccurately portrayed in "The King and / and his son Chulalongkorn, at the time of colonial expansion in this area. The absolute monarchy was overthrown very politely and gently in the Thai manner in 1932 and the country became a constitutional monarchy ruled by a variety of civilian and military governments ever since. Most changes of government have been effected by coups d etat, many of which, by the standards of the rest of the world, have been very gentlemanly affairs having no great effect upon the general population other than a few tense days. However, the revolution which occurred during our visit was somewhat different more of this later. The present monarch is King Bhumibol Adulyadej, otherwise known as Rama IX, and the religion of the country is Hinayana Buddhism. This last probably explains the gentle and tolerant nature of most Thais. The capital is Krung Thep {the City of Angels) which is known in the West as Bangkok. It is a modern city of three million people and is situated on the central rice plain near the mouth of the Chao Phya river. 0 ) 1 The University system in Thailand in some ways resembles a combination of European and North American systems but superimposed upon this is a strong Thai flavour. For example, in Bangkok there are five Universities but only one of these is the very broad based University of the type which one would see in Canada. This is Chulalongkorn University which was founded about seventy years ago and which has the usual faculties in Arts, Science, Engineering etc. which we associate with Western Universities. The other Universities are somewhat different in character. Thus, Thammasat University, The University of Moral and Political Philosophy, is almost exactly what its title implies and has (very sensibly some would say) no faculties or departments of physical, biological, earth or applied sciences. It produces many of the nation's lawyers for example. The three other Bangkok Universities are very like large professional institutions with the emphasis on some aspect of professional activity, such as Mahidol University (the University of Medical Sciences), Kasetsart University (Agriculture) and Silapakorn University (Fine Arts). Three regional Universities lie outside Bangkok. The oldest of these ( 1963) is beautifully situated at Chiangmai in the far north of Thailand with the other two at Haadyai (extreme south) and Khon • Kaen (north east). These are building up to the conventional broad based structure of a Western University. Virtually all instruction in Thai Universities is in Thai although most students have a working knowledge of English. Perhaps it should also be added that the Thai language sounds something like Chinese but in reality it is a mixture of monosyllabic tonal (five tones) words similar to Chinese together with many polysyllabic words derived from Sanskrit. Mahidol University has a number of faculties such as Science (where I was), Medicine (two teaching hospitals), Dentistry, Tropical Medicine, Pharmacy and several others relating to the study of medicine scattered all over the city. The Faculty of Science was founded about fourteen years ago by a very able Thai chemist, Professor Stang Mongkolsuk, who was tragically murdered a few years ago. It consists of a giant complex of seven sixstorey buildings, built over the last seven years, which are extremely modern and, on the whole, very well equipped. The funds for building such a complex came from the Thai government and the Rockefeller Foundation, and technical assistance in the way of small number of academic staff, technical workshops and certain pieces of advanced equipment have been provided by the Rockefeller Foundation, The Columbo Plan (Britain and Australia), M.I.T. and the German government. There is also an English Language Institute and a very good library (particularly for Chemists). The Faculty of Science is also wel I sited in �13. relation to other institutes of advanced study which have a variety of equipment and library facilities and the nearby National Research Council of Thailand has some excellent facilities. The Department of Chemistry is housed in one of the large modern six-storey buildings and is well staffed with very able Thais trained to the doctoral and postdoctoral level in a number of countries such as Canada, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Germany and Norway. The degree program is four years with the first two years fairly general in nature but with the last two years being an intensive treatment of Chemistry at a level comparable with that in Canada. The emphasis is upon organic chemistry and physical chemistry since there is a shortage of teachers highly trained in inorganic chemistry. The research effort is relatively recent but al ready there are active research programs in physical and organic chemistry with the main research areas in liquid crystal studies, the nature of oscillating reactions, natural product characterizations and synthesis, the development of new organic synthetic methods, mechanistic investigations and now organophosphorus chemistry. The range of equipment available for these studies is impressive. For example, they have a Varian A60-D NM R spectrometer on the premises with access to two other NMR spectrometers in other institutions. In addition, there are the usual infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometers, analytical and preparative gas chromatographs and facilities for C, H and N microanalysis. A further range of modern equipment is also available in the wellstaffed Department of Biochemistry. There is as yet no mass spectrometer, but moves have been initiated to acquire one in the fairly near future. A small but modern glassblowing shop set up with the aid of the German Government completes the facilities. On top of this, the worldwide contacts of the staff makes most types of instrumental investigation available to the department. I These research programs have been conducted by the academic staff but recently, a substantial number of students have been enrolled in the M.Sc. graduate program which has been running in its present form for three or four years. At the moment, there are about 35 students involved in physical and organic graduate work and, after about eight months of intensive course work, the students become actively engaged in research in cooperation with a staff member or a group of staff members. This year, the doctoral program in Chemistry started and the first students are now enrolled. All of these research efforts are greatly aided by the fact that Bangkok has a major international airport with most of the world's leading airlines calling there. There is therefore a steady flow of distinguished academics and technical experts from other countries through Bangkok and the internal seminar program is reinforced by several guest lectures each year from visitors to Thailand. I should also add that I am not the first sabbatical visitor to the Department of Chemistry. There have been other such visitors from Britain and Australia and when I left, another Canadian chemis~ was enquiring about the possibility of going to Thailand. Also, Dr. Hart of Lakehead University visited the Department of Physics a few years ago. My own work there fol lowed two main lines. The first of these was to write in cooperation with Dr. Holah and Dr. Hui of Lakehead University, several research papers on results accumulated on various research projects in organic, organometallic, and inorganic chemistry over the previous eighteen months or so. Also a major review of the coordination chemistry of phosphorus heterocycles was prepared for publication. The second aspect of my work in Bangkok was to start a research program there in organophosphorus chemistry. In particular, I wished to start an investigation of the synthesis and reactions of a class of compounds cal led the benzophospholes which have the structure shown below. I �14. benzophosphole phosphole These are of particular interest at the moment because they have as yet received virtually no attention and because they are closely related to the phospholes. The phospholes have provided a puzzle regarding their electronic structure which has still not been satisfactorily solved even after about fifteen years of study. In this connection the behaviour of the phosphorus non-bonding electron pair is of interest. I was very fortunate to have two graduate students offer to do their research work under my supervision jointly with two Thai staff members. Th is work proved to be experimentally very difficult but has now begun to yield useful results. Thus, one of the students has been able to expand the five-membered ring in benzophospholes to a six-membered ring by two different methods involving the nonbonding electron pair and this provides valuable information regarding the electro~ic structure of the system. These results can be integrated with the work we are doing at Lakehead University which is to look at the coordinating ability of organophosphorus compounds towards various transition metal systems. It is possible that some of the resulting compounds will have catalytic activity in a variety of reactions and, indeed, we have prepared several such catalysts, two of which show excel lent activity in homogeneous hydrogenation reactions. In addition to my writing and research, I gave a course in organophosphorus chemistry to the graduate students. This was invaluable to me since it made me get up to date in a number of areas which, through pressure of work I had been forced to neglect until then. I was also invited to give the same course on a crash basis (four hours a day for a week) to final-year undergraduate students at the new Prince of Songkhla University at Haadyai near the Malaysian border about 700 miles south of Bangkok. This trip was a very nice change although it had its exciting moments since bandits and insurgents occupy a number of areas in the region which is mostly jungleclad hills. Also, I was told that four people had been shot at the University in the two months preceding my visit. The University has two campuses separated by about 100 miles, and while driving from the main campus at Haadyai to the other one at Pattani, my Thai companion pointed out the sites of various armed bandit attacks and shoot-outs. On the return journey after dark, it was suggested that I should keep a look-out for roadblocks and for lights in the hills. I was told, however, that if we reached safely a particular point on the road, there should be no problem thereafter! Apart from the academic success of the year, there are a number of other things upon which we can look back. Undoubtedly the highlight of the year was the revolution which occurred in mid-October 1973 about 3½ months after we had arrived. This had been simmering for a long time and probably only a Thai could give the real detailed reasons for it. However, it was clear that the people in general were dissatisfied with the authoritarian and apparently corrupt way in which the Prime Minister, (Field Marshall Thanom Kittikachorn) the Deputy Prime Minister, (General Prapas Charasutiara) and the Prime Minister's son (Narong Kittikachorn) were running the country. Accordingly, protests and demonstrations, led mainly by students, bui It up gradually over a period of several weeks and finally came to a head with troops, police and many helicopters firing upon huge crowds of demonstrators near Thammasat University and the old Grand Palace. This resulted in two or three days of heavy fighting, mainly in the city �15. centre, with about a thousand people being killed or wounded. Several government buildings were destroyed by fire and towards the end of the fighting, a large group of Engineering students laid siege to the main police headquarters. This was situated in such a fashion that the students had to cross a large expanse of open road to approach the building and over twenty students were shot down while storming the headquarters. Finally, the building was set on fire with the aid of a water truck containing gasoline. These events resulted in Thanom, Prapas and Narong being ordered out of the country by the Army Commander who refused to fire on the demonstrators any more and, under the guidance of the King (a highly respected figure), an interim government was appointed and charged with formulating a new constitution leading to elections. These have now been held and Thailand is ruled by a representatively elected government. During these events, we retired to our apartment compound .and from the roof watched buildings burning in the distance and listened to the wail of ambulance sirens. We heard only one or two shots in our area. On the first day of fighting, I tried to get to work but the traffic lights were all smashed, the roads were littered with broken glass, debris and smouldering barricades and al I police had fled the streets. It was therefore pointless in view of the choked roads to attempt the drive, and I returned to the apartment. The remainder of the year was extremely pleasant. For example, we were able to visit the northern capital of Chiangmai which is a very old city, formerly the capital of an independent state, situated in a beautiful valley, surrounded by jungleclad hills inhabited by various non-Thai hill tribes. It is as yet relatively uncontaminated by the West but, unfortunately, it is beginning to change its character with luxury tourist hotels being built. We were also able to feast regularly upon a tremendous variety of foods such as Thai, Chinese (several styles), Korean, Indian, and Indonesian, as well as various Western styles. Some items on the menu may not appeal immediately to the Canadian palate. For example, among other things, at country restaurants I have eaten chopped cobra fried with red chili, deep fried tree lizard, fried frogs, chicken claw skin in chili vinegar and pigs duodenum together with less easily identified dishes, most of which were delicious. However, I decided to miss out on the bats blood soup. The year was so rewarding that I could write on and on about up-country trips to make end-of-Buddhist-lent offerings to the monks at a country temple, the beauty and rhythm of Thai classical dancing, the calm of the Thai countryside, the superb National Theatre and Thai art in general (see front cover), and the colourful markets. Indeed, I often feel that the Thais have a lot more to offer us than we have to offer them. However, the year (and this article) finally came to an end and we managed to secure cheap ( ! ) charter flights home via Moscow which seemed to us to be a very gloomy and rather bad-tempered city. It would, however, be wrong of me to close before thanking Drs. Kamchorn Manunapichu, Vichai Reutrakul, Siriporn Phisithkul, Kosan Kusamran and my other Thai colleagues for making my visit so academically and socially successful. ABOUT PRESSING PLANTS (from page 10) 2_ Ventilators and driers should, if possible, be changed every day and sun-dried. If weather does not permit, then spread in a heated room. 3. If extra sets of ventilators and driers are not available, several thicknesses of newspaper between each specimen sheet is helpful. 4. Counter cheque books make a good form of record. The original is put with the specimen and the duplicate forms a chronological diary of specimens. 5. Be sure to number your specimens either using numbers chronologically from year to year or prefexing as: 75-1, 75-2, 75-3 etc; 76-1, 76-2, etc. �16. ASBESTOS CONTA INATION OF LAKE SUPERIOR and Dr. I.A.ROSS The ready availability of sophisticated analytical equipment in the past two decades has caused experimental scientists to become increasingly aware of the pronounced physical & chemical effects that may arise through the presence of impurities and/or imperfections in inorganic or organic materials. Thus, for example, profound changes in the electrical conductivity of germanium or silicon can be effected by introducing into their lattices extremely small amounts of elements from adjacent columns of the periodic table. At liquid helium temperature, -4° K, the resistivity of germanium changes from 10 10 to 5 x 10-3 ohm cm when the impurity concentration of antimony is increased from 5 x 10 14 to 10 18 atoms cc-1 . The contribution of Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley to the theory of such phenomena resulted in their receipt of a Nobel prize and we have all benefited tremendously in the application of these concepts to technology - transistor radios, time-pieces, miniature circuits and so on. There are many further examples of scientific and medical phenomena of major import that can be initiated and sustained through the intervention of impurities within a reaction process or system. In research laboratories dealing with studies of reactions at interfaces results are often painfully distorted through the contamination of surfaces by traces of unknown species that have been unwittingly introduced to the system during a prior preparative stage. In this connection the possible presence of impurities in wash water presents a particular hazard. Lakehead University takes its water from the Port Arthur ward system in Thunder Bay. This water is drawn from Lake Superior and is largely untreated. There are many 'tales' - old wives' and otherwise - regard- ing the quality of this water and, among other suspected contaminants, asbestos may be present. There is sufficient responsible scientific and medical opinion regarding the possible health hazards of this material, that further motivation was added to the Lakehead quest to obtain an analysis of asbestos fibres in our water supply. For comparison, data were also obtained for the asbestos content in water taken from homes in the Fort William ward and in Duluth, Minnesota. The results below were obtained by Allan MacKenzie, using the electron microscope of the Instrumentation Laboratory in the Faculty of Science, towards the end of January, 1975. Fibre count (fibres.litre-1 ) Doubly Distilled Water 0.15 x 106 Tap Water: 0.17 X 106 F.W. ward P.A. ward 0.45 to 14.7 X 106 Duluth 12 X 106 (The high result for the Port Arthur ward has since been shown to lie within the range determined by scientists at McMaster University, 10 to 20 x 106 fibres.litre-1, on samples of Bare Point water the source of the Port Arthur supply.) A substantial amount of public concern regarding the quality of the drinking water supply in Port Arthur ward has been apparent for several years and this concern was increased by the publication of the Lakehead University results. Reports and interviews have been carried in print, sound and vision by all the local Thunder Bay outlets and in Duluth, Minnesota. We reprint below an interview with Dr. R.A. Ross, Dean, Faculty of Science, which first appeared in the "Biology Newsletter" of Lakehead University in March 1975. �17. ASBESTOS: An Interview with Dr. Ross, Dean of Science 0. (BIOLOGY CLUB NEWSLETTER}. What was the asbestos content of the Port Arthur tap water which you sampled? A. (DR. ROSS). We found 14.7 x 106 fibres/litre in the water. 0. How does this value compare with the Government's findings? A. Their values show less than 1 x 106 fibres/litre. 0. Do you know why there is a discrepancy between these figures? A. We are not sure. Their samples were taken last fall, presumably from the lake. We sampled the tap water somewhat later. The handling of the samples might influence the results. For example, asbestos is known to stick to the sides of glass containers, if stored for a period of time. Since the government samples are not tested here, but are sent away for analysis, we may speculate that they are stored for longer periods than our samples. The government uses a different analytical technique; however, this should not produce discrepancies of this order of magnitude. 0. Is a standard technique available? A. No. Different laboratories use different methods. We plan to conduct a series of some fifty tests on water samples to examine the effect of the nature of the container and of the prior treatment of the container on the asbestos content of water over a period of weeks. We have also volunteered to test a sample, obtained by a neutral sampler, that the Government and McMaster University would also test, in order to compare results; but the Government does not have enough funds available at this time. 0. Would the presence of asbestos in the air affect the asbestos content of your samples? A. No. The samples are kept in sealed containers. 0. Is there any way of identifying the source of the asbestos fibres? A. There are various types of asbestos. It occurs in two main forms: a chain type and a sheet type. Electron and x-ray diffraction techniques, in combination with electron microscopy, can distinguish between them. The type of fibre would depend on the source of the fibres. 0. Do you have any idea where the asbestos is coming from? A. At the moment we have no conclusive answer. 0. What is the safe level for asbestos in water? A. It is not known if asbestos is harmful if taken orally. The Government is doing some studies on rats concerning the oral ingestion of asbestos, but until these studies are completed, we can only speculate regarding the danger from the asbestos in the water. 0. Do you know if asbestos would have a synergistic effect in combination with other chemicals, which might be present in water. A. No. An in-depth study of the biological properties of asbestos is needed. We have little idea, in fact, of the surface properties of asbestos. Dr. Murphy, who is working in my laboratory, is studying this aspect of asbestos. Synergism is possible. What we really need is a complete study that would identify every component of the water and examine the possible interactions of the substances present. 0. What do you think should be the next step in research of this nature? A. As I already mentioned, asbestos is not the only substance to be found in tap water. Until a complete study of the water is performed, to include both organic and inorganic substances, we cannot tell what dangers, if any, are present. It is possible that there are substances which should be of much greater concern than asbestos. In terms of asbestos, we need to find the safe level, before we can take any action. Government controls of gaseous emissions are very stringent, but much more work is needed with liquid effluents. �(14,300 X) Dr. R.A. Ross, Dean, Faculty of Science One of the areas of research of Dr. Ross and his team relates to asbestos in our drinking water. Transmission electron micrograph of asbestos fibres in our water samples. (Note tendency for fibres to clump into bundles). Scanning electron micrograph of diatomaceous and other debris found in our water samples. Mr. Al Ian MacKenzie examining water samples at Lakehead University with a transmission electron microscope. �AFFECTIVE CONTRAST: BEHAVIORAL CONTRAST OF LIKING by: Dr. S. R. Goldstein Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. If psychologists were asked to identify the single most important adaptive mechanism adjusting organisms to their environment they would probably point to the ability to form discriminations as their first choice. The reason for this choice is fairly obvious; organisms must behave in different ways in different contexts if they are to survive. It is therefore, not surprising, that during the past 50 years a great deal of laboratory research has been directed at learning about how discriminations are formed. One rather interesting recent finding is that the formation of a discrimination is frequently accompanied by certain behavioral "side effects". In what follows I describe a standard laboratory demonstration of a discrimination and a side effect called behavioral contrast as a means of introducing one aspect of my experimental extension of this area. To demonstrate the formation of a discrimination, a hungry animal, say a pigeon, is placed into a small experimental space called a Skinner box. The box contains a circular target-striking device mounted at the bird's eye-level on one wall of the chamber. By the use of a control switch it is possible to illuminate this target with one of several colored lights. The Skinner box also contains a mechanism that delivers a small amount of grain to the pigeon if and when he strikes the target. The pigeon is first taught to peck the target by rewarding or reinforcing, with food, only those responses that progressively resemble the appropriate response. When the bird is pecking at a substantial rate the response key is successively ii luminated with a red and then a green light to determine whether the pigeon has a natural tendency to peck at different rates in the presence of the two lights. Since the bird is being equally rewarded in the presence of each light st'imulus any preference will soon disappear. To establish a discrimination, conditions are arranged so that responses made in the presence of, say, the green light continue to be reinforced while those responses occuring during the presence of the red light go unreinforced. Figure 1 shows the outcome of such an experiment. Section A of the figure shows that during pre-discrimination training the rate of response to the red ahd green lights are about equal. In section B we see the expected decline in response rate to the red stimulus signalling nonreinforcement. It is, however, the response rate to the reinforced green stimulus that is of special interest; for instead of maintaining the prediscrimination rate of response we now find that the rate •has increased above baseline even though the reinforcing status of the green light has remained unchanged. The diverging response rates to the green and red lights are indicative of a discrimination and the increase rate of response above baseline level is indicative of behavioral contrast. Although we do not have a ful I explanation of behavioral contrast, in some way or another it is apparently related to the aversive or inhibiting consequences of nonreinforcement. A criticism frequently directed at behavioral research with "lower" organisms is that such work is totally irrelevant to the complex functioning of the human mind. Of what possible significance is it to us, so the argument goes, that a rat or a pigeon shows behavioral contrast while learning to discriminate red from green lights in a highly artificial environment? Consider then, the following more relevant situation. Our so called attitudes and feelings about one another are determined to a large extent by certain kinds of information we infer, experience directly, or have conveyed to us by certain others. For example, if a stranger is characterized to you as opportunistic, cunning and selfcentred, your reaction to him on first meeting will be colored by this description and will probably be negative. �20. In the following experiment, introductory psychology students were presented a series of slides of two imaginary people cal led Person A and Person B. An adjective was placed on the bottom of each slide describing the person in question. The students' task was simply to rate, on a scale from 0 (Dislike) to 5 (Like}, how much they liked the person in question after having seen the descriptive adjective. Two imaginary people were used in this experiment as a para I lel to the red and green light conditions in the pigeon experiment. Thus during the first, prediscrimination phase of the study, the adjectives describing both Person A and Person B were selected which, previous research had shown, had a "likeableness" value in the 2.5 or neutral range. A total of 10 such slides for each "person" were presented. Immediately following this, the adjectives describing Person B were changed for the worse; in fact to levels which previous research had shown were in the 0 to 1 range. Again ten such slides were used. At the same time the quantitative value of the descriptive adjectives for Person A remained unchanged so that in all, a total of 20 slides of equal value were used to describe Person A. Figure 2 shows the results of this study. Section a, the prediscrimination phase shows that both Person A and Person B were equally liked, according to the ratings. Section b shows that when negative attributes were used to characterize person B his rating dropped rapidly and approached zero. But most significantly for our purpose was the fact that although the likeableness content for Person A remained unchanged as Person B got worse, Person A's appeal increased significantly in the eyes or minds or behaviour of the students doing the rating. The experiment, therefore, points to a continuity in the formation of discriminations acrpss a wide range of species and situations. In addition the experiment suggests that behavioral contrast may be the mechanism behind various types of prejudice whereby one gains a better estimate of oneself by putting someone else down, even though the new incoming information about oneself does not warrant the enhanced evaluation. Finally on a more optimistic note, laboratory research has taught us a great deal about the nature of behavioral contrast, including several ways of preventing its formation. My students and I have extended these techniques to situations like the one described above and have obtained some promising results. At the same time we have begun to extend the idea of behavioral contrast to such diverse areas as population dynamics and marxian dialectics. BEHAVIOURAL CONTRAST B A w ~ a: LU (/) z 2 (/) w a: TRIALS Figure 1: Rate of response to a green and a red light when both are equally reinforced (Section A) and when responses to red are not reinforced while responses to green continue to be reinforced (Section 8). x is the expected projected rate of response to green, y shows the actual rate. AFFECTIVE CONTRAST a PERSON A I\ I ~-- ·~~PERSON 0 I 0 5 I I 10 15 WORD NUMBER B I 20 Figure 2: Behavioral contrast of "likeableness" ratings. In section a the information content for Person A and Person B was the same and so are the likeableness evaluations. In Section b the likeableness ratings for Person B go down as negative information is received while those for Person A go up even though the "likeableness" information remains unchanged. �ETRIC Tl ? RELY Y by: Professor John Hart, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. Almost everything that could be said about the metric system has been said in the past hundred years or so, and despite the efforts of various commissions to inject some liveliness into the subject, it's a dead issue: in the contemporary jargon, SI units are here to stay. It is a pity that some of the terms we have to use reflect the stupidity of the scientists af international standards commissions and the recalcitrance of certain nations; but the fact is that to the world at large, metrication is pretty much a dead issue, and the amount of time and effort that is going into selling the system to North America is largely wasted. Why then, Mr. Editor ( I think you were born in a metric country?) why then should I waste your readers' time with yet another article on metrication: why soil the pages of CARET with such pollution? My motivation, my dear friend, does not concern metrication as such. The decision as to which system of units a nation should use is largely a legalistic matter, and metric units have been legal in Canada for many more years than most readers of CARET have been living. The real issues concern, not metrication, but standardization, a matter which has intensely emotive, economic and political overtones. By the time this issue of CARET is published, we shall have some idea as to whether the Celsius degree will be, perhaps grudgingly, accepted; and as for other common units, most of us can recognize a metre and its one-hundredth part, the centimetre (not meter, by the way); the kilogram is now moderately familiar to the purchaser of HIGHLINER fishcakes {the housespousf??); and, if he has the cash, the lush can buy a litre of wine, (the 'large' bottle), to slake his insatiable thirst. Electricity, of c:ourse, has always been billed in metric unit~;. 1 I No - it is not the units that constitute the problem, it is the standards that we have to worry about. In this context, I do not mean the kilogram of platinum-iridium kept in the basement of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures at Sevres in France. I mean the hundred grams of butter and the half-litre of lighter fluid; I also mean the screw that has one thread per millimetre and the cookie tray that is 25 by 50 centimetres. Confused? You may well be. Yet, a shift in the units of measurement gives us a glorious chance to standardize, or to use a more appropriate word - rationalize all kinds of products. ( Rationalize comes from the same root as ratio, meaning that human reasoning is at work, which is a nice put-down for manufacturers who do not rationalize!) Metrication and rationalization, though loosely connected are not entirely the same thing. To illustrate: take the time to look on the grocery shelves and see if you can spot the rationalized sardine can, as distinguished from the unrationalized one containing 127 grams. Why 127? Is it a coincidence that 127 is a prime number? What is the cost per unit weight (mass to the cognoscente) of 127 grams of sardines at 23','t? Get the point? Why not 125 (to divide by 125, multiply by 8 and divide by 1,000 - cost per kilogram, $1.84); or better still, why not 200 grams? To the everlasting credit of the manufacturers producing them, some consumer products are being rationalized on a voluntary basis. But there is in Canada, so far as I know, no enforcing legislation (except in certain special cases) specifying the normal si.z:es of packaged products; so that prod~cers are free to pack whatever weight of, say, breakfast cereal they think will have t~ e most cost-effective consumer impact, whatever that may mean! In Europe standard packages are the rule rather than the exception. All who think that the voluntary standardization of consumer products 1 �22. will be adhered to in Canada by multinational corporations, stand in the corner. There is another side to the question; and for products that manufacturers purchase (it is often forgotten that manufacturers are also consumers) the incentive for standardization is quite strong. Perhaps you service your own car? How many screwdrivers and wrenches do you need - how often do you have to make a new thread in an old hole (or use bailing wire, heaven help you) because you cannot get a screw to fit? You may be interested to know that the average vehicle uses about 3500 - yes, three thousand five hundred fasteners; and for a staggering statistic, how about the eleven to twelve thousand different fasteners used in the military hardware of the western world? By standardization, this huge inventory of nuts and bolts could be cut in half, with significant increase in the efficiency of the automotive trade. The chances of a standardization scheme sticking in a manufacturing chain are about fifty-fifty. Some schemes that al ready exist are very successful; all 35 millimetre films fit virtually all 35 millimetre cameras: some schemes have never quite made it so that typewriter ribbons and video tapes come in almost as many specifications as there are ·machines. Why are standardization schemes only moderately successful? I can identify three, though there are obviously many more than that. The first is what I cal I the foreman's elbow syndrome". (The foremen in dyeing plants long resisted the introduction of thermometers, because their elbows were quite sensitive to deviations from the required temperature.) In other words, let the others change - we've always done it our way, and our way is best". (That is why we had to throw out the perfectly sensible word Centigrade in favour of the misguided Mr. Celsius, a gentleman who got the freezing and boiling points of water inverted.) The second reason concerns the lack of perspicacity of design engineers, architects and suchlike who, faced with an intractable problem involving the fitting of one part to another 11 11 may prefer to take the easy way out and design a new part, rather than adapt the design to use existing standardized parts. Quite often, the new part does not work very well, and a piece of the product falls off. Third, there is the deliberate manufacture of a device designed to reject the product of a competitor. One classic example from World War I was the German rifle which accepted bullets of the other side, but not vice versa. Then, between the wars, there was a spate of razors with special ridges designed to reject al I but one make of blade. Today, we have vacuum cleaners with special bags: other examples will come to mind. There is one aspect of standardization to which my readers and their mentors might give some thought. It is this: how far do we want to go? Is standardization superceding reason? Is there a connection be~ tween the drab frenzy of our lives and the uniformity imposed upon us by our technological culture? Can we build a picturesque village from standard construction units, a poetic forest from standard trees, an exciting year from uniform days? Perhaps I push the argument too far. Here, for a contrasting viewpoint is Walt Whitman: A vast similitude interlocks all All spheres, grown, ungrown, small, large, suns, moon, planets, All distances of place, however wide, All distances of time, all inanimate forms, All souls, all living bodies though they be ever so, different, or in different worlds, All gaseous, watery, vegetable, mineral processes, the fishes, the brutes, All nations, colors, barbarisms, civilizations, languages All identities that have existed or may exist on this globe, or any globe All lives and deaths, all the past, present, future, This vast similitude spans them, and has always spann'd, And shall forever span them and compactly hold and enclose them. From "On the Beach at Night Alone" �HO ANY VILLAGERS? 23. an exercise in ma ematical geography by: Mr. Robert S. Dilley Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. A problem that frequently faces geographers is that of demonstrating relationships among a number of variables. It is sometimes possible to study geographical interactions under laboratory conditions: for example, glaciologists can use refrigerators to subject rocks to various kinds of freeze-thaw action. The human geographer has greater problems, in that he can observe people (though often with difficulty) but not experiment with them. A physical geographer who wants to know how flooding affects soil texture can pour water onto plots of land to his heart's content. A human geographer interested in the effect of flooding on rural communities will scarcely be popular if he opens the dikes to study the results. Moreover, real-world geographical situations, especially those involving people, usually comprise a complex series of influences, each interacting with the others. To explain this in relatively simple terms, to show how changing one variable in a given system can have repercussions throughout the system, is difficult when one cannot demonstrate the actual processes at work. To overcome this, geographers have increasingly turned to mathematics to provide models of the real world with which they can experiment. Some of these models are complicated, requiring computers to work them out. Others are much simpler, but not necessarily less illuminating for that. As an example, consider the problem of demonstrating the relationship between agricultural land, farming techniques and village size in primitive economies. What limits the size of a simple agricultural village? What happens if population grows, if new methods are introduced, if the climate changes? Anyone can see that population is likely to be higher on good land worked with advanced techniques; but how much higher? A simple model can help answer these questions by showing how the various physical and cultural features interrelate. Consider a simple, permanent agricultural village, operating as a closed system (i.e. no food is brought in from outside and none is sent elsewhere, the usual situation in undeveloped economies where local selfsufficiency is the rule. Assume, for convenience, that the villagers are entirely dependent on crop production for food. How big can that village grow? First, we have to consider how much land the vi II age has cM:1ilable. Even if it is the only settlement for a long way around, it cannot grow crops al I over that area. The farmer has to walk out to his fields in the morning, perform a full day's work, and return at night to the village. If his land is too far away he will be spending too much precious daylight in travelling. In many societies (for example, among the lnqians of North America before European colonisation) inter-village raiding was common, and field labourers were reluctant to work far from the stockade especially when cultivation was performed by the women. We can say, therefore, that the territory available to a village is roughly circular, with the radius a reasonable walking distance ( D) from the settlement and an area 11'D 2. However, not all of this area will be suitable for agriculture. Parts may be too wet, other parts too dry. Some sections may be excessively stony, or too steep, or kept under trees for firewood. Part will be occupied by the village itself. We must therefore introduce the term U for usable fraction, such that if three-quarters of the territory is usable then U = 0.75. The actual cultivable area thus becomes (,rU 2 ) (U). But under primitive conditions this area cannot be cultivated permanently. Simple agriculturalists are rarely familiar with the use of fertilisers or crop-rotation. Their practice is to grow crops on the same patch of land until, after a year or two or three, the soil is exhausted of its useful minerals and nutriments and the farmers have to go �24. on to another patch, leaving the first to rest and slowly rebuild its fertility. In time they can come back and cultivate it once more. Thus we have to introduce another factor, R, which stands for rotation, or the fraction of the total time that a given piece of land can be cultivated. Thus, if any one patch of land can be cultivated for one year in ten, or five years in fifty, then R = 0.1. The total possible area actually under crops in any one year is therefore (1'D 2 } (U} (R). To determine potential population we then need to know how much land is needed to support one person or, more conveniently, one family (it is easier to estimate the number of families in a village from the number of houses than to discover the average size of each family}. If we call the area under crops necessary to feed one family At, then the maximum possible population for the village (remembering that no other food supply is available} is clearly the total possible area under crops in any one year, (,1'0 2 ) (U) (R), divided by the area needed for each family, At. Denoting maximum population (in families) by Pt we can then express our model as (i) At This simple little formula then enables us to see how these factors interract with village size. Take, for example, a settlement where the maximum distance a farmer is prepared to walk to his fields is 2 km. (1¼ miles), where half the land is usable for agriculture, where crops are grown on each patch one year in ten and 2 ha. (5 c1cres} are needed to support one family: all reasonable figures. In that case p = {712 2 ) (0.5) (0.1) = 31,;4 (ii) t 0.02 The village could thus grow to a little over 30 families. (Note that the denominator has to be written as 0.02 square kilometers, rather than 2 hectares, to be in the same unit as D2. Try working that out with miles and acres and you become an instant convert to metrication). The importance of travel-to-work can easily be illustrated. If the villagers become reluctant to move more than 1 km. from their homes, owing to frequent raids, hungry tigers or laziness, then the formula reads Pt = (?f12) (0.5) (0.1) = 7.85 0.02 (iii) Halving the distance travel led thus reduces village size to less than 8 families. On the other hand, if the villagers in (ii) begin to use some fertiliser they may be able to cultivate their patches twice as long before moving on. This will increase R, and the formula will read p = ~22) (0.5) (0.2) = 62 8 (iv) t 0.02 • allowing a doubling of population. Alternatively, we can look at it another way and ask what happens to the vii lage in (ii} if the population increases beyond 31 families? Obviously, if Pt> 31.4 then At must · be reduced, giving • everyone less to eat; or R must be increased, giving the soil insufficient time to recover and leading to disastrous soil exhaustion; or U or D must be increased, which may not be possible. Faced with population growth, therefore, village (ii) must starve, change its ways, or send the surplus population off to start a new village. We can use this model to observe other factors than population. Take, in this instance, a village of 35 families, accustomed to travelling up to 1.75 km. to their fields, using three-fifths of the land and resting each patch seven years for each year of cultivation. How much land is available for each farmer? We know from (i} that (?1'1.752) (0.6) (0.125) = (v) 35 At Therefore • At = (11'1.752)(~:)(0.125) = 0.0206km2(vi) or fractionally over 2 hectares. Further sophistication could be introduced. At could be varied to include food produced from pastoralism, which would probably involve modification of D, (people usually being willing to travel further to their stock than to their crops), of U, (land unsuitable for cropping may be grazed}, and of R, (pasture needing a different resting cycle). If a number of villages occupy an area and claim all the land, then the territory of each may be calculated without reference to ,rD 2 , and so on. The model is clearly too simple to be applied directly for research on the real world; it gives only potential and not actual populations. It can, however, be (continued page 35) �QUALITY or UANTITY: the by: Dr. Paul Barclay-Estrup Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. (from an address given to the Calgary Teachers Convention in February 1974.) Ten years ago, when someone said that our society and possibly our planet was heading for a serious crisis, the warning was either ignored or judged alarmist by most people. Five years ago, a similar pronouncement was taken into consideration, at least by more thoughtful people, but today perhaps . even a majority of people are considering a crisis as a real prospect. Considering is the key word here, because far from a majority yet believe that there is a serious crisis; even fewer are proposing solutions, and virtually no preventative action is being taken. We are faced with a refusal of consciousness. Many intelligent people still pretend that "nine to five" is the real world, and that talk of disaster is a fad or fashion, idle chatter, the invention of TV, a communist plot, or a plot of vested interests. It is possible that the doom and gloom statistics are al I misleading, and some very qualified people are of this opinion. The doomsters draw Ii nes on graphs and extend them into the future, a method which has produced some really frightening predictions. For example, if the present birth rate continues, by the year 6084 solid waves of people will be expanding away from earth into the universe at the speed of light. It's true that doomsters have sometimes been proven wrong. One sceptic in Britain has pointed out that if the use of horses had continued to increase in Britain as much after 1870 as it did between 1800 and 1870, then by 1970 the entire surface of the earth would have been six feet deep in horse manure. But sceptics aside, many people, especially professional ecologists, are firmly convinced that there is a potential catastrophe both for mankind and for most life on this planet, if changes are not instituted soon. ■ oder■ dile 25. a The root cause of this impending catastrophe is easy enough to identify: Too Many People. Too Many People, in Too Little Space, with Too Few Resources. What is the present status of the world's population? This year, 1974, is World Population Year. At last, the United Nations has officially recognized that there is a population problem. "74 in '74" could be the slogan, for at the end of this year there will be 74 million more people than there were in the begining of the year. That's over 200,000 more people each day of the year. China now has over 800,000,000 people and India almost 600,000,000, and half of this large number are children under 18. In 1975 the population of the earth will be four billion. When I graduated from high school in 1948, it was considerably less than three billion. If the present rate of growth continues, by the year 2074 there will be 30 billion people. If somehow we could immediately reduce the increase to replacement level (two children per family), there would still be over six billion people by 2050. If somehow we could limit families to only one child, it would take another 30 years before the population of the earth would stop increasing! Malthus made two predictions: one, that there would be world over-population, and two, that this would be followed by mass deaths by starvation. His first prediction has come true. We must do everything we can to ensure that the second prediction does not come true as wel I. What can we do? The answer is simple enough: first, we stop the growth, and then we reduce the population to a level that can be maintained at a high standard of living and contentment without removing the capital resources of this planet. The trouble with simple solutions is that they tend to be full of unknown variables. Is man a truly reasoning being, or is he �26. primarily controlled by basic biological instincts and reactions? What sort of situation makes man content? What is a "reasonable" standard of living? There is no way in which the present world population of almost four billion can be brought even close to present Canadian living standards. Each Canadian uses over 20 times as much total resources per year as an average citizen of India. We use 30 times as much sugar and over 50 times as much energy. It is not the poor, but the rich of this world who are threatening the survival of Spaceship Earth. So population must be reduced to a size which will suit the resources of our planet. What size is that? We do not know. This question must be answered by agriculturalists, foresters, geographers and ecologists. A worldwide study of resources and consumption trends is urgently required. (Some population proposals have already been made by ecologists. One estimate for maximum population in the U.S. is 30 to 50 million - less than ¼ of the present U.S. population - which if extended to Canada would mean a maximum of three to five million in this country!) What happens if we continue uninterrupted growth? We luckier people in the "have" countries may be able to develop some kind of huge multi-storied cities. Perhaps our technology will provide space and food. What might the future .hold, then, for us? Food for us looks O.K., at least in quantity. Canada, New Zea1and, Australia and Argentina are the last net food exporting countries (although in 1969, for the first time, low grain exports meant that even we in Canada imported more food in dollars than we exported). In Canada, we produce enough food to feed about 50 million people. So we have enough quantity for perhaps the next 50 years - assuming of course that other people who are in short supply don't take it away from us. Quality? It doesn't look quite so good. Meat and fish supplies will continue to decrease, and prices will keep on rising. Many imported luxury foods will become scarce or very expensive as populations in tropical areas increase. For example, coffee, tea, spices, tropical fruit and even tomatoes are threatened. (Did you know that Canadians drink three times as much tea per capita as Americans, and that we import more fresh tomatoes per capita than any other nation? All tea and most tomatoes are imported.) We may or may not like the North American car-culture, but we must live with it, anyway. A change in life-style here looks inevitable: smaller cars, fewer long trips, fewer week-ends away from the city, slower transport and more traffic problems. What about interpersonal relationships? As people move frequently, from country to city or from city to city, many relationships are strained or broken. The result is galloping social instability and an alarming increase in, for example, the number of runaway children: 600,000 in the U.S. in 1973. The Canadian rate is likely to be substantially lower (perhaps 30,000), but still significant. In 1968, divorce rates in Canada were 60 per 100,000 of population and 300 per 100,000 in the U.S. Will we duplicate the U.S. rate, now five times our own, in the future? At levels less basic than the family level work, social, school levels - antagonism and stress are commonplace. Hierarchies and social systems are made unstable by deliberate policies of transferring individuals. Status and position are frequently ephemeral and insecure, driving the individual to greater efforts to achieve them. There are plenty of other products of unrestricted growth - air pollution, lead, cadmium and mercury poisoning, alcoholism, cancer, crime and drug rates, the possibility of biological or nuclear war - to worry about, too. And what about natural �27. plant and animal communities? Hundreds of bird and mammal species are in danger of extinction. Whole ecosystems the world over are being threatened. It is quite certain that the destruction of plant systems alone will result in the extinction of at least 10,000 species in the next 20 to 30 • years. Who cares? Many people are concerned about the deteriorating quality of our lives, but too often they are not our leading politicians. Politicians did not arouse the world to the population and environmental crisis, and if left to themselves, they will not generate the .necessary action. It is up to you, the individual citizen. Write letters to your M.P. and M. L.A. Attend political meetings; organize all-party symposia with the aim of getting individual politicians to take a definite stand. Withdraw support from a politician who goes back on his word on the issues involved. Form a non-partisan pressure group -' people interested in environmental quality are not limited to any one party - and take on one problem at a time. Try to avoid confrontations and hardened posi- tions that lead to useless deadlocks. Even one or two persistent and dedicated individuals can be enough to bring and keep an issue before the general public. Most of our problems can be solved. We can have both quantity and quality in our lives - but only if the major problem of over-population is treated. Treatment of symptoms such as fuel shortages and pollution are otherwise meaningless and perhaps even detrimental in the long term. If our government will institute a rational population program - and years are involved - surely we will all do everything we can to save our resources and try to help those in great need. But I, for one, wi II do very Httle to support stop-gap policies that can only lead to greater shortages and less quality in the future. Without such a new trend we might as well enjoy life to the full. Be daring: drive an eight cylinder, 450 horsepower car. Heat your house to 75 degrees. Burn your Christmas lights 12 months of the year. In the words of Paul Erhlich, "If you are sailing on the Titanic, you might as wen go first class." SOLUTIONS TO PREVIOUS PUZZLES: UNITS THE AVIARY �FLIERS, STINGERS AND BITERS ACROSS 1. Groups of fliers, stingers and biters (6,8) 7. The family of 17 down is nothing if not geometric (5) 9. The butterfly that commands a vessel (7) 10. A steady worker (6) 11. This wasp is not necessarily Australian, mate (6) 13. A small arachnid associated with widows (4) 14. A glimpse is a chirp (4) 15. If all insects survived, they would swiftly do this to our world (6) 18. A dull fellow, found somewhat disheveled in a laundry (6) 19. Ringlike (7) 21. A tiny primitive fly, larger than 13 (5) 22. Are these insects in Sergeant Pepper's Company? (7,7) DOWN 1. They are the epitome of biological control (9,5) 2. Glow worms and Fireflies do it (7) 3. Nobody could call them 5 down: they 14 down (4) 4. The leaf-cutters do this very neatly (6) 5. The grasshopper is typified (5) 6. Small flies that wou Id be usefu I to a hostess before a party if they could only spin what they purport to (6,8) 8. Probably the most revolting insect of all (3,3) 12. A biter, distressing to cattle (6) 14. See 3 down (7) 16. This Indian antelope may be ailing (6) 17. A slow 7 across 20. Hark! If you listen carefully, you can hear a Myrmeleon ! (4) Puzzle by Professor John Hart, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay �Ill I NEED A CAlCU TOR IN UNIVERSITY? by: Professor C. Kent, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. This is a question more and more often directed to university profs these days by high school students, and also by students already in university. The space-age spin-off of micro-electronic circuits has placed high capacity calculators within the economic reach of a lot of people. Even students on limited budgets can strain to afford them, and the manufacturers haven't failed to notice the possibilities in the student market. In the Thunder Bay Sears the other weekend, I was looking over the display of chained-down and otherwise guarded calculators when a proud parent and universityage son arrived to buy a calculator to replace the one he had bought the month before. This month's model offered more functions than last rnonth's. Herein lies a trap. The price of these calculators has been dropping rapidly or, put another way, the capabilities of the calculators available at a fixed price have been rising rapidly. But, they are still expensive toys and keeping up with the Jones' latest hand-held calculator can be expensive. I think the best answer br the university, or university-bound student, thinking of buying a calculator is that it is not necessary to have one to survive in university. University professors try not to impose arbitrary rules on their students, and they don't prevent students who have calculators from using them in class, but they try to devise test and exam problems so that the student with a calculator has no essential advantage over his poorer cousin without one. Of course, if you are going to study engineering, or applied science, there will be a greater opportunity for you to use and profit from your own calculator than if you plan to study math, or physics. Even so, the ready availability of the large scale university computer to students, and the 29. increasing occurrence of mini-computers offer more than adequate opportunity for you to handle these big data processing assignments. At Lakehead University more and more of our first year students are getting heavily involved with the university computer and are learning, along the way, much more useful programming skills than how to punch the buttons on a 3x4 inch keyboard. The New Scientist of February 27, 1975, contains a good article titled The electronic slide-rule comes of age". The economics of the manufacture and marketing of the hand-held micro computers (or calculators) is surveyed, along with a list of the functions available in the various models. That article is well worth reading if you are thinking about buying a calculator, and can get your hands on New Scientist, which is an English magazine. If you can't, here are some highlights. The Hewlett-Packard calculators are the Cadillacs of the species. HP got an early start and has kept ahead of the competition by offering increasingly sophisticated and capable calculators. These range from the (now old-fashioned) HP-21, at about $200 through the super-Cadillac HP65 which sports 20 addressable registers, a 100 step programmable facility, magnetic tape read-in and read-out, user definable keys, and the sporty price of $800-$1000. Our Department owns a HP65 but I notice that it is used far less often than the much simpler Texas Instrument SR50, selling for about $200. Sears sells an instument virtually identical to the SR50, with full transcendental function complement, for a little under $100 when you catch a sale. The New Scientist says that hand-held programmable calculators not unlike the super Cadillac HP65 will appear on the market in mid-1975 for a little over $200. This is typical of the fierce competition now going on to capture the market, especially the student market. 0 �30. As a guide for potential purchasers, New Scientist give a table of the expected costs of the various functions that can be purchased in a 'hand-held', as follows: Functions Price +, -, X, + $20 1~ 5 x2 5 rx sin, cos, tan/Arc Hyperbolic Memo~ Ln x/ex Logx/10x xY x! Degrees/Radians 1r s 20 12 12 10 7 12 5 2.50 2.50 The typical cost breakdown for manufacturing and marketing a calculator selling for $84 is interesting: Integrated circuit ................. 8.50 Semiconductors .................. 1.20 Display ......................... 3.20 Keyboard ....................... 2.40 Case ............................ .50 Misc............................. .50 Rechargable battery ............... 3.20 Charger/A.C. adaptor .............. 2.50 Total parts cost ...........-.... 22.00 Labour ....................... 2.00 Manufacturing cost ............ 24.00 Overhead, marketing cost, man. profit36.00 Factory selling price ........... 60.00 Retai I markup .................. 24.00 Recommended retail price ....... 84.00 The same issue of New Scientist contains ads for the Texas Instrument SR50 ranging in price from $165 (from a "Discount House" in King's Cross, London) to just over $200. It would appear that these calculators can be had for about 20% off suggested retail price, if you know where to look. (Our Department recently bought SR50's for $150 from a Toronto firm). There is apparently still no wholesale "dumping" of the moderately sophisticated scientific type calculators on the market, but the simplest types have recently dropped into the $20 range, and a qreak in price of the others may not be far off. One thing I find disturbingly missing in the published information about the handheld calculators is information about their reliability and durability. An engineer friend recently told me that, if one of these baubles goes awry, forget it. His feeling is that it would cost more to repair than to replace. If his appraisal is correct, and the lifetime doesn't exceed the guarantee period (usually a year from a reliable vendor) then keeping yourself in calculators could be an expensive business. Another consideration for the Northwestern Ontarians could be the "down time" to send a calculator away for repairs if it goes bust, even in_the guarantee period. I have been told that Sears' policy is simply to hand you a new calculator if something goes wrong during their guarantee period. That could be worth investigating but I wonder how often they go through the exercise on essentially new calculators. All in all, your own hand-held calculator really isn't necessary in university, although it can be helpful in professional programs like engineering, or in upper year courses like statistics. Even in a program where a calculator would be handy, it probably isn't really too useful in the first year. It may be later, but the way prices are dropping and in view of the very limited experience people have had with their durability, I think my $200 will stay in the bank for a while yet. If, and when, you do decide to buy your own calculator you will face the decision on how much complexity to buy. The price very directly reflects the complexity and little else. New Scientist suggest that the cost premium you should be willing to pay for a "big name" manufacturer is not over $25, while you can see from the figures above that $25 is the cost of a very few additional functions. Your planned use of the calculator dictates the complexity and price. If you are �31. going to use the device only for simple arithmetic of the balance sheet variety, you can get by with a $20 calculator with +, x, , +. The number of digits on the display should probably be greater than six, but ten is an extravagance. Eight should do nicely. "Floating point" decimal presentation is also unnecessary for simple arithmetic. The next step up in complexity which will be usable will surely include a memory (one register will do) and "floating point". This extra capacity will allow you to cope with most of the calculations in statistics. Squaring, square-root and reciprocal keys would be convenient at this stage but are not really necessary. With a memory register there are simple "algorithms" in the user manuals which allow you to do your own thing with square-roots, cube-roots, etc. The increasing cost of dry cell batteries makes a rechargable calculator battery a wise investment if you intend to make much use of your hand-held. You should easily get one of these calculators for $50-60. Only if you seriously intend to be an engineer, chemist, experimental physicist or econometrician would one of the "electronic slide rule" types with full scientific notation and transcendental functions be likely to be useful. The SR50, or comparable Sears or Eaton's models retail here for $100-$200. SETT ES by: Dr. L.K. Roy, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. The final step up to a programmable job, like the HP55/65, or comparable 'cheapies' to appear, is probably justified only for the serious practicing scientist or engineer. Some upper year students of these disciplines could find them useful, but only if they are "computer nuts" who develop their own procedures and programs for doing often repeated problems, or simply like to experiment with the procedures themselves. Here, however, these students are much better advised to use a mImcomputer or large scale digital, and really get their teeth into a problem. It may be strange to hear, but a math major in university probably will have less use for a hand-held calculator than almost any other type of student except history majors. Finally, a personal prejudice or two. Special purpose calculators, for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius, or Acres to Hectares, are close to useless for the average human being. Unless you plan a career in the weights and measures business converting into and out of metric sizes, save your money. Even a percent key on an otherwise standard calculator is silly. If you can't multiply by 100 you've got no business having that thing in your hand in the first place. AT E E BET 1. The Gold Coin Gambit Three boxes, identical in appearance, are There may not be a sucker born every minute but many people still find plenty of opportunity to lose money on what seems to be a fair bet. In the following examples bets are proposed by a smooth operator (cal I him the Artist) and accepted by a person who tricks himself into believing the bet is a fair one (call him the Mark). placed on a table. One contains 2 gold coins, another contains 2 silver coins, and the last contains one silver coin and one gold coin. Two Gold Coins Two Silver Coins One Gold One Silver �32. A neutral person selects a box at random, opens it, and draws one coin from it. Suppose a gold coin was drawn. The Artist makes the following bet with the Mark: "I bet you even money that the other coin in the box is also gold." The Mark thinks to himself: "The other coin could either be silver or gold. Also, it is obvious that this box is not the box with the 2 silver coins. So this box has an equal chance of either being the box with 2 gold coins or the box with one silver coin and one gold." He concludes that the bet is a fair one. In fact there are two chances in three that the box being considered is the one with the two gold coins! Think of it this way: if the box is the one with a silver coin and a gold coin, there is one chance in two of drawing a gold coin. There are two chances in two of drawing a gold coin from the box with the two gold coins. So once we have the information that a gold coin was indeed drawn, the box with the two gold coins becomes twice as probable as the box with one silver and one gold coin. 2. The Birthday Booby-Trap The Artist and the Mark attend a party at which a total of 40 people are present. The Artist bets that at least two people in the room will have the same birthday. The Mark happily accepts the bet since there are only 40 people in the room and 365 possible birthdays. Actually, the odds are not at all in the Mark's favour. Pick one person and determine his birthday. The next person selected has 364 other choices of birthday, so the probability that the two do not have the same birthday is 364/365. The third person selected still has 363 other choices of birthday so that the probability of the three having different birthdays is 364/365 times 363/365. For the forty people, the probability of none having the same birthday is a product of 39 fractions (364) (363) (362) ... (326) = 0.109 365 365 365 365 So the Mark has about one chance in 10 of winning. In fact the breakeven point occurs when there are only 23 people present in which case the Mark's probability of winning is 0.493. 3.. The Odd-Numbered Dice The Artist presents the Mark with 4 dice. Blue l9m9l91 Green 13131111 White Red The Mark is invited to choose any one of the 4 dice, after which the Artist will choose one of the remaining 3 dice. Both persons will roll their dice and the person who rolls the highest number will win. The Mark thinks to himself: "Obviously one of these dice is a better choice than the others. As soon as I determine which it is, I will begin to make some money." Suppose the Mark chooses the red die since it has the highest number (13). The Artist would choose the green die and would have probability 2/3 of winning. Green 7 5 5 5 Red 5 13 13 7 7 7 7 7 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X -- --- -- --- -- -- -- -- In the above table an X indicates a win for the Artist. Of the 36 possible combinations of green-red values, the Artist wins 24 of them. After losing for a while the Mark may switch to the green die. As soon as he does, the Artist picks the blue die. �33. Blue 1 7 7 7 Green 7 7 7 1 -- --- -- -- -- AN ANALYSIS OF THE GAME OF KENO 9 9 9 9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Again, 24 of 36 possible blue-green combinations mean a win for the Artist When the Mark switches to blue, the Artist switches to white. White 3 Blue 1 1 9 9 9 9 3 3 11 11 11 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ----- Again, 24 of 36 white-blue combinations favour the Artist. The Mark begins to reason as follows: "White beats blue, blue beats green, green beats red. So white beats everything. I'll choose white and eventually I 'II make a fortune." The Artist chooses red. Red 3 3 3 White 11 11 11 5 X .x X X X X X X X X X X X X -- -- ---- X X X X X X -- -- -- The game of Keno is played in Las Vegas as follows: The player chooses 8 of the numbers 1 through 80. Then 20 numbers are drawn at random from the number 1 through 80. If among these 20 numbers the player has chosen 5, 6, 7 or 8 correctly he wins $5, $50, $1,100, $12,500 respectively. The player pays $1 to play. 0 ~ ~ , ways of ran20 0 domly choosing the 20 numbers. There are There are{ {~)= ~! ~~-x) matching )= p{x> --- ,),( Again, 24 of 36 red-white combinations mean a loss for the Mark. The Mark's mistake is in choosing which die he wants to use first. Once the Mark has chosen, the Artist can make his choice so that he will win 2 tosses out of 3. ways of x of these 20 8 selections and player's _ (~X 2l~) - (~g) Thus the probability of winning $5 is 5 13 13 :,X ,,'•X,'-,X the ) = 721 ways of the re( 72-x {20-x) ! (52+x) ! 20 maining (20-x) numbers not matching. So the probability of x matching numbers is p(5) 5 -- 5 by: Dr. l.K. Roy, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. -- (:)(;~) l ) = .01s3 of winning $50 is p{6) (:)(~~) = ( ~g) =.0024 of winning $1,100 is p{7) = mm) =.00016 (~g) and of winning $12,500 is p{8) = men (~g) = 000004 • The expected winnings of a player, each time he plays is 5 p(5) + 50 p(6) + 1100 p(7) + 1250 p(8) = 5(.0183) + 50(.0024) + 1100(.00016) + 12500(.000004) 0.4375 dollars. �34_ IS THE MIND A MATERIAL OBJECT? ---·------ ~- - -- OR WHY DOES GLASS SHATTER? by: Dr. J. Douglas Rabb, lakehead University, Thunder Bay. Can dispositions be causes? This rather obscure question is, I believe, one of the most important unresolved issues in con- temporary philosophy. Not only does the truth of two radically different accounts of mind and/or mental events depend on the answer to this question; but this problem is also at the basis of two quite different views of the nature of scientific explanation. The two accounts of mind are represented on the one hand by Gilbert Ryle's behaviouristic analysis in The Concept of Mind and on the other hand by D.M. Armstrong's central-state materialism as presented in A Materialist Theory of Mind. The behaviourist claims that words which seem to refer to so cal led mental events do not in fact, refer to events at all. Rather they signify that the organism is liable or disposed to display certain sorts of behaviour. So, for example, to believe that it is raining is not to entertain the thought that it is raining, it is simply to have a tendency to wear a coat if one goes out, to have no inclination to wash the car or water the garden, to be disposed to answer in the affirmative if asked if it is raining and so forth. The central state materialist on the other hand does not deny that there may wel I be events which we describe as mental. However, the materialist claims that these events are, in actual fact, events occuring in the brain or central nervous system. The materialist would argue against the behaviourist that there must be a state of the central nervous system which causes the organism to be disposed to behave in the way it does. Ryle, the behaviourist, seems to hold a Phenomenalist or Operationalist position concerning scientific explanation whereas Armstrong is a proclaimed Realist. For example, Ryle states that: When we describe glass as brittle or sugar as soluble, we are using dispositional concepts, the logical force of which is this. The brittleness of glass does not consist in the fact that it is at a given moment actually being shivered. It may be brittle without ever being shivered. To say that it is brittle is to say that if it ever is, or ever had been struck or strained, it would fly, or would have flown into fragments. To say that sugar is soluble is to say that it would dissolve, or would have dissolved if immersed in water. 1 On the other hand Armstrong argues that: . . . in asserting that a certain piece of glass is brittle, for instance, we are ipso facto asserting that it is in a certain non-dispositional state which disposes it to shatter and fly apart in a wide variety of circumstances. . .. The Realist view gains some support from ordinary language, where we often seem to identify a disposition and its 'categorical basis'. ('It has been found that brittleness is a certain sort of molecular pattern in the material. ')2 Withc-_crucial issues in both the Philosophy of Mind and the Philosophy of Science hanging in the balance, it is little wonder that the question 'Can dispositions be causes?' has generated such vigorous debate. 3 In this paper I wish to propose a compromise which, I hope, will be acceptable to both sides of this important dispute. I begin with the following illustration. An Enlightening Crash Suppose I raise my glass of wine and propose a toast to Professors Armstrong, Ryle and their respective followers in appreciation of their valiant efforts to settle this important question. Suppose further that, as is the custom in proposing such toasts, after downing the wine I throw the glass with considerable force into the fireplace and the glass, as is its custom, shatters. This very brief story allows me to generate a seri~s of question which, I hope, will be illuminating. The first question is: 01 Why did the glass break (shatter)? �35. The most obvious and answer to question 0 1 is: straight-forward A 1 Because it hit the hearth with considerable force. Answer A 1 , however, generates two further sorts of questions which I will class with obvious bias, as interesting and uninteresting. To state the uninteresting one first: U02 Why did the glass hit the hearth with considerable force? It should be noted, of course, that U02 is only uninteresting considering our present purposes. It might well, in other contexts, lead to some very interesting questions in the Philosophy of Action as well as to some intriguing sociological and psychological ones about certain drinking habits. Note also that the subscript '2' in these questions is intended only to indicate that they are in response to the answer to a previous question, viz., '0 1 '. The interesting question raised by A 1 is this: I02 Why did the glass break when it hit the hearth with considerable force? The straight-forward answer to question 102 is simply: A 2 Because it is fragile (brittle). However, answer A 2 also generates two further kinds of questions which I shall again class as interesting and uninteresting. First the uninteresting question: The sense in which 103 is a different question from U0 3 , and the sense in which I interpret it, is that in which it is a conceptual question. In most cases it would only be asked by someone who did not know the meaning of the English words "brittle" and "fragile". The Oxford English Dictionary defines "brittle", for example, as "liable to break'', and once this definition has been understood, question 103 has been answered and rendered pointless. Note that answering 103 does not., of course, render U03 pointless. It should be equally obvious that no answer to U03 could possibly serve as an adequate answer to 103 . In conclusion it should be noted that we may wel I be tempted to raise question I 03 in response to some of the more technical answers to U03 . However such a temptation should not be surprising for as has been wisely observed: The theoretically interesting category-mistakes are made by people who are perfectly competent to apply concepts, at least in situations with which they are familiar, but are still liable in their abstract thinking to allocate those concepts to logical types to which they do not belong. 4 Footnotes 1. G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind, (London, 1949), p.43 UQ3 Why is it fragile? or What makes it fragile? 2. O.M. Armstrong, A Materialist Theory of Mind, (London, 1968), p.86. Question U0 3 is a question for the physicist and any answer to it would likely make reference to the molecular pattern of the glass etc., as Armstrong has noted in the quotation cited above. However the philosophically significant question raised by answer A 2 is of quite a different sort: 3. See for example: R. Squires, "Are Dispositions Causes?", Analysis, Dec., 1968. D.M. Armstrong, "Dispositions Are Causes", Analysis, Oct., 1969. R. Squires, "Are Dispositions Lost Causes?" Analysis, Oct., 1970. IQ3 Yes I know it was brittle but why did it break when it hit the hearth with considerable force? or Why do fragile things shatter when hit with considerable force? Admittedly one way of interpreting question 103 is simply as an oblique way of asking U0 3 . But such an interpretation would be neither interesting nor instructive. 4. Op. cit. The Concept of Mind, p. 17. HOW MANY VILLAGERS? ..... (from p. 24) used as a check on improbable claims for village sizes or food production, past or present. Best of all, it is a useful teaching device, showing clearly and simply the interrelatedness of the physical environment, human skills and population. �36. by: Dr. Brian A.M. Phillips lakehead University, Thunder Bay. Somewhere between the ti me of the historic voyages of discovery and the present, it has become firmly fixed in people's minds that Geography is al I about longest rivers and highest mountains, and that geographers spend their time colouring-in maps. There is often a grain of truth in the most distorted views, and in the process of persuing their long claimed interest in spatial correlations of criteria of, on, or above the earth's surface Geographers frequently use a variety of forms of visual display, collectively termed 'maps'. Cartography is considered by most to be the science of the preparation of all types of maps, plans, charts and statistical dia- grams. In its widest definition this would include every operation from the initial surveying to the design drafting and final printing. However, a more limited viewpoint tends to focus attention on the maps themselves, and examines them as useful devices for the display, comparison and analysis of spatially disposed data of all kinds. Any data which are arranged in space can be mapped whether they be 'solid' visible data such as elevation or population, or whether they be less tangible data, such as recreation potential or mental distance. Despite an enthusiastic but unfortunate student who once concluded an essay on the use of maps by stating that 0 The Geographer has been blessed with a mighty tool which he should learn to use to its fullest extent", it is not only geographers who use maps, but also any persons whose interests involve spatial relationships. A biologist may map a single cell; an engineer may map the stress in a length of steel, a sociologist may map the pattern of crime in a city; a novelist may map the imaginary land in which his characters move. So what are maps? One way of considering maps is to think of them as 'thematic' (an adjective derived from the noun "theme") displays. Whereas a conventional air photograph faithfully records every object visible within the field of view of the camera without selection, a map portrays a selection of criteria. As such it is emphasizing some criteria to the exclusion of others, and is therefore 'thematic'. Furthermore, within the scales in which maps are commonly drafted and reproduced, it is often not feasible to map every single item of a selected criterion. If one had the task of mapping individual political affiliation in a residential area, one would seek a representative sample of households from which to obtain data. Hence, a map is not only thematic, but is a visual transformation (by cartographic methods) of data which are a subset of the possible available data. Similarly, a map is itself a subset of a set or 'Supermap', which is all that can possibly be mapped. While the map portrays data in pictorial form it serves, in effect, as a storage device for those data. Hence agricultural statistics may be stored both as tabulated figures and as a series of thematic maps. Since, in very many cases, the data sample is temporal, that i_s, representative of one moment in time, the map also serves the function of an historical document. Indeed, unless the delay between data collection and map production is very small, the very first copy of a new map may stil I be an 'historical document' if the criteria with which it is concerned are dynamic. A map of occupied dwellings in an urban area may only represent the real situation for less than a day. While this may seem to be a negative element, advantages are derived from the sequential nature of many maps. A series of maps of the distribution of the same criteria in the same area at specific points in time may be examined in sequence. The historical nature of each map �37. is the basis of comparative analysis, and the changing pattern of the dynamic variables can be discerned. A most dramatic visual display of urban growth may be obtained by examining a sequence of maps of five year intervals and filming each for a few seconds in turn. The resulting short film will demonstrate the 'amoeboid' growth of suburbia in a manner greatly more appealing and effective than the examination of tables of population or housing statistics. A map may serve as a data-storage device, as an historical document and as a part of a sequential series. To retrieve those data requires a further transformation, that of map interpretation. Map interpretation might be described as an art, an ability gained by experience rather than by learning alone. However, though a map interpreter may be highly skilled, data will only be retrieved from a map if that map clearly and unambiguously portrays that which is intended. The premap decisions to be made by a cartographer are many and difficult, for they require a truly interdisciplinary understanding. Not only must he fully appreciate the business of mapping, but he must fully understand the spatial processes governing the criteria that are to be mapped, and the manner by which a map reader gains information from a map. Ideally, a well designed map will transfer to the interpreter all the data put into it, and also generate fresh ideas. Such a map is said to have a high 'map transfer function'. Problems often arise in the matter of map design. However attractivelooking and skilfully-drawn is a map, unless it rapidly and unambiguously transmits its data at an equivalent or greater rate than the initial form of the raw data would have done, its function is utterly lost. Our texts and news media are full of pretty maps which are far more difficult to understand than the original raw data which they purport to represent visually. Designing maps involves an understanding of some psychophysical phenomena, and also involves one with the limitations of cartographic language. For example, on this page the writer can control the order in which bits of information are transmitted to the reader, since it is known that the symbols used (the groups of letters or words) will be read in a particular and continuous manner (i.e. left to right, top to bottom in Canada). However, the map designer has very little control on the order in which the cartographic language (point, line and area symbols) will be read, since one cannot foretell at which point within the map boundary the reader will look first, nor which point might be viewed next, and so on. The human eye scans a visual display in a series of foveal fixations. During any one fixation the brain receives data from the central part of the field of view (the fovea) which it appears to concentrate upon, but it also simultaneously receives data from the remaining part of the field of view (the extra-foveal area). Thus, a single item of information may be observed only once foveal ly, but may be reinforced extrafoveally several times during adjacent fixations. While ttie eye is capable of receivin_g about three million bits of information a second, the brain can only account consciously for about sixteen bits per second. Our brains perform the incredible task of data reduction. The efficiency with which this task is achieved is governed partly by the ability to class data and to link them to familiar knowledge, or by the ability to reject and ignore them. These processes take time, and depend ultimately upon the perceptual ability of the observer. The processes of visual search are the subject of much research, but the application of such research to map design has only recently been recognized. For example, in tests in which subjects have been asked to locate a specific target within a display of a variety of unalike and similarlooking targets, the results indicate that some commonly used map techniques are ineffective. Results show, for example, that search time is least when the target is discriminated by colour, and greatest when �38. shape alone is the discriminating factor. Hence, it is found easier to locate a red target in a display of targets of several colours than to locate a circle in a display of targets of several shapes. It is also discovered that it takes longer for the brain to reject similar looking targets than to reject unalike targets. Suppose a map has one hundred and twenty black targets (e.g. symbols) one of which was the target to be located. Visual search time would be x seconds (case A). To find the same target in a display of sixty black targets predictably takes %x seconds (case 8). However, to find the same black target in a display of sixty red targets and sixty black targets (case C) will be found to take more than %x seconds, but considerably less than x seconds, though the total number of targets was the same as in case A. The reason for this is that the brain rapidly rejects or filters out the non targets (red) and less rapidly matches and rejects the remaining fifty-nine similar targets. In view of the common use of differences in size and shape of symbols on maps rather than differences in colour, this type of research could herald some radical changes in future map design techniques. At this point it is seen that "colouring-in maps" is a far too simple view of the geographer's task. In the words of one eminent cartographer .,,Whoever has a knowledge of cartography is convinced that it is more difficult to compile a good map than it is to write a good book. In the latter situation one does not need seriously to torment himself with precision because where ideas fail it is easy to shirk obstacles by the skilful use of words." Raisz - 1962. Problems of map design are by no means the only ones facing today's cartographer. We are in the midst of a quiet but rapid cartographic revolution, largely because our ability to collect data has outstripped conventional methods of storing, displaying, retrieving and analysing them. The long standing conventional topographic map, often printed about two to five years after initial survey and infrequently updated, is now simply insufficient for the planner concerned with the rapidly changing situation in our major population areas. Quantities of data now being made available to those responsible for planning and managing our natural and urban environments can no longer be transformed into visual form by manual drafting at a rate sufficient to keep up with supply. Furthermore, people are increasingly concerned both with more complex and less directly derived data. Pre-map statistical processing of large volumes of data is best handled by computers, and the 1970's are likely to be known as the decade of computer mapping. Although the map draftsman is by no means obsolete, anyone claiming to be interested in dynamic patterns of spatially arranged data now uses computer generated maps. Experimental maps of many kinds are now providing exciting and challenging new approaches to mapping, and the changing face of modern cartographic methods is so rapid that it is hard for an individual to keep pace with it. Discussion of specific map types and map related problems would be best reserved for further short papers. Meanwhile,, where appropriate, the computer may be given the task of colouring-in and analysing some maps. True or False? genome: one complete set of chromosomes, a chromosome complement. Ordinarily, a gamete has one genome (is haploid), a zygote has two (is diploid). gnome: in folklore, a tiny subterranean creature said to be guardian of hidden treasures. One letter does make a lot of difference! Which of these are used synonymously, and what is the preferable spelling: glycerine, glycerol, glycine, glycinol, glycol, xylene, xylol? �If you have enjoyed reading Caret, please write to us. If you have not enjoyed reading Caret, please write to us. If you would like to contribute an article, please write to us. If you have any suggestions for improvements, please write to us. "CARET" Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E 1 �PLEAS L E ABOUT FOR OTHERS TO READ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Caret: Lakehead University Science Review: Volume 1 Number 5 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Caret: Lakehead University Science Review. A publication produced by Lakehead University Faculty of Science and distributed especially to high schools and other universities. Volume 1 Number 5, May 1975. Articles on a variety of topics: Letters to the Editor Scholarships Pressing plants and studying the dried specimens Dr. A N Hughe's time spent in Thailand to study chemistry Asbestos contamination of Lake Superior Organisms and adaptation Metrication Mathematical grography Quality or quantity, study of too many people with too little space and resources and predictions for the future 2074 Calculators in university Cartography Also contains photographs and crossword puzzles. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Faculty of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/e52be80c6cfc26e1bb8a329a4615ed93.pdf f6fc4305421de8156d07ad270e737385 PDF Text Text fl;C LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY SCIENCE REVIE~ VOLUME 1 --- NUMBER 6 ~~~;~~·' -~~=~~~ r - \.G, 60 cen. s> �caret A LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY SCIENCE REVIEW in corpora ting LAKEHEAD UNNERSITY MATHEMATICS GAZETTE CARET IS PUBLISHED BY THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE OF LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO, CANADA. P7B 5E1 EDITOR Dr. G. Harvais Lakehead University ASSOCIATE EDITOR Mr. B. Spenceley CONTENTS Volume 1, Number 6, November 1975 A History of Photography 2 by Dr. A. D. Booth Lakehead University Culture, Politics and Geography: or ..... EDITORIAL BOARD Mr. W. Bilbrough, Lakeview High School, Thunder Bay. 4 by Mr. Robert S. Dilley The Strategy of Concentrated Fire Power 8 by Air Cadet L. Mathemaki (Ret'd) Mr. G. Campbell, Westgate Collegiate & Vocational Institute, Thunder Bay. Mr. C. Gehrels, Mathematics and the Arts Student 11 by Dr. C. C. Mutambirwa Ontario Ministry of Education. Mr. W. Lajoie, Westgate Collegiate & Vocational Institute, Thunder Bay. Mr. J. Palko, Fort William Collegiate Institute, Thunder Bay. Mr. T. Reynolds, Queen Elizabeth High School, Sioux Lookout. Challenges to Fishery Resource Management The Marriage Problem Printing: LU. Printshop Design: LU. Media Services 15 by Professor L. Mathemaki What is Topology? 17 by Dr. S.A. Naimpa/ly Inductive Justification of Induction Typesetting: ARGUS and friends 13 by Professor W. Mo mot 18 by Dr. Gunars Tomsons Photo-degradable Plastics 21 by Dr. N.A. Weir The Compound Microscope 24 by Mr. 8. Spenceley THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN CARET DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE OPINIONS OF THE EDITOR, THE FACULTY OR THE UNIVERSITY. OUR COVER relates to our article "A History of Photography" and depicts Durer's use of the pin-hole camera. �2. AHISTOR OF PH by: Dr. Andrew D. Booth Lakehead University, Thunder Bay A science more than 250 years old The science, as distinct from the art, of photography is now more than 250 years old since the basic experiment on the blackening of silver salts through the action of I ight was conducted by J. H. Schulze in 1725. Schulze did not make a photograph as we now understand it but used a sensitive material which consisted of a mixture of chalk and silver nitrate shaken up with water in a bottle and used wet to record the outline of a stencil placed between the emulsion and the sun. Since the process was essentially a wet one, there are no existing "photograms", to use the modern term, dating from this time. In 1777, C. W. Scheele noticed that silver chloride was more quickly blackened by the violet and blue rays of the spectrum than by the others, and in a sense, this fundamental experiment is the basis of much modern work on photographic emulsion sensitivity and its correction to record the same sort of image as seen by the human eye. In the year 1800, Thomas Wedgwood made contact copies in silhouette form of leaves on leather sensitized with silver nitrate. Again, there was no fixing process used so that the results of these experiments have long since disappeared. The man most usually credited with the invention of photography was Nicephore Niepce who, in 1816, made photographs using a "camera" - that is, a dark chamber with an appropriate lens - to produce photographs on paper sensitized with silver chloride. These photographs were partially fixed using hypo and really constitute the first artistic realization of what we now cal I photography. In the year 1819, Sir John Herschel discovered that thiosulphates removed undeveloped silver halides and thus made the images produced on ·paper by the action of light permanent. This led H in 1826 to the second relevant experiment of Niepce who made a photograph from nature using a lens system and a pewter plate sensitized with bitumen. Niepce's camera of 1826 is interesting in that it contained a bellows for focussing the lens and an iris diaphragm for controlling the amount of light, although the degree of control is debatable since the exposure was eight hours! Recognizable artistic photography started in 1835 when L. J. M. Daguerre made direct photographs on silvered copper plates coated with a silver iodide. The latent image was developed by mercury vapour, a most obnoxious substance, and in 1837, it was found that the result could be fixed using a solution of common salt. Thus, the Daguerreotype was born. The second contender for the honour of invention of artistic photography was W. H. Fox Talbot who, also in 1835, produced photogenic drawings" on paper sensitized with silver chloride and fixed with potassium iodide. Fox Talbot also discovered that prolonged washing with water would dissolve out the undeveloped chloride and thus act as a fixative. The period 1820 to 1840 was one of vigorous scientific activity and readers should recollect the work of Michael Faraday who, between 1828 and 1832, discovered most of the practical applications of electro-magnetism, including the transformer, the motor, and the electric generator. The time was also an active one for microscopists, and in 1839, the Reverend J. B. Reade made the first photomicrographs using a solar microscope to record on paper sensitized with silver nitrate and developed with gallic acid. Fixing was achieved by immersion in sodium thiosul phate. The importance of the photographic process is indicated by the fact that in 1839, the French Government issued working instructions for the creation of Daguerreotypes, and in the same year, Sir John Herschel, son of Sir William mentioned earlier, first coined the word photography" from roots meaning writing with light. 11 11 �3. 1840 is an important date, since in this year, J. Petzval established the basic theory required to compute optical systems of photographic type. The Petzval portrait lens is still in use. In the same year, A. Wolcott opened the first photographic portrait studio in New York City. The Europeans had the art, but the Americans, as usual, made the money I 1844 - first book illustrated photographically 1844 was an important date in the history of photography since it was in that year that Fox Talbot published the first part of "The Pencil of Nature" which was the first book to be illustrated photographically. Copies of this book are still extant, but it is a very rare book, and if a copy ever came up for sale, it would fetch a very large sum of money. The birth of flash photography was not due to Harold Edgerton as is usually thought, but to Fox Talbot who, in 1851, made the first photographs of an object in rapid movement using an electric spark. In the year 1852, the same experimenter showed that gelatin was made insoluble when saturated with sodium biochromate and exposed to light. This led to the first practical process for half-tone printing. 'The technical processes of photography were in a state of rapid change. The Daguerreotype required special preparation for viewing. The later wet processes were messy in application and were replaced finally by dry processes using a transparent negative fol lowed by a positive. It was not until 1871 that R. L. Maddox made the first gelatin dry plates. These were extremely slow, although subsequently improved, both as to speed and to quality. With the coming of the gelatin emulsion, the chemists concentrated on finding reliable methods of development and Sir William Abney, of Photometer fame, discovered the virtues of hydroqwnone in 1880 and was soon followed by H. B. Berkeley who, in 1882, added sodium sulphite to the armoury of photographic developers. 1882 also marks the point of emergence of orthochromatic plates - that is, plates whose sensitivity resembled more that of the human eye than did the original emulsions which, as we mentioned earlier, displayed considerable sensitivity to blue and violet radiation but little to anything else. From this time on, the development of photography was rapid and the inventions came thick and fast. Significant dates are 1888 when the first Kodak roll film camera came on the market, 1891 when the physicist Lippmann produced the first interference colour photographs, and 1906 when Wratten and Wainwright produced the first panchromatic plates - that is, plates sensitive to all col ours. 1914 saw the first Kodak colour photographic process, but the real development of colour photography had to await the work of Mannes and Godowsky in 1935 when the Kodachrome process was developed. 1861 - colour! The last significant date was 1947 when Edwin Land produced the one-step photographic process now known as Polaroid. All of this work was, of course, in black and white or in some of the rather charming sepia and gold tones produced by the replacement of silver by such metals as gold and platinum, but in the year 1861, J. Clerk Maxwell demonstrated the first three-colour separation method for producing coloured images and thereby established the basis of modern colour photography. The work of Maxwel I was fol lowed quite quickly in 1868 by that of Ducos du Hauron who experimented with three-colour photography and discovered various methods of realizing it including that of subtractive colour synthesis. Along with the development of the chemistry of the photographic process, optical systems and cameras received a great deal of attention. The first cameras were simply boxes with a lens in front and a plate behind. Early lenses, which used a very small aperture, did not require focussing, in this respect they did not differ much from the box Brownies of the 1930's and the inexpensive plastic cameras of the present day! Because of the slow emulsions, however, it became necessary to develop lenses which would let in far more light. This led to two interesting scientific kinds of research: the first directed to the elimination �4. of the severe aberrations from which large aperture lenses suffered, and the second to the design of lenses to produce distortion-free images. The only important technical developments of the nineteenth century were the addition of bellows to enable the new and larger aperture lenses to be properly focussed and the introduction first of the Waterhouse diaphragm with its disc of circular stops, and second of the iris diaphragm as a means of controlling the amount of light falling on the film. As films or plates became faster, exposures became much shorter and this, in turn, led to the mechanical development of shutters which would work at high speed and at the same time give reproducible results. Many and various were the designs tried, ranging from pneumatic to spring-driven sets of blades, and of course, roller blind type apparatus, usually driven by springs, which was the prototype of the modern focal plane shutter. miniature, spy cameras The late nineteenth century produced a rash of spy cameras, smal I and unobtrusive devices which were the prototypes of the modern miniature cameras. These were designed to take pictures of one's friends in embarrassing situations, to say nothing of their use by the emerging race of scientific detectives typified by Mr. Sherlock Holmes. The first miniature cameras in the modern sense were the Ermanox used to great effect by the famous photographer, Dr. Salomon and, of course, the Leica, the grandfather of all modern miniature 35 mm. cameras. The explosion of photographic technology of the 1960's and the introduction of electronics, both for light metering and for shutter automation have produced a real revolution in the use of the camera. No longer does the photographer have to have any real skill. What he needs is artistic perception. The automation does the rest. CULTURE, POLITICS AND GEOGRAPHY: or Cymru Am Byth Is A Fine Slogan, But What Does It Mean? by Mr. Robert S. Dilley Lakehead University While there are almost as many definitions of geography as there are geographers, few would deny that one of the most basic concerns of the subject is with distributions: where things are, why they are there, and how they rel ate to other things. Such investigations can take nany forms: the distribution of crop-growing and its relationship with rainfall; the distribution of coal and its relationship with unemployment, and so on. In each case two (or more) phenomena are mapped, and attempts made to measure and explain any similarities in their distributions. For example, consider the relationship between minority cultural traits and minority political parties. In the case of Wales the historic national tongue is Welsh, a Celtic language with no recognizable relationship with English. It is found only in Wales and among a few expatriates, though Welsh-speakers tend to lose their lang1age quickly on emigration. About one-fifth of the population currently speaks Welsh (Map 1 ), tho·Jgh virtually all are bilingual in English (Welsh monoglots account for little over 1% of the t:>tal population). Welsh-speaking is strongest i1 the rural areas of the north and west; lovvest in the industrial south, along the English b0rder and in Pembrokeshire, "little England beyond Wales". Being exclusive to the Welsh it provides a strong focus for national cultural identity; even nonWelsh-speaki ng Welshmen delight in the average Englishman's inability to pronounce place-names such as Pwllheli, Llanllwchaiarn and Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa. Welsh nationalism as a significant political force is a new phenomenon; after ye1rs of being the butt of jokes about lost deposits the Plaid Cymru (pronounced approximately ,iplide comeree", with the emphasis on "come") attained respectabi Iity when its President, Gwyn for Evans, was elected in a Carmarthen by-election in 1966. Last year's October election was their most successful (Map 2) when they gained 10% of the popular vote and three M.P.s; in Carmarthen (Gwyn for Evans again), Caern uvon and Merioneth. �5. The general relationship between Plaid Cymru and the Welsh language is apparent from the maps (for simplicity, data are grouped by counties: Glamorgan, for example, returns 17 M.P.s; Brecknock and Radnor share one between them). Correlating percentage Welsh-speaking with percentage vote for the Plaid Cymru m a county basis provides a coefficient of + 0.83, significant at the 0.1% level. This is an indication of a very strong positive relationship. Such relationships, of course, must not simply be pulled out of the statistical hat and held up for wonderment. In some cases high correlations may be due to chance; more often to the overriding influence of some third factor on both elements being studied. Before drawing maps or running correlations the researcher must have good reason to expect to find a relationship. In the case of Welsh and Welsh nationalism the connection is clear: the party has made great use of the language as a rallying-point or standard: although only a minority is fluent most Welshmen know at least a few words and have a sentimental attachment to the symbol of their difference from the saesneg (Saxon; i.e. Englishman). Appeals to hwyl (intensely sentimental Welsh emotionalism, seen at its quintessential best just after one of the regular Welsh rugby football defeats of the England side) are, more effective when couched in Welsh. Conversely, non-speakers of Welsh may become irritated by the noisy waving of the linguistic flag, and less inclined therefore to vote for the Plaid Cymru. The relationship, clearly, is not perfect. The percentage vote for the Plaid Cymru at the last election was only half the Welsh-speaking percentage, and it did not fol low the language distribution absolutely. People vote for a variety of reasons, and will not automatically support a party just because it is the only one to espouse their language. Many nationalistic Welsh-speakers on Anglesey voted for the Labour M. P. Cledwyn Hughes, a prominent and much-admired advocate of the Welsh cause. In the heavily Englishspeaking, coal-mining and steel-producing areas of Glamorgan and Monmouth the vote has traditionally been monolithically Labour: in 1966 the area returned 21 Labour M. P s and one Conservative. However, the failure of successive Labour governments to improve the South Wales economy sufficiently has led to a certain amount of protest voting. The rural areas have tended to go Tory (they now have 4 members). The miners would sooner vote for a Martian than a Conservative (at the last election Abertillery voted 76% Labour and Rhondda 77%), but an increasing number feel safe in registering their irritation by giving their vote to Plaid Cymru. Thus the Anglesey vote is rather lower than might be expected; that of the industrial south a little higher. If space permitted these residuals, or differences from the expected figures, could be mapped and more eas i Iy observed. At this level of study only crude approximations can be made. Greater accuracy would be obtained by breaking the counties down into their individual constituencies (smaller division is impossible, as British elections are not declared on a poll-by-poll basis: the ballots are taken to a central location and deliberately mixed before being counted). Similar studies could be made of other areas where linkages of cultural phenomena and political allegiance are suspected. It might be interesting, for example, to compare Francophone areas and votes for the Parti Quebecois. There would not, however, be any point in relating votes for the Scottish Nationalist Party to the Gaelic tongue. Very few Scots speak the language (little over 1%) and they are highly localized in the Western Highlands and Islands. The S. N. P. concentrates more on economic and governmental issues and has wider appeal than the culturallyoriented Plaid Cymru (the S. N. P. polled nearly 30% of the Scottish vote last year, overtaking the Tories). Thus Plaid Cymru sentiment is clearly linked with the Welsh language. It might seem advantageous for the party to foster this link, and to aim to collect the other half of the Welsh-speaking vote. However, this could be risky in the long term, as the Welsh-speaking percentage is shrinking and the Anglophone majority may be repelled. Plaid Cymru votes in largely English-speaking areas such as Pembroke (4.5%), Barry, Glamorgan (3.3%) and Monmouth ( 1.4%) suggest that "Cymru am byth" (Wales for ever) has less meaning there. Studies such as this can at least provide the basis from which political decisions must be made. �MAP 2, 1974 PLAID CYMRU VOTE AS A PERCENTAGE OF THOSE VOTING. MAP I, PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION OVER 3 YEARS OLD ABLE TO SPEAK WELSH. . :::: ~~:.: ::::::=~ CJ ITIIIID Ea [:?\:{{::j CJ 20-29 30-39 ~ - 40-49 ~ 50-59 ~ - 0-4 ,.:::i CJ5-9 60-69 ;;;; E3 V > < 1 10-14 15-19 -£%1 20- 24 mm 25-29 ................... 30-34 ;;;; 8i~ ✓ - Source, Census of Britain, 1971. Source 0 The Times, 12 October 1974 °' �7 MAP 3, COUNTIES OF WALES �8. THE ST TE y F by: Air Cadet L. Mathemaki (Ret'd) Director of the Div is ion of Theoretical War fa re 1: INTRODUCTION. With the increasing mathematization of the social and natural sciences, most math teachers find they must drastically modify and update their course contents, in order to maintain at least a semblance of relevance. Gone are the days when students would be content with only physical and geometrical applications of the calculus, for examplel Now most high school calculus courses must contain applications to economics, biology, sociology and psychology, even if they are of an extremely idealized nature. Thus, the following very simple application of calculus to warfare might appeal to a good student, although it may be difficult to persuade him/her that it is really of practical value. At the very least, the main result is both easy to obtain and completely unexpected two good qualities rarely occurring together! 2: A SHORT HISTORY OF WARFARE. We deal with battles between two opposing forces. , Battles in primitive times probably consisted of a lot of individual hand-to-hand fights; the essential point for us is that the weapons fists, clubs, spears - were not long range weapons: it was impossible to concentrate the power of many soldiers on one opponent. Thus if, for example, we had two such armies, one with 100 men and one with 200, we would expect - if the soldiers are equally profficient that the result would be annihilation of the first army and 100 survivors from the second. The battle could simply be fought by letting half the second army act as spectators, while everyone else is killed. Nowadays things are different and undoubtedly much improved. Long range weapons enable armies to concentrate their fire power and, as we shall see, this can lead to unexpected advantages. There are some pretty obvious ~xamples: perhaps the battle of Agincourt was the most spectacular - the long range weapons of the English (bows and arrows) annihilated the the larger French army, whose weapons were short range. E T TE Fl E P Nearer our own time, the use of field artillery in the Russo-Japanese war, and now, the anticipated use of inter-continental ballistic missiles, indicate how far we have come from clubs and swords. Interested history students might profitably analyse some modern battles using the concepts we will now introduce. ' 3: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR MODERN WARFARE. We consider two opposing forces, the red and the blue armies, of sizes r(t}, b(t), respectively, at any time t. We will measure time from the beginning of the battle, so r(0), b(O) are the initial sizes of the armies. Of course, we could measure the sizes, not in terms of soldiers, but in terms of battalion, ships, etc., whatever is convenient. We assume that each soldier (battalion, ship) in the red army is equally effective in warfare, and that he can concentrate his fire power in any way, so that, throughout the battle he kills R blue soldiers every minute. Similarly, each blue soldier kills B red soldiers every minute; R and B are fixed numbers. Consider what happens in a short time interval from t to t+h minutes during the battle. The number of red soldiers killed is, by the definition of r, -(r(t+h)-r(t) ). On the other hand, if the time interval is short, the size of the blue army hasn't changed much in this time, and thus is approximately b(t) its size at the beginning - so the number of red soldiers killed is b (t) • B • h by the definition of the kill rate B. Thus, for values of h near 0, r(t + h) -- r(t) % -b(t) . 8 . h so r(t+h)-r(t) % -b(t) . B h Since this approximation improves as h approaches 0, we have ER �9. dr dt= -b. B (Calculus!) Similarly, db = -r• R dt and so, after a bit of algebra b • B • db = r • R • dr dt dt If we integrate both sides with respect to time, we get the unexpected result: 'b2 B - r2 R is independant of time Let us2 cal I b 2 B the strength of the blue army and r . R the strength of the red army. We have shown that tne difference in strength is conI stant throughout the the battle. Examples : 1. Consider a battle between 10 machine gunners (the red army) and 100 infantrymen (the blue army), and assume the kill rate of the machine gunners is 16 times that of the infantrymen. Let us measure time so the rates are 16 and 1. Initially, the , strengths are: machine gunners= 16. 10 2 = 1600 infantrymen = 1 • ( 100 ) 7 = 10000 and so, at any time, b(t) 2 16r(t) 2 = 10,000 - 1,600 = 8,400 The battle will end when one side is vanquished - when b(t) or r(t) is 0. Clearly, b(t) will never be 0: b(t) 7 = 8,400 + 16r(t) 2 so, at the end, r(t) = 0 and b(t) =J8,400 = 91. Only nine infantrymen have been killed, and all 10 of the machine gunners die in spite of the fact that they are, individualy, 16 times more effective in killing! A rather surprising result. 2. The above example was rather an uneven contest - the machine gunners were quite overwhelmed. Let's consider a more equal match: 10 machine gunners against 60 infant- rymen. The infantry is the stronger, by 2000, so a battle would result in it winning, with 45 infantrymen left. But suppose the machine gunners use a bit of strategy, and manage to break the battle into a series of battles, in each one of which they all atack 20 infantrymen. The results are: (i) 10 mgs vs 20 inf. : 8 mgs survive (ii) 8 mgs vs 20 inf. : 3 mgs survive (iii) 6 mgs vs 20 inf. : 3 mgs survive The machine gunners have won! Thus we see that a bit of strategy can win against what, at first glance, appears to be overwhelming force. Of course, the enemy general has to be rather stupid to allow his army tn be picked off ·piecemeal, but this is what often occurs in practice. A small force is sent to divert a larger part of the enemy; their job is simply to pin down a lot of soldiers while their comrades defeat the small remainder. Then they keep regrouping until they win. A naval battle, during the days of sailing ships, would be a good example of this - in that no diversionary force is needed if the wind is right - the attacking admiral hits his opponents part way down the line and lets the wind carry off a portion of the enemy fleet. By the time it has been turned around to re-enter the fight, the next phase has started. Nelson used this ploy at Trafalgar; this has been analysed by Lankester in his classic paper [3]. We will give a slightly different interpretation. 4: THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR RERUN. Up to 1782, there was no 'naval strategy' - it was 'line up, and attack ship-to-ship'. But in 1782 the British admiral Rodney, probably by accident, broke through the enemy line and by concentrating on his centre and rear, won a victory. This prepared the military mind for Nelson's strategy at Trafalgar. It was known that Nelson would favour Rodney's strategy; the French admiral, Villeneuve, stated before the battle that "the British fleet will not be formed in a line-of-battle parallel to the combined (ie. the French and Spanish) fleet according to the usage of former days. Nelson will seek to break our line, envelop our rear, and overpower with groups of his ships as many as he can isolate and cut off. Why the French and Spanish admirals let Nelson dictate the strategy is a matter for military historians; the answer may lie in the fact that the French believed their �10. reverses at sea were due to the introduction of tactics, which one of their admirals had castigated as a "veil of timidity". Also, due to the British blockade, the French sailors at that time were so untrained they couldn't manoeuvre their ships - but they were more accurate at gunnery, so long-range warfare should have been congenial for them. At any rate, Nelson and his aides, Collingwood and Keats, planned the battle as follows: They assumed they would have 40 ships, and the enemy would have 46. The British fleet was to attack in 3 columns, as below. \ \\ wind . . . _ ,_ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _. . . ,_ _ _ _ 12 12 4 In fact, these tactics part of Nelson's fleet •convoy to Malta, and formed two lines; the great detai I in [ 1] . --►.,.,. 18 Combined fleet Assuming the wind carried the 18 ships out of the battle, and that it broke into 3 separate battles: 16 British vs 12 Combined 16 British vs 12 Combined 8 British vs 4 Combined, resulting in 27 British ships surviving, and then the final battle of 27 British against 18 Combined, the net result is that 20 British ships are left. If the usual 'line of battle' attack had been used, the combined fleet would have won, with 20 ships, and most of us would speak French. • were changed because had to accompany a in the battle he only battle is described in 5: MORE APPLICATIONS. It would be interesting to apply these ideas to modern battles, to see if the military strategists could have been using - perhaps in an intuitive way - the quantitative results we can get. A 'dictionary of battles' - there are quite a few in print, and they should be available in the reference section of most school libraries - is all that would be needed. There may be applications to other situations to; polymer chemistry and molecular biology might contain intersting applications. Also, the mathematics of the situation has not, to my knowledge, really been investigated. The Iength of battle can be found; the answer involves the hyperbolic functions. The strength of an army consisting of several different types of weapons is certainly not that given in [3] , and appears to depend on the opposition, but I have not found even an approximate explicit form for it. What is the size of an overwhelming force?, one that will win no matter what strategy is used. How can we find a best strategy? Other mathematical problems may suggest themselves; I would be glad to hear of them. REFERENCES: 1. Major General J. F. C. Fuller; The Decisive Battles of the Western World, Vol. 2, a Paladin paperback. 2. Major General B. P. Hughes, Firepower. Weapon Effectiveness on the battlefield 1630-1850, Arms and Armour Press. 3. F. W. Lancaster; Mathematic5, in Warfare; The World of Mathematics, Vol 4, Simon and Schuster. Synonyms Glycerol and gylcerine are used for the same compound which is a trihydric alcohol. Hence the former spelling with an -ol ending is preferred. Glycine is an amino acid (also known as aminoacetic acid) while glycinol (also called 2-aminoethanol, ethanolamine, monoethanolamine) lacks the carboxylic group. Xylene and xylol are also used synonymously but the compound is not an alcohol but a homologue of benzene. The first spelling is preferred. Glycol: common name given to ethylene glycol. t �11. ATHE Tl S by: Dr. C. C. Mutambirwa lakehead University The mathematical needs of t 1e Arts student have increased very much in recent years. This is particularly so for the student intending to major in any one or more of the social sciences, namely, Anthropology, Economics, Geography, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology. Unfortunately a large number of such students still enter college or university with limited mathematical preparation at the high school level. Most Arts-bound students drop out of the high school mathematics program because of real or imagined fears of mathematics as a hard subject. Others drop out because of the misconceptions (also held by several teachers) that high school mathematics is not essential to the Arts major. The lack of a significant change in this state of affairs seems to lie in the pure Science bias contained in most high school mathematics curricula which have failed to include explicitly material suitable for the needs of the Social 'Scientist. Lately, however, the growing importance of mathematics to the social sciences is being recognized. The Secondary Schools Statistics Project which was launched just over two years ago at the University of Western Ontario is one evidence of this recognition. Since then high school mathematics teachers have held related seminars designed to revise the high school curriculum (especially the statistics program) accordingly. The growing importance of mathematics to the social sciences has been demonstrated by the results arising from the study under the auspices of the project noted above. (See MacNeil, 1975, "The Social Scientists' View Of High School Mathematics", in Ontario Mathematics Gazette Vol. 13, No. 3, pp167-186). Using questionnaires, a poll (80% response) of social scientists in Ontario Universities was conducted to determine their opinions on mathematics curricula. Three sets of questions were asked. The first set asked the social scientists to indicate the value of eleven major mathematics topics to their undergraduate programs. The second set asked for the antici- T E TS ST E T pated future mathematical needs of the social sciences. The third requested them to rate the importance of various statistics and probability topks to the social sciences programs. The results of the statistical analyses of responses to the above sets of questions show that: I. Statistics, probabi I ity and the basic concepts of algebra are very useful to the secondary school mathematics program and hence also to the university social science programs. (Table 1 refers). 2. The relatively recent and modern aspects of the mathematics curriculum, which include computer science, probability, statistics and matrix algebra, will be of increasing importance to the social sciences. (see Table 2). 3. Data tabulation methods, measures of central tendency and of disperson should be part of the high school statistics course. In addition the high school student should be introduced to the elementary concepts on probability theory (probability measures, mathematical expectation, etc.), statistical inference, simple correlation and regression analysis, common experimental designs and associated analysis of variance, and some nonparametric tests. At the request of the survey some general comments concerning the secondary school mathematics program in particular, were appended to the questionnaires by the social scientists. The majority of the comments expressed the opinion that greater preparation of secondary school students in basic mathematics is very necessary and mathematics should be mandatory for all students. However, there are some reservations about the type and depth of statistics to be taught at high school level. It was generally felt that only the elementary topics in statistics could be taught with the intention of showing the secondary school student that statistics inter alia, is an integral part of most social science programs. Complete and detailed statistics courses could be left to the colleges and universities by which time the relevance of statistics to the social sciences becomes clearer and the subject can be easily integrated into a specific social science major. �12. Mathematics and statistics have become part and parcel of most social science programs. Several recent publications in the social sciences clearly show this to be the case. The growth of a scientific methodology in the social sciences, the development of computer technology and the magnitude and complexity of the real-world problems have all led to the adoption of quantitative approaches to problem solving. These developments require substantial mathematical skills in the arts student, just as much as the pure science student must develop some skills in the social sciences if his or her scientific endeavours are to have any relevance to the more immediate problems of the real world. ...., Scale: 1 of no use 2 of limited use 3 a useful topic 4 very useful 5 indispensible TOPIC Nn V) V) u ·e0 C: >, '; C. l'CS OQ.I •r-U 0) •r-Q.I .c: s.. 0 0 I.LI (.!J u Q.I ....,c: ,--,OU 0..V') ~ 0 0 .c: u >, V) a.. ol:S >, 0) 0 >,.0) 0 0 C. ,- 0 0 s.. •,-.C: 0...., 0 C: U') c:( TOPIC MATHEMATICS TOPIC NO. 0. "'s.. ,7l ,~ 0 c:,, '; u Q) ·~ +> Cu ..-Q) 2:~ ~ 0 '.g u !!' >, 0 os.. u 5.5l s - Q) C } ~ .... '= 1 Algebra. Bas 1c Concepts 0.455 0.500 0.300 0.133 2 Set theory. Basic concepts. 0.364 0.417 3 Euc 1 i dean geometry. -0.182 0.167 4 Analytic geometry. -0.100 0.000 0.111 5 Trigonometry -0.091 0.091 6 Differential & integra 1 cal cul us. 0.636 0.300 0.200 0.667 0.441 7 Matrix .algebra 0.636 0.500 0.667 0.750 0.661 8 Statistics 0.455 0.833 0.800 0.600 0.667 0.667 0.333 0.350 0.429 0.364 0.373 0.000 0.214 -0.091 0.070 0.000 0.000 0.035 0.100 0.143 0.000 0.052 0.273 Probability. 0.364 0.909 0.600 0.688 0.750 0.667 10 Computer progralTllli ng. 0.364 0.750 0.700 0.813 0.833 0.705 11 Actuaria 1 mathematics. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.083 9 -0.300 0.143 C: Q.I .p s.. l'CS 0 C. Q.I Q.I C: -0.,.. ..0 .- E ,- 0 c:( 0 MATHEMATICS TOPICS 1 Algebra. Basic concepts 2 Set theory. concepts. 3 Euclidean geometry 3.09 B.50 1.36 2.19 l.92 ~.37 4 Analytic geometry. 2. 91 2.92 1.45 2.25 2.42 2.40 5 Trigonometry. 6 Differential & 3.55 3.00 2 .18 2.56 2.58 g.]6 integral calculus. 7 Matrix algebra. 3.64 3.54 2.55 2.60 3.08 3.07 8 Statistics. 3.82 4.00 4.09 4.13 4.08 9 Probabi 1i ty 3.55 3.85 3.73 3.88 3.75 3.76 Table 2 Average responee to predicted future importance of mathematics topics for soaiaZ sdence diadptines. Ian B. MacNeil. 1975, "The Social Scientist's View of High School Mathematics", Ontario Mathematics Gazetter, Vol. 13, No. 3. p. 18 . 4.27 4.38 2.73 4.00 3.92 3.89 Basic 3.45 l3.46 2.55 3.13 3.00 (3.13 2.20 l3.45 1.18 l.94 l.92 2.15 L03 10 Computer program- 3.00 t3.54 3.00 3.25 3.50 B.27 ming. 11 Actuarial mathematics. 2.09 h .64 1.50 l.81 1.92 1.80 TABLE l Average response to importance of mathematias for soaial saience disaiplines. Source: "'u ~s:::: Ian B. MacNeil, 1975, "The Social Scientist's View of High School Mathematics", Ontario Mathematics Gazetter, Vol. 1 3 ~ , p.180. SOLUTION TO PREVIOUS PUZZLE: FLIERS, STINGERS AND BITERS �13. CHALLENGES TO FISHERY RESOURCE by: Professor W. Momot Lakehead University Although fisheries management has existed as a discrete discipline for only 40 years, there has been a greater impact on our fishery resources during this short time than in the past six thousand years of recorded history. While the burgeoning populations of the third world depend increasingly on fish as a source of protein, the fish supply is decreasing. The annual world fish catch has failed to increase for the second time since World War 11. Latest figures gathered by the F AO, the food and agricultural organization of the United Nations, show that the world catch of all species for 1972 was 65.6 million metric tons, down 4.1 million tons from the previous year. The need for protein has led to fierce international competition for the ocean's fishery resources. Many traditional fishing grounds are harvested so intensively that some of our most important commercial species have been thoroughly over-exploited. Much of the declining fish catch in the United States and Canada can be directly traced to increased competition from foreign fleets. This has occurred in the haddock fisheries of the north Atlantic. Despite establishment of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, which deals with the problems created when several nations exploit a common resource in international waters, satisfactory regulatory action has not been attained. As traditional fisheries decline the fishing nations of the world turn to other resources, and the same pattern of over-exploitation is repeated again and again. Even such oceanic fisheries as that for the Pacific salmons, Pacific halibut, and tropical tunas, which have yielded substantial catches over the past few decades, are being placed under more and more pressure. Another facet of this intense competition is the attempt by some coastal nations to limit access to their offshore resources by extending their coastal jurisdiction to the edge of the continental shelf or to some other fixed point usually given as 200 miles offshore or 200 meters in depth. This is true not only of underdeveloped countries but also of traditional fishing nations such as Iceland, whose entire ANAGE ENT economy is dependent on its offshore cod fishery. Canada has also threatened similar action. Several international incidents have been directly tied to the problem of sharing a fisheries resource or to disputes over conflicting uses of a resource within a given area, for example, the conflict between United States lobster fishermen and Russian trawlers off the New England coast. In a few cases a fishery is regulated by treaty. This is true for the Pacific salmon which is shared by the United States, Canada and Japan. However, si nee the treaty only governs these three nations, what happens when other countries not regulated by any agreements attempt to share this resource? The problems resulting from international conflicts over marine fish resources are among the most challenging and complex we can define for the renewable resource manager. Because of their need for protein, aquaculture of food fishes constitutes an important resource for the underdeveloped nations of the world. However, many of these countries already have an extensive development of these resources. As poorly developed nations attempt to raise their standard of living, they will put greater and greater demands on protein sources such as grain crops, fish meal and even beef cattle. Thus, they will come into direct competition with more affluent countries. For European nations which depend on imports of meat or high protein feeds to raise beef or dairy cattle such competition will become a serious problem. Though Canada and the United States produce enough food for their own use, how can they morally disregard the needs of four-fifths of humanity? In addition, they are caught up in the international balance-ofpayments problem and numerous treaty obi igations. Thus, the fisheries resources of the world remain unalterably tied to questions of moral, political, and social values. An even greater problem facing freshwater and coastal estuarine resources is the continuous degradation of the environment and the concomittant changes in the fish populations. Although we do not directly consider the well documented problem of pollution and its effects on aquatic organisms, it is certainly important in many of our fisheries. It has had a direct bearing on the development of certain �14. fisheries resources such as the Great Lakes fisheries, notably in Lakes Ontario and Erie. However certain fisheries in the upper Great Lakes have also been affected. In view of these serious problems, the need for recreation may seem of diminished importance. Yet it continues to dominate the inland freshwater fisheries of the affluent western world. In island waters, sport and commercial fisheries are often in direct competition for a common resource and even when they compete for different resources within a commonly shared area, conflicts are just as serious. The Great Lakes fisheries constitute an outstanding example of this sort of conflict. Regulation of these fisheries is made even more complex since jurisdiction is both international and interstate. Inland sport fisheries are also faced with a myriad of other problems. The development of an _indu~trialized, urban society with a seemingly insatiable demand for recreational space has created a paradoxical situation; the masses of modern man are densely concentrated while the resources are usually located at great distances from these population centres. However, with improvements in transportation and the general affluence of the public even once remote resource bases are hard put to produce satisfactory recreational experiences. Fishery managers are thus faced with the task of providing satisfactory. yields and dealing with the incremental and continuous degradation of existing resources. Certain resources such as streams continue to be degraded at a rate, which if continued, will soon make them a rarity as a fishery resource. The construction of impoundments have created new fishery resources, yet their management remains quite primitive. Of immediate concern is the loss of existing fishable waters near urban centers. The increasing demand for such waters continues to tax the most imaginative and creative minds in the field of fisheries administration. Finally, where demand is greater than supply, certain special interst groups usually bring pressure on administrators to propose legislation favouring their use of the resource. This tends to exclude the less organized, more general sportsman. Attempts to restrict both the harvest and the use of a resource to special interest groups continues to be one of the most challenging problems in sport fishery management. Coastal marine fisheries are faced with many of the same problems as inland freshwater fisheries. In addition to the pollution of the environment, there is an increasing demand for salt water based recreation plus conflicts over the commercial and/or sport use of many marine fish and shellfish. Thus, the cha I lenges facing the fishery manager are as complex, formidable and numerous as any in the field of renewable natural resources. They include the major problems confronting man today: over-population of the third world, the stark reality of protein starvation for four-fifths of humanity, insidious and incremental destruction of the world's natural resources at a time of resource scarcity, increasing competition between wealthy and developing nations for the resources that remain and the psychological impact of coping with a technological world at a time when the safety valve provided by outdoor space is vanishing or being altered. Even though advances in science and technology have been the cause of many of these problems, they can also be used to formulate effective solutions. However, the proper application of these solutions will also depend on the social and political wisdom of mankind. We are on the verge of spectacular breakthroughs in the field of ecosystem manage- ment, but man's greatest achievement will be in finding the social and political answers to make the "wise" use of his renewable natural resources a reality for succeeding generations. I. and 11/11/75 �15. TH RI by L. Mathemaki, Professor of Mathematical Marriage Counselling Most mathematics has its roots in very practical problems and, for most of us, one very practical problem we have all encountered ·- and some of us have solved - is: "how many acquaintances must one have in order to get married without undue competition?". I will pose this problem in a typical idealized way: we will consider a set B of boys, and set G of girls; each boy wishes to marry an acquaintance from G; perhaps a boy will not know all the girls in G. Bigamy will not be allowed, and we wish to attain the typical male-chauvinist goal that all the boys get married, without regard for left-over girls. Let's consider an example: we have four boys, improbably named I, 2, 3, and 4. Each boy knows some girls, any one of whom he would not mind marrying. Let us call the girls A, B, C, D, and suppose the acquaintances are Boy 1 2 3 4 His acquaintances A A,B B,C A,C,D, If all the boys are to be married, 1 must marry A, so 2 must marry B, 3 must marry C, and 4 must marry D. In this case, all the boys can get married, and in fact there is only one possible way they can pair off. Another example: suppose the 'acquaintance table' is: Boy His acquaintances 1 2 3 4 A,B A,B A,B A,B,C,D, In this case marriage is impossible: the boys I, 2, 3, only have two girls to choose from. Thus we see that sometimes marriage is possible and sometimes it isn't. The marriage problem is simply to determine conditions which will guarantee the possibility of marriage. To solve the problem, let's return to the general situation - the two sets B,G - and suppose all the boys can be married off. Consider any set C of boys from B (that is, consider any subset C of B) and denote by F (C) the set of those girls from G each of whom knows a boy in C. For instance, in our first example we have F(3) = (B,C); F(1,2) = (A,B), F(2,3,4) = (A,B,C,D,), and so on. We have assumed ail the boys can be married off; thus no matter what C is, F (C) must contain the (potential) wives of the boys in C, and since different boys have different wives (the nobigamy condition), there are at least as many girls in F(C) as there are boys in C. So we have the assertion: if marriage is possible then, for each C ~ B, F(C) contains at least as many elements as C. THE SURPRISING THING IS: the converse of our assertion is also true. Given any sets B,G of boys and girls, if F(C) contains at least as many girls as there are boys in C, for every Cs 3, then al I the boys can be married off. The proof of this is very tricky indeed - it proceeds by induction on the number of boys in B. It would be a worthwhile problem for a good grade 13 student to attempt; at least it illustrates that induction is not just a turn-the-crank method involving the summation of finite series! Of course, such a proof only works for a finite number of boys, so it then is natural to ask: what happens if B contains an infinite number of boys? Consider an example: ca I the boys 1,2,3,4, .... the girls 1*,2*,3*,4*, .... and suppose the acquaintances are: 1. knows all the girls 2. only knows 1 * 3. only knows 2* 4. only knows 3* and, generally, if n > 1, n only knows (n-1) *. Every set C of boys knows as many girls as there are boys in C; in fact, if 1 is in C, then F(C) contains all the girls. But marriage is impossible - 2 must marry 1*, 3 must marry 2*, . . . leaving no one for that extremely popular boy 1. �16. Thus the condition that worked for the finite situation won't work in this case; the next step would be to get some compromise. It turns out that if the condition holds, and each boy only knows a finite number of girls, then marriage is possible. The proof of this seems to require some very profound mathematics indeed; it was first proved in 1949, and subsequent generalizations now constitute a fairly substantial body of knowledge "the theory of transverals and representative sets". TWO MORE PROBLEMS: (1) The problem of the monks: this was first posed by Balzac. We have two sets, a set M of monks, and a set A of non-monks; each monk has acquaintances in A, and he wishes to establish a 'harem' consisting of his acquaintances, of a particular size, and disjoint from the other harems. Under what conditions can he do this? It turns out that this is just a disguised marriage problem: replace each monk by as many boys as he wants members in his harem, and seek conventional marriages. (2) The friendship problem: this appears unrelated to the marriage problem We consider a party at which each pair of persons has a common acquaintance (including the possibility that a pair know each other). Then, someone at that party knows everyone! The only proof I know of is pretty complicated - in fact, it turns the problem into a problem in a peculiar geometry. Can anyone furnish a nice neat elementary proof? True or False? Carotid: one of the two great arteries that carry blood to the head. The name is derived from karoo (= stupefy), compression of the carotid arteries being thought to produce stupefication. Carotene: one of the carotenoid pigments common in plants (and particularily abundant in carrots). True or False? Ammeter: a current-measuring device. Most modern ammeters are of the moving coil type developed during the 19th century. The current to be measured is passed through a rectangular coi I of many turns of wire pivoted between two jewelled bearings in a magnetic field. The interaction between the current and the magnetic field exerts a torque which turns the coil against a spring. The angle through which the coil rotates is then a measure of the current in the wire. The sensitivity of the instrument is set by the strength of the magnetic field, the construction of the coi I (size of wire, number of turns and area of coil) and by the strength of the restoring spring. An external circuit can easily be used to reduce the sensitivity of a meter as can be seen in the diagram:- In this circuit, only the fraction R ( R + r) of the current I, flows through the ammeter, A. No external circuit, however, can be used to increase the sensitivity. Carob: leguminous evergreen Mediterranian tree (and its pod and seeds). The large red pods have been used for food for animal and man since prehistoric times. It is believed that it may have been the "locust" eaten by John the Baptist in the wilderness. The seeds are reputed to be extremely uniform in size and weight and to have been used as weight standards. They are believed to be the origin of the carat which is now the measure of weight for precious metals and jewels. �17. HAT IS TOPO OGY? by:S. A. Naimpally, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay. As with any subject it is quite difficult to give a precise definition of Topology. Topology means different things to different people but broadly speaking it deals with continuity. The terms continuous, continuity etc. are used often in day-to-day language, and the purpose of this little article is to explain how they are made precise in Mathematics. Mathematicians have been struggling for centuries to give a precise meaning of continuity, and although a satisfactory definition was given in the middle of the nineteenth century by Weierstrass and Heine, a very simple approach was first suggested by the great Hungarian mathematician F. Riesz in 1908. We will use Riesz's approach via the concept of nearness which is one of the most important concepts in the whole of mathematics. The beauty of nearness is that it is simultaneously simple and rigorous. Let us take a simple example. Suppose Paul is a friend of the Russel family. If Paul continues to be a friend, then we say that the friendship is smooth or continuous. If there is a quarrel between Paul and the Russels, we say that the friendship is broken or discontinuous. It is easy to think of many such examples, but rather than do that, we will pursue only a few and arrive at a precise definition of continuity. The statement "Paul is a friend of the Russels" can be simply explained by "Paul is near the Russel family". Here nearness is an abstraction of friendship but it could also represent many other relations. For instance, a phrase which we frequently use in day-to-day language, we may say that "Paul is near the Russel family" provided that Paul lives in their neighbourhood, or Paul is related to the Russel family (Perhaps as an uncle or grandfather). Thus we have the concept of nearness between ' • a person and a family. A question naturally arises as to what properties this nearness relation satisfies? Some of the obvious ones are (i) each member of the Russel family is near the Russel family (we are, of course, considering an ideal family which has no delinquents!), {ii) No person can be near a non-existent family, etc. However, a subtle difference exists between these day-today examples and the mathematical concept of nearness. Whereas it is possible in life for a person to be neither near nor far (opposite of near), we require our mathematical concept to avoid this possibility. As time passes we all change or we are all transformed. If a person who is near a family remains near we say that this transformation is continuous and, in the contrary case, we say that it is discontinuous. This idea is very basic and is at the root of the concept of limit in Calculus. In Topology one considers "higher" types of nearness too. For example we may say that the Russel family is near the Hardy family, if as it happens so frequently, they are introduced to each other by a common friend or a girl from one family marries a boy from another. This nearness between two families is called proximity, and interestingly enough, even in Mathematics the two most important proximities arise in completely analogous ways. One then considers proximal continuity which is concerned with the preservation of proximity. Finally we have the concept of nearness for several families. For example, several families may be near because they have a common ancestor or they have a common cause and get together for a picnic. Although these ideas are simple, they are at the basis of Calculus, Analysis and a big chunk of Modern Mathematics. They have found applications in Mathematical Biology, Psychology, Econometrics, Physiology of the Brain etc. For further details and references, the interested readers are referred to the following: (1) S.A. Naimpally and 8.0. Warrack, Proximity Spaces, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics No. 59, Cambridge University Press, U.K. (1970). (2) S.A. Naimpally, Proximity Approach to General Topology, Lecture Notes, Lakehead University (1973). (3) P. Cameron, J.G. Hocking and S.A. Naimpally, NEARNESS; a better approach to continuity and limits, Lecture Notes, Lakehead University (1973). �18. IN UCTIVE JUSTIFICATI N bv: Gunars Tomsons Lakehead University The analysis of scientific reasoning by many able investigators has resulted in the acknowledgement of induction as being a legitimate and indispensable process of framing general hypotheses. This process, according to the analysis consists of formulating a general hypothesis on the basis of observed instances. Thus from the observed mortality of humans one infers the the mortality of any member of any mankind. Since the future seems so open and uncertain, and since a radical change in the constitution of the universe cannot be excluded BS a possibility, it has been thought at times that a justification is needed for a procedure of science that purports to produce hypotheses and laws of nature on the basis of the limited evidence of the senses. One sort of justification that has appeared to be the most promising method of justifying induction is the so-called inductive justification of induction. According to this method one is justified in using induction because observed instances of inductive reasoning have turned out to be reliable. There is certainly some attractiveness in a proposal to justify induction on empirical grounds. It seems that if we can make what we think to be legitimate inferences based on past experiences when we deal with the objects of science, then we should be able to learn from past experiences and make legitimate generalizations even when the objects have a different nature, i.e., when the objects are inductive arguments. However, at first sight there appear to be also good reasons against an inductive justification of induction, especially if we formulate the problem in terms of inductive rules. The justification of induction is then seen as a justification of a rule that permits generalization. Hence, if we want to justify our use of the rule ·through inductive procedures, we seem to be using in our justification a rule the general use of which we are trying to justify. There seems to be something illogical about a procedure of this sort. Nevertheless, Max Black, a present day philosopher interested in inductive logic has argued that inductive justification of induction is possible. 1 Hence I want to present the model for inductive justification F INDU TION of induction and Black's reasons for his position. I shall then show that Black's position is not tenable. Black conceives of the inductive justification of induction in terms of a justification of the inductive rule governing one type of inductive argument. The rule whose justification he seeks is the rule permitting the following argument: Most of the examined A's have been B's, 1 The next A will be B. Observation of the repeated application of the rule r 1, prompts us, according to Black, to produce an argument of the following form: r has usually been successful. , r will be successful in the next instance. 1 An argument. of this sort is called a selfsupporting argument, because the rule r 1, is used in the argument to establish that the next instance of the use of the rule will be successful. The meaning of 'the next instance' in the conclusion has not been made explicit, but Black's examples indicate that by 'the next instance' he means the use of the rule in a non-self- supporting argument. Arguments of the above kind have at times been called second-level arguments, because they refer to arguments whose referents are found in the non-linguistic world. One could, of course, construct second- or third-level arguments; but in the case under consideration we have been presented with only a second-level argument. One may not assume, though, that the rules used in second-level arguments must differ from the first-level arguments merely in virtue of the fact that second-level arguments try to establish facts about the first-level arguments. Moreover, I think that it would be absurd to claim that the inductive r 1 differs in character depending on whether it is employed in firstor second-level arguments. Arguments of the self-supporting kind have been criticized on the grounds that they are circular, i.e., that their premises contain the conclusion, if only as a presupposition or a suppressed premise. Black has provided us with a seemingly decisive argument against the view that these arguments have a suppressed premise asserting the general reliability of the rule r 1 7- �19. He has argued that the argument could no1 have a suppressed premise of this kind because by repeating the conclusion in the premises we no longer have an inductive argument. We have a technically sound argument which is of no use to us because it is circular. But only deductive arguments can be circular. Hence, according to Black, an attack of this sort on the inductive justification of induction cannot but fail. This appears to be a victory over those who allege that inductive justification of induction is circular in the logico-technical sense. However, I am not quite convinced. The attack by Black succeeds only if his opponent is willing to grant that the argument is in fact inductive. But need he grant this? It seems to me that Black's opponent could say that the justification of induction fails because the argument is circular and hence also deductive. On this view, Black only believes that he has provided an inductive argument, whereas in fact he had the suppressed premise that enumerative induction is effective. In other words, he has assumed that which he wants to prove inductively. And if one wants to prove what he assumes to be true in the premises, he has a circular argument whether he intends to use deductive or inductive procedures for proving whatever he intends to prove. From the point of justification of a belief that rests on an inference it certain! y is presupposed that the belief is wel I supported, and in order for a belief to be well supported we must have a reliable rule of inference as wel I as good evidence. Thus the rel iabi I ity of the rule is presupposed. It is true, I think, that we may not be conscious of the belief that our rule is reliable. However, from the point of view of justification of beliefs we have to take into account beliefs that we are not aware of in our day-to-day arguments, if they are relevant to our epistemological order of beliefs. I conclude that Black has not succeeded in showing that the inductive justification of induction is not circular, and I have already indicated that one has good reasons for claiming that it is circular. Black has argued that self-supporting arguments are not circular also on the grounds that the argument succeeds in raising the reliability of the rule. I want to show, nevertheless, that this argument is equally unsuccessful, and I will first reproduce Black's example of a self-supporting argument: (a) In most instances of the use of R in arguments with true premises examined in a wide variety of conditions, R has been successful Hence (probably): In the next instance to be encountered of the use of R in an argument with a 3 true premise, R will be successful. 'R' stands for the following rule: To argue from "most instances of A's examined in a wide variety of conditions have been B" to (probably) 77he next A to be encountered will be 8" Black contends that the argument (a) supports rule R by raising the reliability of the rule and hence the subsequent first-level arguments using the rule. The situation can be presented in the following schematic way using these abbreviations: 'a' will represent first-level inductive arguments before the use of the self-supporting argument. 'A' will represent supporting argument the self- 'b' will represent a first-level argument after the use of the self-supporting argument 'A' 'r ' is the inductive rule used in a arguments a 'rb' is the same argument b rule used in 'r ' is the rule used in the sefr-supporting argument The sequence below represents the temporal order of the arguments and the abbreviated argument A is presented directly below the sequence: �20. a1, a2, a3 , ............ ,an, A,b r a was successful A: ------------r A r b will be successful According to Black argument A establishes that is more reliable than r , but I do not see tRat this has to be the ca;e, since we do not know much about the reliability of r A. Black has no reason to assume that his second-level induction will perform as expected since in proving the conclusion we have assumed that r A will perform satisfactorily; we certainly have no inductive evidence in support of the reliability of r A. Some arguments are in order also with respect to Black's concept of the degree of reliability of the rule. Black conceives of the strengthening of rules and arguments as follows: r successes differs from rule to rule. But why should an inductive rule increase or decrease in reliability depending on the ratio of past successes? Our confidence may perhaps increase if we see the rule succeed, but to say that our confidence is increasing is not to say that the reliability of the rule is increased. I conclude that Black's attempts to provide inductive justification of induction have not succeeded. Moreover, I have supplied reasons which show that inductive justification of induction is implausible. 1. Let us assume that the following argument b using the rule r has the strength 4/5 or 8/10: Argument b 4/5 of examined A's are B's Next A will be B Given appropriate observational evidence we can construct a self-supporting argument: Argument A 9/10 of examined arguments using rule r were successfu I Next use of r will be successful This argument entitles us to say that the degree of strength of the ruler b is 9/10. Hence we should increase the strength of the argument b to 9/10. I already indicated why I do not think that Black has shown that the reliability of the rule would be increased, but Black has not really explained why we are entitled to speak about degrees of reliability of the rule. It may be plausible to talk about degrees of strength of an argument as a function of the amount of evidence available. However, is it plausible to say that rules have varying degrees of reliability? Of course, three different rules could conceivably have distinct degrees of reliability, if we should find that the percentage of past M. Black's writing on inductive logic and critical discussions of them can be found in the following works. M. Black, "The Justification of Induction", Language and Philosophy, ( Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1949), pp. 59-88; "The Inductive Support of Inductive Rules", Problems of Analysis, (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1954), pp. 191-208; W.C. Salmon, "Should We attempt to Justify ·induction?", Philosophical Studies, VIII (1957), pp. 33-48; M. Black, "SelfSupporting Inductive Arguments", Journal of Philosophy, LV (1958), pp. 718-725, or pp. 209-218; P. Achinstein, "The Circularity of a Self-Supporting Argument", Analysis, XXII {1961-62), pp. 138-144; M. Clack, "Self-Supporting and Circularity: A Reply to Mr. Achinstein", Analysis, XXI 11 ( 1962-63), pp. 43-44; P. Achinstein, "Circularity and Induction", Analysis, XXI 11 (1962-63), pp. 123-127; H. Kyburg, "recent Work in Inductive Logic", American Philosophical Quarterly, I (1964), pp. 1-39; M. Black, "the Raison d'Etre of Inductive Argument", British Journal for the PhilScience, XVII (1966), pp. also in Margins of Precision (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1970); "The Justification of Induction", Philosophy of Science Today, S. Morgenbesser (ed.) (New York: Basic Books, 1967); "Self-Supporting Inductive Arguments", Models and Metaphors, pp. 210. osophy of 177-204; 2. 3. M. Black, 199-200. Problems of Analysis, pp. M. Black, "Self-Supporting Inductive Arguments",Models and Metaphors, p. 210. �21. L ICS 010-0 by: Dr. N.A. Weir, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay One consequence of the increased standards of living experienced by most industrial countries is the rapid increase in the volume of solid waste. Wrapping of foods to reduce contamination and prevent deterioration has brought many social benefits, which at present tend to outweigh the disadvantages of having to dispose of the packaging materials after use. Plastics are also replacing conventional containers, like glass and ceramics to an increasing extent. One needs only to look around the shelves of a supermarket to see polyethylene detergent and bleach containers, polyvinylchloride (P.V.C) shampoo and edible oil containers and polystyrene beverage cups. The advantages of these materials are obvious ease and cheapness of formation of variously shaped containers, favourable mechanical properties (non-brittle) and their light weights. However, the steadily increasing proportion of plastic wrapping materials and non-returnable plastic containers in domestic and industrial wastes is now causing major disposal problems in many parts of the world. A recent survey shows that three polymers account for 90% of municipal plastic waste. These are: polyethylene (38%), (31%), and polystyrene (21 %) ; the remaining 10% is composed of varying amounts of polypropylene, polyesters, polyvinylidene chloride, and cellulose acetates and butyrates. Unlike cellulosic packaging materials, like paper, the plastics mentioned above are not bio-degradable (i.e. capable of being broken down, ultimately to CO2 and H 20, by microorganisms), hence they tend to be very persistent in the environment. Lack of biodegradability can be attributed to three typical characteristics of the polymers most used in packaging. ( 1) The polymers are largely hydrophobic, and hence wettability by polar molecules, like water, a prerequisite for many biological reactions, is extremely low. (2) Permeabilities of these polymers to gases like oxygen are very low, and thus the efficiencies of many bio-processes are greatly impaired. (3) Molecular weights of these materials must be high to give them adequate mechanical strength. However, micro-organisms tend to attack at the of large molecules, and since the number of these ends is inversely proportional to the molecular· weight, it follows that the rate of attack on a polyethylene molecule which might be used in packaging (Molecular weight 120,000) will be very low. It .is ironic that the factors which determine the usefulness of these polymers in packaging are precisely the factors which lead to their persistence in the environment. Some typical biodegradability figures, measured on a growth rating scale of 1 to 10, are summarized below. Compound Molecular weight polyethylene polyethylene polyethylene polyethylene Growth Rating 129,000 52,500 13,800 1,350 0 0 1 2 polystyrene polystyrene 87,000 2,100 0 0 polyvinyl chloride 52,000 0 polypropylene 27,000 0 170 5 dodecane (C12H25) The importance of molecular weight can be seen by comparing the various polyethylenes and the chemically similar, non-poymeric molecule dodecane. The above polymers may be rendered bio-degradable, by modification of their hydrophobicities, their permeabilities and by decreasing their molecular wights. This can be achieved simply by exposing photo-degradable forms of these polymers to natural sunlight, or by adding suitable sensitizers to them, the sensitizers also absorbing sunlight, and initiating polymer degradation. It is convenient to discuss the two methods separate I y. �22. Ketone Polymers After two decades of research on the prevention of sunlight degradation of polymers, scientists are applying their results to the design of polymers which will readily undergo sunlight degradation. Chemically, the reactions which lead to the failure of the polypropylene webbing used on lawn chairs, are very similar to these which are involved in the disposal of photo-degradable polypropylene, and in both cases ketonic (or carbonyl) compounds play a critical role. When the carbonyl group, C = 0, absorbs ultra-violet radiation of wavelength around 300 nm, (1nm = 10 - 7 cm) - and natural sunlight contains a small ultra-violet component with wavelengths extending to around 295nm-one of the non-bonding (localized) electrons on the oxygen atom is promoted into an anti-bonding n* - molecular orbital, which results in the delocalization of the electron over the C and O atoms. Such a promotion is referred to as an n >- :r * transition (i.e. transition from an n-type to an anti bonding rr* molecular orbital) and the excited molecule so produced can react by undergoing bond fission adjacent to the C = 0 group. Two distinct processes are possible, and these occur in both polymers and in small molecules. 0 II CH 2 C / "'cH2 / "-. CH2 VCH2 A and it can be seen that both Reactions I and 11 will result in scission of the chain. To make polyethylene photo-degradable, it is necessary to introduce only one ketonic group per thirty carbon atoms in the chain; the fragments produced by photo-fission are potentially biodegradable. Photo-degradable polystyrene and polypropylene are now available commercially (know as "Ecolyte S" and "P" respectively). Ketonic groups are incorporated into these molecules by copolymerization of small amounts of phenyl vinyl ketone. . 0 II CH 2==CH-C-@ The resulting copolymers have the following structures, the ketone groups occuring at random in the chains, e.g. with styrene, CH 3 I C=O /' I " ~ KETOPOLYMER_ ~ II ~ + CH3-C==O RADICALS A+ OLEFJ!IL CH I 3 C=O ~ KETONE Reaction I (better known as the Norrish Type 1 process) results in the formation of two free radicals. A free radical is a species which contains an unpaired electron and which is formed by the homolytic fission of a covalent bond. Reaction 11 ( Norri sh Type 11) involves an intramolecular rearrangement which is accompanied by fission of the molecule if'1to another ketonic compound and an olefin. It can be seen that if a ketonic group is introduced into a polymer chain, exposure to ultra-violet radiation will result in scission of the main chain, ( Reaction 11) and this reaction is employed in one type of photo-degradable polymer. Photo-degradable polyethylene has the structure: Lifetimes of these polymers can be controlled by varying the phenyl vinyl ketone concentration in the copolymers. "Ecolyte S" and "P" were developed by Dr. J.E. Guillet and his co-workers at the University of Toronto. It should be emphasized that in all of the above examples, the physical properties of the photo-degradable polymers are indistinguishable (except for ultra-violet absorption characteristics) from those of the pure homopolymers. (2) Sensitized Photo-degradation An alternative approach to photo-degradable plastics has been made by Dr. G. Scott at the University of Aston, England, and this employs a combination of photo-oxidation and subsequent photo-degredation. Free radicals, like those formed in Reaction I, being electrondeficient species react readily with molecular 1 oxygen in the air-the oxygen molecule exists in a triplet state - to produce peroxy radicals �23. which in turn abstract hydrogen atoms to produce a hydroperoxide and a new radical. The hydroperoxide is a key intermediate, since it absorbs the ultra-violet component of the sunlight, leading to photo-fission of the bonds adjacent to the peroxide (-0-0-) group. The new radicals framed can continue the oxidation process, and a chain reaction can develop. Photo-oxidation of a polymer is illustrated by the following reaction sequence, which incidentally, is the same sequence that leads to the deterioration of the useful properties of polypropylene on exposure to sunlight. RH - R POLYMER CH 2 0 2 -R0 2 - - . RADICAL 0-0·H CH 2 "-CH/ R0 2 H PEl'l_~QE The process is summarized by the following scheme: (MXn is the initiator) MXnuv_X• 0 2-X02• X0 2 • + RH -X0 2 H + R• R•+0 2 ► R0 2 • -R0 2 H (Peroxide) 0·0 H I CH2" /CH 2 ,, uv 'CH _ ,, CH 2 , ~H +HO•+CH 2 /'v 0 Addition of smal I amounts of these dithiocarbamate complexes to polyethylene polypropylene and polystyrene render the polymer photo-degradable, and their lifetimes can be controlled by variation of the concentration of photo-initiator. The iron complex, 0 . UV CH 2 LIGHT CH +HO•+CH 2 /'v' -~R_Q_~!fil:.. It can be seen that photolysis of the hydroperoxide will lead to chain scission, and ultimately to destruction of the polymer. One advantage of this system is that the oxidation reactions do not require continuous illumination; hydroperoxides can be formed in the dark, and subsequently decomposed on exposure to sunlight. One disadvantage of the system illustrated above is that the initial production of free radical centers on the polymer is intrinsically very slow, and thus photo-oxidation as such, is not a practical system for photo-disposable plastics. Scott discovered, largely by accident, that initiation of the photo-oxidation could readily be accomplished by adding suitable substances to the polymer. The compounds found most useful in this regard are the dithicarbamate complexes of transition metals (M). M S-C-N [ II s /C2H5] "'-c 2 H5 n is particulary attractive as a photo-activator for degradation of plastics used in the food-stuffs inqustry sine~ it is non-toxic. Yet another group of photo-initiators has been developed by scientists at the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. These compounds are aromatic ketones like benzophenone, which absorb 0 II CH 3 - C - @ ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight spectrum to produce excited triplet molecules by n~* transitions. ( In the triplet state the electrons in the n* and n-type molecular orbitals have parallel spins). The triplets have sufficiently long lifetimes to undergo hydrogen abstraction reactions with the polymers, again forming radical centers on the chains, as follows: ( n = 2 or 3 ) Used in high concentrations these molecules act as photo-stabilizers (molecules added to inhibit photo-degradation), but become photoinitiators at low concentrations ( <1%). Initiation is brought about as follows. On exposure to sunlight the photo-initiator is decomposed into free radicals, which react with oxygen in the air to form peroxy radicals, which in turn abstract hydrogen from the polymer chains forming radical centers. The polymeric radicals then undergo oxidation. f r ~ 1· CH3-C-Ph ~ LCH3-C-Phj ~ • 0-H [ CH3-C-R~ -+-RH-CH3-bH-Rh + R• R• + 02-R02 • --R02 H The polymer is then oxidized and the chains broken by exposure of the hydroperoxides to sunlight. �24. THE CO by: Mr. 8. Spenceley, Lakehead University 0 ND ICR OPE the distance between the focal points. From the following simple diagram it is clear that It scarcely needs to be said that the compound microscope is widely used in the teaching of biology, but whether most students have a sufficient understanding of the opera- LENS 1 LENS 2 tion of the microscope is debatable. The purpose of this series of articles is to improve this understanding and to enable students to get more use out of their instruments. One of the important characteristics of an instrument for examining small objects is its magnification. There is a certain amount of arbitrariness about the definitions of magnification. The angular magnification, which is the When the last two equations are combined a type we are concerned with here, is usually simple expression for the effective focal length defined as the ratio of the angle subtended by results:- f=-f1f2 the object at the distance of most distinct 'x, vision to the angle subtended by the object The point of all this is that although it is seen through the instrument. A value of 25 difficult to make a single short-focal-length lens ems is usually taken as the average distance of we can get the same effect by using two most distinct vision, although there is a great moderately 'short' lenses separated by a reladeal of variation in this from one person to tively large distance Q,. Because £. is in the another. denominator large values of x mean small The simplest optical device for examining values of f. So the compound microscope can smal I objects is a single lens of short focal be regarded as a simple magnifier; as such its length. If f is the focal length in centimeters magnification is the magnification, m, is 25/f so one would be m = 25 =-t· 25 -fTi 0 tempted to consider that higher and higher magnifications could be easily obtained by Sometimes it is more usetul to consider the making f smaller and smaller. In practice effect of the two lenses separately. The first magnifications up to 20x can be achieved using lens (fi), usually called the objective, forms a simple magnifiers but attempts to get higher ,real, inverted image of the object in the focal magnifications are hindered by the aberrations plane of the second lens, the ocular or eyethat always accompany lenses of short enough piece lens. The lateral magnification of the focal length and large enough aperture to be objective is - x,/fi. The second lens is then used useful. as a simple magnifier to look more closely at The compound microscope overcomes this this intermediate image. The angular magnificadifficulty by using a pair of lenses relatively tion of the eyepiece is of course 25/f 2. The well separated. Elementary optics texts show overall magnification of the compound microthat if two lenses whose focal lengths are f 1 scope which we have al ready noted to be and f? are separated by a distance t, the [-£/fi] [25/f2] is merely the product of the effective focal length of the com bi nation is individual magnifications of the objective and given by the simple equation eyepiece lens. Because the magnification of the eyepiece 1_1 + 1 t -f-f f - ~ depends only on its focal length, it is feasible 2 1 to mark the lens mount with the magnificaThe equation looks more useful if t, the tion. This is the meaning of the numbers such distance between the lenses is replaced by£, as 1OX or 15X found on oculars. The magnifi- �25. cation of the objective on the other hand depends on the length , and unless this is known and constant the magnification cannot be specified. For this reason microscope manufacturers have standardized the distance . at 160 mm for the great majority of their instruments. For these microscopes it is possible to engrave the objective magnification on the lens barrel, the number is unchanged if the objective is used in a conventional microscope no matter what the country of origin an example of international cooperation that could well be imitated by other apparatus manufacturers. The overall magnification of the compound microscopes used by most schools is simply obtained by multiplying together the magnifications engraved on eyepiece and objective fenses. Another imoortant characteristic of the compound microscope is its resolving power or i ability to distinguish small details. This is not the same thing as magnification; it is relatively easy to get large magnifications, for example by making x, larger, but this does not ensure that more detail is visible. High magnification that is not accompanied by good resolution is called "empty magnification" because the increased image size does not carry any more information about the subject. The image is larger but blurrier. For a microscope of good quality the resolving power is limited by the diffraction of light in the plane of the object under examination; in an inferior instrument it could be limited by ordinary lens defects. A proper treatment of the theory of diffraction in microscopy is beyond the scope of this article, but some of the basic ideas can be conveyed in relatively simple terms. When a beam of light passes an object whose size is comparable to the wavelength of thP light, the beam is diffracted, by which we , mean that some of the Iight on the far side ot the object travels in directions different from the original one. Usually the beam breaks up into several beams - one undisturbed by the object, a pair making a small angle to the original direction, and so on. Two cases are illustrated in the following figures, first a relatively large object and then a small object. The diagrams illutstrate the important idea that the smaller the object is the larger are the diffraction angles, and the larger the object is the smaller are the diffraction angles. The information about the size and shape of the object is carried in the angular spread and relative intensities of the diffracted beams. The size of the object compared to the wavelength is also important in determining the angular spread of the diffracted beams. For an object of a given size the longer wavelengths (the red end of the spectrum) are diffracted through larger angles than the shorter wavelengths (the blue end of the spectrum). If the objective lens of the microscope is small in diameter compared to its distance from the object, the angle it subtends at the object will also be small. If the angle is so small that only the undiffracted beam enters the lens, then it is as if there were no object there at all, since that would also be the only beam in the absence of an object. In order even to detect the presence of the object the Undiffracted Beam Diffracted Diffracted Beams Beams \ =-1 \\f/ ~ Relatively J,1 large Object - _,... 8 t Incident light Undiffracted Beam Diffracted Diffracted Beams ~ .±~ / Smal I Object / ± Incident Light Beams �26 Objective Lens 1st Diffracted Beam e--Object lens must at least be able to accept the first diffracted beams as shown in the next diagram. The limit of resolution of a microscope is therefore the smallest object whose first diffracted beams are just accepted by the objective. Naturally, if more detail is needed than the mere existence of the object, then the lens must be able· to accept more of the diffracted beams. Strictly speaking, the resolving power is related to a quantity called the numerical aperture of the objective lens which is the product of the sine of the half-angle subtended by the lens at the object and the index of refraction of the medium below the lens usually air but sometimes not. The resolving power is the wavelength of the light divided by the numerical aperture - Aln sin ex: • The best~ resolution is obtained by using blue light and by filling the space between the object and the lens with a liquid ofhigh refractive index. EDITOR'S AND COLLABORATORS' COMMENTS 1 GIT L Po TI IPTLIGOTT: a sophisticated anglo-saxon surname? ...... . or is the answer simply biodegradable? Please permutate, decypher and send in your interpretation. �If you have enjoyed reading Caret, please write to us. If you have not enjoyed reading Caret, please write to us. If you would like to contribute an article, please write to us. If you have any suggestions for improvements, please write to us. "CARET" Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E 1 �PLEASE LEA VE ME ABOUT FOR OTHERS TO READ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Caret: Lakehead University Science Review: Volume 1 Number 6 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Caret: Lakehead University Science Review. A publication produced by Lakehead University Faculty of Science and distributed especially to high schools and other universities. Volume 1 Number 6, November 1975. Articles on a variety of topics: History of photography Culture, politics and geography Concentrated fire power Mathematics and the Arts student Marriage Topology Induction Photo-degradable plastics Compound microscopes Also contains photographs and crossword puzzles. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Faculty of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/e046340653f13e7ad72fdc87dbd6cf91.pdf 61ce1bcc1c4a93ddb506a8bf6fb42373 PDF Text Text \,..�:!r' V. L \S \J , .... '. LaKehead University , Campus Notes Seot.18, 1970. Volume 3, No. 2 Board of Governors On . Wednesday, September 17, the President Dr, W. G. Tamblyn, reported to a meeting of the Bo'ard of Governors on the latest developments in the Clp;rent situation affecting the capital expansion prog,ram of Lakehead University. Capital Projects at Ontario universities are financed primarily through Government funds, which are distributed by means of a formula based on student enrolment. Lakehead University's enrolment justi­ fied the expansion of its physical resources at this time, and planning had proceeded for the construc­ tion 'of a Library extension, a new Academic Build­ ing, an addition to the present athletic complex, and an extension to the University's Power House. All of these projects had been approved by the Board of Governors.· After the question of possible course duplication in the two institutions of post-secondary education in Northwestern Ontario was raised in the press and in the Provincial Legislature, the Government appointed a specia1 sub-committee of the Commission on Post­ Secondary Education in Ontario to examine the sit­ uation. In April 1970 this subcommittee visited Lake­ head University and Confederation College of Ap­ plied Arts and Technology. At that time, the Univer­ sity presented a brief to the Commission detailing its position concerning the continuation of specified diploqia programs at this institution. In 11:tte July of this year the University was informed by the Department of University Affairs that no approval would be given to its Capital Projects by the Department, pending the handing down of the teport of the Commission. In order for these required facilities to be ready when• needed, construction must begin shortly on sorri·� ''.of� tAe' buildings. In a letter to the Deputy Minister ·of University Affairs, Dr. Tamblyn ex­ plained the gravity of the situation, expressed con­ cern about the delay, and asked for early approval of the j;frojects in question. On T\iesday, 15 September, Dr. Tamblyn and four members of the Board of Governors met with the Minister in Toronto and again presented the case on behalf of the University. The Minister promised University officials that the preliminary report of the Commission would be available by October 5th, and that a final settlement of the situation would be reached by October 15th. ' The· President reported to the Board that this delay in construction would be serious but not disastrous. . : ..; In other developments at Wed.'s meeting, the Board of Governors confirmed the awarding of a contract for the extension of the Power House to Stead and Lindstrom Construction Limited. In spite of the difficulties of the present situation it was felt to be essential to proceed with construction of the facility immediately. The University has made a commitmen,t to provide services to the new Re­ gional School of Nursing on the campus and could not meet that commitment without the extension. The Board also authorized the preparation of plans wr th.e 2nd phase of the Athletic Building extension. ,,., J. P. Ryder, Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, will appear on C.K.P.R. Television Wednesday, September 23, 1970, at 8 p.m. Dr. Ryder will participate in the program entitled "The Geese of Canada", and will describe some of the ecology of Ross's Goose, which is the rar­ est and smallest wild foul species in North America. Mr. J. Haggerty, Chairman of the School of Forestry, has received a letter from Mr. J. E. Bothwell, Timberlands Manager of Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. During the 69-70 academic year the School of Forestry held a lecture series featuring Mr. Hans Lindberg from Sweden. This was sponsored by a grant of $1,000.00 from the Weyerhaeuser Founda­ tion. Mr. Bothwell noted that they were very im­ pressed with the lectures and enclosed a cheque for another $1,000.00 allowing the School of For­ estry to hold a symposium or some silimar func­ tion pertaining to forestry methods. Dr. J. D. Rabb has been appointed Assistant Pro­ fessor, Department of Philosophy. "Camus Exhibit" The first of a series of exhibitions concerning French Culture, arranged by the Language Depart­ ment was presented in the Aesthetics Gallery this past week. The exhibition consisted of more than 100 photographs, documents and texts representing the life and works of Albert Camus; Nobel Prize winning novelist, dramatist and essayist. The series (available through the aid of the French Embassy in Ottawa), is intended to cover Ap­ ollinaire, French Cathedrals and other topics chosen specifically to coincide with the studies of University French majors, but they also may be of interest to students of thought and literature. Dean Ryan announced the following appointments in the Faculty of Arts office: Miss Marsha Buchik Research and Grants Officer and Mrs. Diane Kelsey, Secretary to the Dean. Both will endeavour to assist you in any way pos­ sible, and can be reached at extension 201. C.U.G.O. Chairman W. J. Hanley urges members of the University community to present their briefs and opinions as soon as possible, (but not later than November 16, 1970). The commission has yet to name a research assistant, however Mr. Hanley expected the incumbent will be on hand early in October. The Lakehead University Alumni Association has announced their new executive for the 70 - 71 term and are as follows: PRESIDENT, Peter Rusak - 622-3212, VICE PRESI­ DENT, Larry Hansen 622-2865, SECRETARY, Mrs. Eleanor Pentick - 622-7014, TREASURER, Dennis Wallace 345-5068, TRUSTEE, Mrs. Betty Coates - 344-2822, MEMBER OF BOARD OF GOV­ ERNORS, Bert Bauman - 623-3379. The first gen­ eral meeting will be held Wednesday, September 30, 1970 in the Faculty Lo·unge. �Miss Purity Special Senate Meeting People are doing a lot of talking about pollution the§e days, but very few seem to be taking constructive steps to stop it. There are exceptions. and "Miss Purity" was not just the exception, but the exceptional. "Miss Purity" was the University of Toronto's entry in the MIT/CALTECH Clean Air Race which was held August 24th to 30th, 1970. She placed first in her class, and in the top 5 overall. At a special meeting of the Lakehead University Senate on Monday, September 14, 1970 a motion was passed ratifying the proposal by the Committee of Presidents of Universities of Ontario to establish an Advisory Sub-committee on Academic Planning. Senate strongly recommended that· the smaller universities, as defined by C.P.U.O. be represented on this committee as they have special problems relating to their growth. The Senate also discussed President Tamblyn's letter to the Deputy Minister of University Affairs concerning the situation affecting the capital expansion projects at Lakehead University. The crew decided that while on their return trip, they would stop off at the Canadian Universities they came to, to promote their ideas. They wheeled into Lakehead University on Monday September 14, for a short while to talk to students. Doug Venn, one of the trio of drivers from. the event, and a student at the University of Toronto, said, "These University stops were a last minute decision, but we felt a necessary one, in that it was an ideal opportunity to present our ideas to people that could ultimately do something with them." As presently constructed, the car uses basically a propane-fuelled LC. engine drive, but can operate electrically on batteries, as a hybrid, and on combined propane/ battery power. The vehicle can be readily converted to gasoline for ft:J.ture studies, when the electric hybrid system will be of even greater value. Student Radio Student Radio has arrived in Thunder Bay. Although the A.M.S. is now looking after the preliminaries. A production, in the future, the spot will be available to all segments of the University. C.K.P.R. 580 am has tentati vely offered a half hour slot on Wednesdays between 7:30 and 8:00 p.m. The initial programs are to be of a general informative nature, however, it is hoped that eventually the discussions will turn to specific current issues. L. U. programming is still in the organizing stages and people are needed for production, announcing, reporting, etc. All interested persons are asked to contact either Art Looye, producer, or Mike Metherell vice-president of programming. They may be reached in room 1009A in the University Centre or by phone at 345-2121, extension 553 or 259. Research & Grants Office Tim Ryan, Dean of Arts, announced this week, the establishment of the Research and Grants Office. The areas of concern of the Faculty's Officer, Miss Marsha Buchik, are: the relation of the Universii,J' to granting agencies; the councelling of professors as to the existence and availability of research funds; and at.her matters. There is a detailed calendar of Granting Agencies for research funds available at the office. The Research and Grants Office is located in the Dean of Arts office and the telephone extension is 201. Weekly Events "Miss Purity" On the cross Canada jaunt, back to University of Toronto, they are using propane and are getting an admirable 16 miles per gallon. They can go 250 miles on a tank. Doug was asked if he had any problems with the low temperatures here in Northwestern Ontario due to our recent cold spell. He stated, "The car had no problems, but the drivers sure did. Because the race was run through the Midwest States, and warmer areas, we did not install a heater, consequently we almost froze the last few nights .without one." Drivers Steve Baker, Juri Ostason and Doug Venn, along with Simon Ng, engineer, Al Venn, special promotions, Ontario Government, and Professor I. W. Smith of University of Toronto were all part of the team that stopped at L.U. They said that the car took about six months to finish and that they were aided by two donations from the estates of two University of Toronto professors, each exceeding $10,000.00 and by financial and material contributions from many individuals and companies. The team members and "Miss Purity" will be taking part in further experimentations and research to further the fight against air pollution. On parting, they asked "What are you doing about it?" September 18 - Car Rally being held at 12 noon. - Dance with bar "TEEGARDEN & VANWINKLE", 9:00 p.m. - Admission $1.00 L. U., 50¢ & button. September 19 Horror Movies three complete shows in the U.C.T. at 2:00, 6:30 and 10:30 p.m. Admission 75¢ L.U. 25¢ and button. Meetings Septem her 25 General Meeting to discuss with graduating students the procedures of the Student Placement Office. U.C.T.-3-5p.m. Faculty of Science Meeting SenateChambers-4:00p.m. Septem her 30 The first general meeting will be held for the Lakehead University Alumni Association m the Faculty Lounge. A publication of the Lakehead University Information Office Copy should be sent to the Information Office by 12 noon, Wednesdays � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 2 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 2, September 18 1970. Includes: information about Board of Governors updates on capital projects funding and preliminary report of Commission on Post Secondary Education in Ontario; J. P. Ryder, Assistant Professor Department of Biology work in program "The Geese of Canada" on C.K.P.R. Television; "Camus Exhibit" in Aesthetics Gallery; "Miss Purity", submission by University of Toronto in the MIT/CALTECGH Clean Air Race visits Lakehead University (photo); Student Radio arrives to Thunder Bay on C.K.P.R. 580 am; Research and Grants Office established at Lakehead University. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-09-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no2 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/2909f62785a1b699f4468705667a4005.pdf 7299da4220f21325323827e829b8763c PDF Text Text Lal<ehead University 'J • V • V L..e 3 A,� L\S Campus Notes Sept. 25, 1970 Volume 3, No. 3 Shinerama '70 Shinerama '70 will be held at Lakehead Univer­ sity October 1st, starting at 10:00 a.m. in the Ag­ ora. This is the 6th annual Shoeshine Campaign in aid of the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Research Fund. The objective this year for the Na­ tional Campaign is $20,000.00, a substantial in­ crease from the $10,000.00 goal of last year. Cystic Fibrosis is a terminal disease of the lungs which affects children at a very young age. The life span of such a child is usually between 12 and 14 years. To treat a child who has Cystic Fibrosis is costly and time-consuming. . "President Tamblyn, Honourary Chairman of L. U. Shiner­ ama and Sean Bortolussi, Shinerama Poster child." In order to stay alive a Cystic Fibrosis child must take as many as 50 pills per day, sleep in a mist tent, and breath aerosol mist through a mask at about 4 hour intervals during the day to dilate the lungs. This procedure along with physiotherapy, aids in loosening and discharging the mucus in the lungs enabling the child to breath more freely. Kaz Miyata, Chairman of the Lakehead University Shinerama Committee reports that approximately 90% of the proceeds go to research, and only 10% go to administrative costs. Kaz urges all students to come out on October 1st to help fight this dis­ ease. Lunches, soft drinks, shoeshine kit, trans­ portation and a dance are all provided free, for the students willing to lend a helping foot. Music Students and Faculty who are interested in Mu­ sic as an extra curricular activity will be pleased to note that the Lakehead Board of Education's Music-Education Department is offering programs each weekday evening in the following areas: Mondays - Orchestral instrumental and orchestra(s) Tuesday - Wind-instruments and concert bands Wednesdays - Choir Thursdays - Explorations in Music (Grade 13 Credit) For information on times, dates, places and other aspects of the programme, contact MUSIC­ EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, RESOURCE CEN­ TRE, 10 SOUTH ALGOMA STREET, THUNDER BAY "P", ONTARIO. Dr. Raymond K. Chow has been appointed Tempor­ ary Lecturer in Physics. There was a meeting of the Senate Library Com­ mittee on Monday, September 21. The following matters were discussed: Library space and space allocation; regulations and fines; and the 1970/71 Readers Guide. Mr. Dan Sudar, Chairman of the School of Library Technology, Lakehead University has been invite? to deliver an address about the role of The Li­ brary Technician in Libraries on October 25 at the British Columbia Library Association Conference, Vancouver, B.C. The address will cover the im­ plications of having well trained librar:y techni­ cians assisting the librarian at the techmcal level thus allowing the professional librarian more time for policy planning. Plagiarism is a problem among all University departments and the policies of these depart­ ments are seldom similar or clearly defined. The English Department has decided to take a firm stand this year and issued in a letter to all students an official policy dealing with Plagiar­ ism. The letter differentiated between Under­ graduate courses, and Honors and Graduate cour­ ses, and consequently adopted two separate r�l­ ings. In Undergraduate Courses, no paper m which plagiarism has been confirmed will be given a grade. If plagiarism is infrequent or inadvertent, the paper will be returned to the student and will be accepted if resubmitted with the proper documentation. If a paper is sub­ stantially the result of plagiarism, the penalty will be failure of the course. In Honors and Graduate Courses, Plagiarism on any recog­ nizable scale will result in immediate expul­ sion from the honors or masters program. It is now possible that other departments will follow the English Department policy, and perhaps a uni­ form ruling will be reached throughout the university. Lakehead University's "Continuing Education" program is offering two courses of special inter­ est to those concerned with the proper use of the environment. The first, "Man and His Environ­ ment" commencing Monday, September 28th, was developed in co-operation with the Ontario Assoc­ iation of Real Estate Boards, and is especially concerned with the urban environment and the problems of planning and land use. Designated to meet the professional upgrading requirements of realtors and appraisers, but also open to the gen­ eral public, this course is very similar to a credit course and will include assignments, tests, and a final examination. The fee is $100.00 and the instructor is Mr. I. G. Davies, Assistant Professor Department of Geography. The second course entitled "The Endangered En­ vironment" is of a more popular nature and does not include assignments, tests and examinations. Developed by professors B. A. M. Phillips of the Department of Geography and K. W. Hearnden of the School of Forestry. "The Endangered Envir­ onment" stresses a general understanding of the nature of the earth's surface and specific consider­ ation of the uses and abuses by man of the forest, water, and soil resources of this region. The course commences Wednesday, September 30, and is divided into fall and winter terms of twelue weeks each. Fees for the course are $15.00 per term for adults and $3.00 per term for students. Students may enrol for both courses on the first day of class. For further information and the "Con­ tinuing Education" brochure outlining all non-credit fall and winter courses contact the Director of Ex­ tensions, Lakehead University, telephone 345-2121, Extension 210. �Dr. Dominic Lam Weekly Events Mr. D. E. Ayre, the Registrar of Lakehead University, was pleased to receive word that a former Lakehead University graduate, D. Lam, has achieved a Ph.D. degree from the University of Toronto. September 25 I.D. Photographs will be taken in the Agora from 9:00 a.m. to 12 noon and 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. -Archeology Club Social, Great Hall 8:00p.m. -Deadline for Application for S.A.S. candidatures. September 26 -Intramural Golf - 18 Hole Tournament, Strathcona Golf Course, 10:00 a.m. Open to all full time students and staff of Lakehead University and Confederation College. $1.00 Entry Fee - L. U. Students (Green Fees) $2.00 Entry Fee-All Others (Green Fees) Rental Golf Clubs Available at Golf Course. Mr. G. Vincent lectures on "The Political Situation in South America" at 1:00 in the afternoon and 7:30 in the evening - in the University Centre Theatre. Bar to follow. Birth Control and Drug Information Day. I.D. Photographs will be taken in the Agora from 9:00 a.m. to 12 noon and 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. -S.A.S. Elections being held from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. in University Centre. -Mr. Dan Siegel lectures on "Student Movement and General Political Situation in United States" at 1:00 in the afternoon and 7:30 in the evening in the University Centre Theatre. Bar to follow. SHINERAMA '70 - in aid of the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation - 10:00 a.m. in the Agora. -SHINERAMA DANCE to be held in the Agora, 11 p.m. to 2 a .m. Non-Shoeshiners admission will be $1.50. -The first of a series of University Intimacy Concerts "The Revolutionary Bow String Quartet" 8:15 p.m. University Centre Theatre. -1.D. Photographs will be taken in the Agora from 9:00 a.m. to 12 noon and 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. Dominic Man-Kit Lam entered Lakehead University in September, 1964, and completed his Honors Bachelor of Science degree in Physics and Mathematics, with First Class Standing, in May 1967. While attending Lakehead University Dr. Lam was active in student affairs and sports, and won the inter-collegiate Table Tennis Championship in 1966. September 28 A~ ~ . September 29 September 30 "Dr. Lam" Dr. Lam subsequently went on to the University of British Columbia, completing his Master of Science degree in Physics in the spring of 1968. In the spring of 1970, Dr. Lam completed in record time, his Ph.D. degree in Bio-Physics at the University of Toronto. He has accepted a three year Associate appointment with the Harvard Medical School. October 1 The Registrar felt Dr. Lam would appreciate hearing from his friends .. His address is as follows: DR. DOMINIC LAM, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, 02155, U.S.A. Parking As stated in Vol. 3, No. 1 of L.U. WEEK, a commission will be established to draft and administer p~r~ing and traffic regulations. When this comm1ss10n is established (by mid-October), a permanent permit will be issued to all Faculty and Administrative Personnel. In fact, it will be the responsibility of this Commission to deal with all matters relative to parking and Traffic Control. However in the interim, Mr. Claude H. M. Smith, Chief, Physical Planning & Construction, asks that the Faculty and Administrative Personnel use the following guide line: Meetings 1. Faculty and Administrative Personnel who were here last year park as follows: L.U. l STICKER - As last year L.U. 2 STICKER - New lot across road from old LU 2 Lot L.U. 3STICKER - As last year September 27 New Faculty and Administrative Personnel please see Mr. Gordon Gaudry for a temporary parking permit. Mr. Smith gave the following statement: "I appreciate the fact that an interim policy for a relatively short period of time may seem undesirable, however, it was impossible to establish a Commission with representation from Students, Faculty, Staff and Administration in the time available, I sincerely request your cooperation." October2 September 25 September :10 General Meeting to discuss with graduating students the procedures of the Student Placement Office U.C.T. 3-5 p.m. -Faculty of Science Meeting, Senate Chambers -4:00 p.m. Womens Liberation Discussion Meeting, A.M.S. Board Room, 8:00 p.m. Alumni Association General Meeting to be held in the Faculty Lounge from R:00 p.m. to 12 midnight. A publication of the Lakehead University Information Office Copy should be sent to the Information Office by 12 noon, Wednesdays � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 3 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week, Vol. 3, No. 3, September 25 1970. Includes: information about Shinerama '70; Mr. Dan Sudar, Chairman of the School of Library Technology, Lakehead University will deliver address about the role of Library Technicians in libraries at the British Columbia Library Association Conference; English Department policy on plagiarism; Continuing Education program offering courses "man and His Environment" and "The Endangered Environment"; Alumni Dr. Dominic Lam accepts three year Associate appointment with the Harvard Medical School. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-09-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no3 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/71db95bdaef997b078114556d647224d.pdf d33fd7cf5e00c4f99b68017182ccb326 PDF Text Text . [81<8h88d University Oct. 2, 1970 Volume 3, No. 4 Pottery □ Last year Lakehead University began to set up a pottery studio on the campus. It is now reason­ ably well-equipped, and it is anticipated that by Christmas there will be three good electric wheels and a pug mill, as well as the present equipment - a kiln, lots of small tools, and quantities of clay and glaze material. The plans for a pottery studio at the University for this year were discussed at a meeting of local potters held in the Aesthetics Lounge, Lakehead University on September 21. "Spinning Wheel" The public were invited to use the present fac­ ilities on a two-week trial basis. Dr. Eames, of the Mathematics Department, who led the discus­ sion, pointed out that it was not the intention of the University to form a separate pottery club, but rather to provide the equipment and instruc­ tion on an individual basis: pottery, as distinct from most of the visual arts, involved a high initial cost, so it is reasonable' to provide cen­ tral common facilities, and this is what the University intended to do. Mrs. J. Ashby, whc ran the very successful pottery course at the Free North Festival, has again been engaged to instruct. It was pointed out that her course would be rather unusual for the Lakehead in that it would not begin with discussion of ceramic philosophy nor end with an exhibition. The Pottery will be open Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday from 1:30 to 5 p.m. and Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 7:00 to 10:00 p.m. Wild Rice □ Dr. S. R. Zingle, Assistant Professor in the School of Forestry, recently has been awarded another research grant from the Ontario Depart­ ment of Lands and Forests in the amount of $6,500. Dr. Zingle is working on an ARDA Project on the propagation and management of Wild Rice in Northwestern Ontario. ARDA stands for Agriculture and Rehabilitation Development Act and the ob­ ject of this project is to investigate the possibil­ ities of providing better employment and higher income for the Indian population from Wild Rice. Dr. Zingle has concentrated his research on underwater soils and on semi-terrestrial sites to find out about the natural position of Wild Rice stands in the landscape of Northwestern Ontario. Comparison is made to stands in neigh­ bouring Manitoba, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Such study provides basic information for the manage­ ment of Wild Rice as well as of fish and wildlife in Northwestern Ontario. Campus Notes □ The 1970-71 Athletic Service Program under the direction of Mr. G. Garvie, is an instructional non­ credit program, for those interested in a variety of recreational activities. Classes will be held two hours per week for six weeks unless otherwise specified. Two sections are scheduled: SECTION A, October 12 - November 29 and SECTION B, January 12 February 25. The different activities include Archery, Badminton, Fencing, Gymnastics, Judo, Karate, Self Defence, Social Dance, Staff Fitness, Table Tennis, Weightlifting, Tennis, Skiing, Golf, Jogging Club, Squash, and Women's Fitness. The fees are $15.00 per activity for non-students and $2.00 for students. Registration will be held on Saturday, October 3, from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. and Monday, October 5 to Wednesday, October 7 from 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. in the Athletic Build­ ing at Lakehead University. For further information please contact the Athletic Department. □The following awards have been made to Lake­ head University students by the National Research Council of Canada: To: G. W. McLeod, a bursary To: J.P. Kraft, a postgraduate scholarship To:P. N. Kaszar, a postgraduate scholarship □Mrs. Helen D. Keller has been appointed As­ sistant Graphics Designer at Lakehead University. □The Student Awards Officer reminds students that the deadline for applications is October 31, 1970. This year, the applications are being pro­ cessed and assessed by a computer, so please fill out the forms completely and accurately, otherwise, it may be rejected, causing a serious delay. □The National Research Council of Canada is once again seeking applications from those inter­ ested in participating in scientific exchange pro­ grams. Announcements and application forms for visits under the exchange agreements with the USSR, France, Brazil and Czechoslovakia may be obtained from the Dean of Science's office. □Mr. Dennis Wallace has been appointed as the Assistant to the Dean of Students, effective October 1st, 1970. Mr. Wallace holds a diploma in Business Admin­ istration from Lakehead University and a BA. in Political Science, also from Lakehead University. This past year Mr. Wallace served the students as President of the A.M.S. and is presently the Treas­ urer of Lakehead University Alumni Association. □There will be an open lecture; "The Scottish and the Canadian Sense of Identity", by Professor W. Stanford Reid, Professor and Chairman of the Department of History, University of Guelph, in the Upper Lecture Theatre (UC 2011) of the Centennial Building, on Saturday, 17th October, 1970 at 10:30 a.m. This lecture is sponsored by the Faculty of Education. Professor Reid has played a leading role in the encouragement of Scottish studies in Canada and more particularly in his University. After the lec­ ture and questions, there will be an open discussion in the Faculty Lounge, of any aspect of local history touching on the Lakehead's Scottish background. □For the next three weeks there will be an exhi­ bition of photographs relating to the life and writings of Jonathan Swift on display in the Library lobby from 9:00 a.m. to midnight on weekdays and 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on Saturday. This exhibition was brought to Lakehead University by the English department. OC.U.G.O. is holding a meeting Monday evening and Chairman Mr. W. Hanley, stated that submis­ sions and briefs are still being accepted. He also said that the appointment of a Research Assistant will be announced shortly. �L.U. Research Team does Limnogeological Study on Lake Superior □ Dr. Mothersill, of the Department of Geology, has just completed the second phase of a four phase Limnogeological study of Lake Superior. This research project is being sponsored by the Canada Centre for Inland Waters whose headquarters are in Burlington. Dr. Mothersill will give a paper on "Limnogeology on Eastern Lake Superior" at the Annual Geological Society of America Meeting, November 12, 1970 in Milwaukee. A preliminary report was completed last summer in the "Soo" area. So far, the strongest indicator of pollution was discovered this summer near Chippewa. Weekly Events October 2 October 3 October4 October 5 "Digging up Dirt" This study is to examine the sequence and stratification of recent layers of sedimentary deposits and bottom fauna. Assisting Dr. Mothersill are three Geology students, Rich Middaugh, Roy Shegelski, Pat Fund and two technicians Pat Zurkan and Val Mothersill. They used the 150 foot Department of Transport vessel, Port Dauphine for studies in Thunder Bay, Black Bay, and Isle Royal and set up station grids where they took a grab sample and a core sample. After the EH, PH and temperature were taken an analysis of the bottom fauna and sediment were done. So far the research team has found six new species of animal life that were not previously known to exist. Dr. Mothersill said that the total amount in grants for this project is close to $60,000. A preliminary report was completed last summer between the "Soo" and Michepicoten. The strongest indication of pollution was discovered this summer near Chippewa. October6 October 7 October9 Octoberll I.D. Photographs will be taken in the Agora from 9 a.m. to 12 noon and 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. Registration for Oral French for Children 7 - 12 years of age at 10:30 a.m. for last year students and 11:30 a.m. for new students, with first class following each registration time. Registration for Athletic Service Programme from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. in the Athletic Building. Movies in the U.C.T. from 6:30 p.m. to Midnight "Here We Go Around The Bulberry Bush" and "The Taming of The Shrew." Registration for the Efficient Reading Course at 7 p.m. in Room MB 1061 (Main Building) - Registration for Athletic Service Programme from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. in the Athletic Building. Registration for Athletic Service Programme from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. in the Athletic Building. Registration for Athletic Service Programme from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. in the Athletic Building. Dance and Bar sponsored by Arts Society in the Cafeteria from 9 p.m. tola.m. Applications received at AMS Office by 5 p.m. for the three student senate seats. Chemistry Seminar on 018 Transfer Kinetics by Professor Betts, U niversity of Manitoba at 3 p.m. in Room LO.013. Dance sponsored by L.U.N.A. in the Agora commencing at midnight. Meetings October 2 October 3 October 5 October 9 Meeting of the Academic Planning Committee in the Senate Chambers at2:30p.m. A.M.S. Council Meeting at 1:00 p.m. in the Council Chambers. Meeting of the Graduate Studies Committee in the Senate Chambers at 9:30 a.m. At 10:30 a.m. this meeting will be open to all Faculty members. CUGO Meeting to be held in the Little Dining Room at 7:30 p.m. Senate Meeting at 2:30 p.m. in the Senate Chambers. A publication of the Lakehead University Information Office Copy should be sent to the Information Office by 12 noon, Wednesdays � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 4 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 2 1970. Includes: information about The Pottery studio; Dr. S. R. Zingle, Assistant Professor in the School of Forestry, working on ARDA Project on the propagation and management of Wild Rice receives additional research grant; 1970-71 Athletic Service Program; Dr. Mothersill, Department of Geography, leads research team on Limnogeological Study on Lake Superior (photos). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-10-02 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no4 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/7a69fdea50ff75d749838ffb85d19e66.pdf c87814f7cf2658de3ac397486eee4d02 PDF Text Text Lakehead University UtJ 'v Lf 1 A\ �L,\� October 9, 1970 Volume 3, No. 5 Economics □The Economics Department of Lakehead Univer­ sity is offering a special one year diploma course for graduates seeking a career in economic dev­ elopment·. This year the C.I.D.A. (Canadian In­ ternational Development Agency of the Federal Government) sponsored eight students from under­ developed countries; three from Pakistan, four from Thailand and one from Nigeria. Seven stu­ dents have already arrived and have become full members of the Lakehead University community. Dr. K. J. Charles, Chairman of the Lakehead University Economics Department said "This is the only university in Canada where a comparable program exists, and that this academic venture and act of international technical assistance sheds lustre both on Lakehead Univerttity and on the City of Thunder Bay." Campus Notes □ Field studies presently being conducted by sev­ eral members of the Biology Department are supply­ ing new and important information on the ecology of the plants of Thunder Bay District. Some of the research on endemic food plants are of an applied nature and indeed economically important. Dr. Paul Barclay, who is a plant ecologist and microclima­ tologist is investigating physical and biological en­ vironmental aspects of blueberries and wild rice with a view to evaluate known methods of manage­ ment practices. The blueberry study was originally developed in the Nakina area several years ago and is a continuing program supported by a grant from the Department of Indian Affairs. The wild rice pro­ gram is also one of long duration which began with a survey of the environment of wild rice on Sibley Peninsula. An effort is now being made to relate wild rice to temperature factors as well as pH and conductivity ions. To facilitate the program, Dr. Tamblyn has permitted the construction of a small rice paddy on Lakehead University campus. During the past summer Dr. Barclay has also initiated a study on the effects of urban pollution on epiphytes of our region. □CUGO Mr. Monaghan, Dean Ryan, Dr. Charles and Mrs. S. Yupho . A formal reception was held for the international students on Wednesday, October 7, 1970 at 6:00 p.m. in the Nor-Shor Motor Hotel to officially welcome them to the University. Mr. Monaghan, Acting Director of the Training Division of the Canadian International Development Agency in Ottawa came especially to attend this function. Mr. Monaghan spoke to the gathering of Students, Deans, The Mayor, University Officials, and Press, about C.I.D.A. and its relationship with Dr. Charles and Lakehead University. He commended Dr. Charles and the Dean of Arts in their active roles in setting up the course. Upon completion of their year, the students will return to their home coun­ tries and work with their government as consultants on development p:i:ojects. Education OW. Pitman and L. Dennis spoke to a full house on Wednesday, October 7, at the Faculty of Education Theatre on many aspects of education and change. Mr. Pitman is an M.P.P. from Peterborough, and was defeated in his bid for the Ontario N.D.P. Leadership last weekend in Toronto. Mr. Pitman, himself a teacher, stressed the importance of dedication, and professionalism. When asked about his opinion on continuing the separate schools to Grade 12 and 13, he said "Why not?, They (the Catholics) have as much right to the kind of educa­ tion they want, as we do to what we desire." The morning session ran overtime due to the active involvement by many students. In the afternoon period, Mr. Dennis, co­ author of "Living and Leaming" talked of the great "commitment" we all have to make to institute meaningful change in education. Mr. Dennis, also urged "The money for education has to be obtained from some other source than the taxpayers. We must find alternatives, its just costing too much money and we should not expect the people to pay the whole shot." Chairman W. J. Hanley announces that Mrs. Jean McComb has been appointed - search Assistant to the Commission. Her o e is ocated atUC1003E and her telephone extensio 1s 591.. Professor Hanley indicated that thre s 1Ss1ons have been received by the Commission thus far, and five others have been promised. Nevertheless, the response to date has not been as encouraging as expected. "If people have opinions and ideas about how this institution should be governed, then now is the time to speak up about them". Open hearings of briefs and opinions are ex­ pected to begin within a few weeks. d □Two professors in the Faculty of Education have recently had student text books published. Mr. J. D. Frame has had a book published by Scholastic-Tab Publications entitled "Three Poems by Browning", and Mr. J. D. Bates has had a book• let published by Ryerson Science in Action entitled "Studies for Woodlands", for elementary school pupils. □ Dr. Tamblyn is pleased to announce the promo­ tion of Dr. E. Eager, Department of Political Sci­ ence, to Full Professor. □ Four members of the Biology Department (Barclay, Graham, Northcott, and Ryder) and a number of biology students attended the "interna­ tion summit meeting on the destruction .of wilder­ ness environment" at Quetico Provincial Park, Saturday, October 3. The meeting was organized by the Algonquin Wildlands League and attracted representatives from major conservation groups in Canada and the United States as well as a num­ ber of biologists from other Ontario Universities. Two of the lumber companies who hold cutting rights inside the park participated, but invitations to Ontario Premier John Robarts and the senior government officials most concerned were declined. A resolution was prepared at the meeting and will be presented to the Ontario Government. The motion protested licence trading betwei:n timber companies in the park and requested the government to reclassify the park as a class A Wilderness Park (in which no commercial exploitation would be per­ mitted) and in the meantime the government to de­ clare a moratorium on logging operations in the park until the possibilities of reclassification are in­ vestigated. �Weekly Events World Champions at L.U. □The Lakehead University Nor'Westers will play host to the K. K. Rabotnicki Basketball Club from Skopje, Yugoslavia . on Wednesday, October 14, 1970 at 8:00 p.m. in the C. J. Saunders Athletic Building. The Skopje team will feature -three starters from the Yugoslavian National Team which won the World Amateur Basketball Championships held last May in Yugoslavia. The Yugoslavians defeated teams · from 13 countries including Russia and the United States. International rules will be used for the game. October 9 Octoberll October 12 October 13 October14 In keeping with L.U. expansion programme, the Athletic Dept. unveiled their own project in the form of two 6'9" Nor'Wester basketball players shown above. Both Peter Halpin and Dennis Krawchuk are freshmen at L.U. and are 100% Canadian content. Joe Valenti is also a freshman at L. U. and is going to do great things on the Junior Varsity teams this year. Four starters from last year's Nor'Wester's team which compiled an outstanding· record of 23 wins and only 2 losses will return for the 1970-71 season. They are Robert Jackson, Shelton Bellamy, Joe Parks and Jerry Hemmings. The game will mark the debut of some outstanding freshmen including 6'9" twins, Peter Halpin and Dennis Krawchuk. Word from Coach Lockhart. is that his team has been working hard in early practices in preparation for the Yugoslavian team. The game promises to be a highlight in the history of Lakehead basketball. Tickets are now on sale in the C. J. Saunders Athletic Building, Perc~ante & Laprade Sporting Goods Ltd., and in the Student Athletic Society Office, Room UC 0021. All tickets are $2.00. October 15 October16 October18 Dance & Bar sponsored by Arts Society in the Cafeteria from 9 p.m. to 1 a.m. Chemistry Seminar on 018 Transfer Kinetics by Professor Betts, University of Manitoba at 3 p.m. in Room L0013. Dance sponsored by L. U .N .A. in the Agora commencing at midnight. Movies in U.C.T. "Mr. Hobbs Takes A Vacation" & the second to be announced. THANKSGNING DAY -The University is Closed. Mr. Charles McNaughton, The Treasurer of Ontario and Minister of Economics, will speak about "Design for Development: Northwestern Ontario Region - Phase 2: Policy Recommendations." in the U.C.T. at8:00 p.m. L.U. Nor'Westers vs K.K. Rabotnicki Basketball Club from Yugoslavia - 8 p.m. in Field House The Painting Studio in basement of "F" House Mens Residence is open every Wednesday evening from 7 to 10 p.m. Movies presented by the Library Technology Society "Baby The Rain Must Fall" and to be announced. - from 4 p.m. to 1 a.m. in U.C. T., admission 50¢. Registration "Visual Experience" course at8p.m. inRoomMB-1001. Folk Singing in U.C.T. from 12 noon to2p.m. Beer Garden in Cafeteria from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. sponsored by the University Schools Society . Seminar in Chemical Engineering Technology "What Is Happening In The Woods?" by A. Bartholomew, Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, Lakehead University at 8 p.m. inRoomMB-1031. Movies - "True Grit" & "Blue Max" in U.C. T. from 6:30 to midnight. M~etings October9 Senate Meeting at 2:30 p.m. m the Senate Chambers. Effective October 13, 1970 THUNDER BAY TRANSIT CROSST(),JN FROM: ,TAMES STREET VIA GORE,YOr,C,E,ffiF.JJERICA, BRO.'N, BROCK, EDW.!!D, G0LF LINKS ROAD, OLIVF..R ROAD, SECORD, PEARL, ALGOMA, W,VF.RLEY, ARTHUR, ST. PAL'!, AND n;•,·1r.,;i,; VIA CAflF:ROr:, COUP.T , Pf \!iL, SECORD, OLIVEE ROAD, (',O!,F LINKS ROAD, Ern-1;.RD, BROCK, BRO>iN, FRFDFRICA, J./J{liS. ,JAMES ~.;'ffi}i C. !' EI} !:\taV..: ISAL:~U.A \\'JT.) . ~.'J.f S'l'J1~-.~1' UtUV!!~;!.SJ'!Y All!·,lVE cRA.\F, SECORD & JOHN .ST. P/\UL SFJ:;OHD & JOHN UNI',r.HSIIT "1LLIAM STREET EDl!Al!D ISABELLA J.'1-IES STltEET 7.45 am 7,50 8,10 8.05 8.15 7.55 8.00 7.50 7,55 . 8.05 8.10 7.45am 8.15 0.20 8.25 8,35 8.40 8.45 0.20 8.25 8,30 8.15 8.40 8.35 8.45 8.50 8,55 9.05 9.10 9.15 8,45 8.50 8,55 9,10 9.00 9.05 9.20 9.15 9,25 9,35 9.40 9;45 9,25 9.15 9.20 9.30 9,J5 9,40 9.50 9,55 10.05 10.10 9.45 10.15 9,50 10.00 10.05 10.10 10.20 9.45 9.55 10.15 10.25 10,35 10,40 lC,45 10.20 10,30 lC,15 10.25 10,40 10,50 11,10 10.35 10.45 10,55 ll.05 11.15 10,50 10,55 11.00 ll,15 ll,20 U,;J5 10.45 u.os U,10 ll.40 ll,45 u.~5 U,20 11,15 u.25 ll,30 11,50 12.05pm 12,10 ll.35 11.40 11,45 ll,55 12.15 12,CO ll,50 ll,55 12.05pm 12,10 12,20 12.15 12.25 12,35 12,40 11.45 12.45 12,15 12.20 12,25 12,3G 12,35 12,40 12,50 12.45 1,05 12,55 1.10 1.15 12,45 12,50 1.00 1.10 12.55 1.05 1.20 1,25 1.15 1.35 1.40 1.45 1,40 1.20 1.25 1.30 1,50 2,05 1.15 1.35 1,55 2.10 2,15 1.45 2,00 1,45 1,50 2.10 2,15 1.55 2.05 2.20 2,25 2,40 2,35 2,45 2,20 2,30 2,40 2.15 2.25 2,35 2,45 2.50 2,55 3,05 3,10 3,15 2,50 3,00 3,10 2,45 2,55 3,05 3,15 3,20 3,25 3,40 3,45 3.35 3,20 3,25 3,35 3,40 3.15 3.30 3,45 3,50 4,05 4,10 3,55 4.15 4,00 4,05 4,10 4,15 3,45 3,50 3,55 4.20 4,25 4,35 4,40 4,45 4,20 4,25 4,30 4.15 4.40 4.35 4.50 5.10 4.45 4.55 5.05 5.15 5,00 5,05 5.10 4.50 4.55 5.20 4.45 5.15 5.25 5,40 5,45 5.35 5,20 5,40 5.25 5,50 6.05 6.10 5.15 5.30 5.35 5.45 5,55 6.15 6,00 6,05 6.10 6.15 6.20 6,40 5.50 5.55 6.25 6,35 5.45 6,4-5 6,20 6,25 6,30 6,35 6,40 6.15 6,45 6.50 6,55 7.05 7.10 7.15 6,50 7,20 6,55 7,00 7.05 7.10 7,15 7,25 6.45 7,35 7.40 7,45 7,15 7,30 7,50 8,05 7.20 7.25 7,35 7.40 7,55 8.10 8.15 7.45 8,10 0.00 0.20 8,25 7,50 7,55 8.05 8.15 8,40 7,45 8.35 8,45 8,20 8,25 8,30 8,40 8,35 8,45 9,05 8.15 0.50 8,55 9,10 9.15 8,50 9,00 9,05 9,20 8,55 9.10 9.15 9,25 8.45 9,35 9,40 9,45 9,20 9.25 9.30 9.40 9,45 9.15 9.35 First trip from Walsh St. Depot at 6.55 am via Franklin, Victoria, Archibald, Miles, Syndicate(7am), Victoria, &!ward (7,ce)am, William, Confederation College 7.15";'11), William, &<!ward, Rech,,ood 1 Jameu(7.20am), Windsor, &!ward (7.25am) at Victoria), Brock, Brow, Frederica, James (7.35am) WEEKDAY CROSSTCklN SERVICE WILL BE OPERATED ON A TRIAL PERIOD A publication of the Lakehead University Information Office. Copy deadline 12 noon Wednesdays. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 5 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week, Vol. 3, No. 5, October 9 1970. Includes: information about Economics Department of Lakehead University one year diploma course sponsorship by Canadian International Development Agency (C.I.D.A.) for international students; Biology Department field studies conducted with wild rice and blueberries; Nor'Westers Basketball hosting K. K. Rabotnicki Basketball Club from Skopje Yugoslavia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-10-09 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no5 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/e522f3f999e25f8828f7533ca4e5e263.pdf 6ed2e442f727624d5562ab9d8004a291 PDF Text Text ehead rsity to analyse and react in a meaningful way to the draft report. October 23, 1970 Volume 3, No. 6 Wright Commission □Representatives of the Commission on Post­ Secondary Education in Ontario visited Thunder Bay last week to discuss with members of the Lakehead University and Confederation College communities the points and recommendations contained in the Commission's preliminary draft report. Although the major recommendation of the report - that there be some form of reorganization of the University and College into one institution - was acceptable in principle to the Senate, Board of Gov­ ernors, L.U.F.A. executive, administration and most other elements of the community, many other points, explicit and implicit, were unacceptable. The meetings on Thursday, October 15th, clarified several points and removed the apparent threat to the University's status. In a letter to Dr. D. T. Wright, Chairman of the Commission, President W. G. Tamblyn summarized the results of Thursday's discussions as follows: 1. The current undergraduate and graduate program offerings of Lakehead University would in no way be adversely affected by the proposed reorganization of the two institutions. New graduate programs should however be designed to bear special relation to region and its need. 2. The essential place of research activity is guaranteed, although in the future applied research and research bearing special relation to the region should be emphasized. This emphasis is reflective of provincial and national trends and policies. 3. In any reorganization of Lakehead University and Confederation College, the University, with all its traditional rights and privileges, would be main­ tained. 4. The Commission will rewrite its report, making every effort to correct misleading or incorrect dataand statements. 5. In its rewritten report the Commission will avoid specifying the details of any suggested re­ organization, but rather will make general rec­ ommendations as to the procedure the two institu­ tions might follow to achieve such reorganization. The specifics of any reorganization will be deter­ mined by representatives of the institutions con­ cerned. 6. In recognition of the needs and requirements of Northwestern Ontario, the Commission's report will recommend that financial funding over and above formula grants be provided for special projects. 7. Prior to the visit to Thunder Bay by the Com­ mission in early December of this year, copies of the revised report will be circulated to mem­ bers of the University community. This revised report will be circulated as soon as possible in order to minimize the anxiety by all members of the community that insufficient time was provided The Commission indicated that it would be visiting Thunder Bay on December 3, 1970, to hold open hearings, at which time members of the University community will be able to discuss the revised draft report as well as any other items of interest relative to post-secondary education in Ontario. Campus Notes □ Mrs. Liny Lyss, Associate Professor, School of Nursing was invited to attend the annual conference on Personal Growth and Group Achievement spon­ sored by the Registered Nurses Association of' Ontario from September 25th to October 1st, 1970. Mrs. Lyss, whose special area of interest is group dynamics, participated in this conference at Honey Harbour, Ontario, as a trainer. □ Under the sponsorship of the Purchasing Manage­ ment Association of Canada, a four-day seminar entitled ''The Control of Inventories is being given at Lakehead University October 23-24 and November 6-7. This in-depth study has aroused considerable interest, and both senior and middle management will attend, participants coming from as far afield asWawa. The P.M.AC. has invited Professor Walter Crowe of the School of Business Administration at this University to present the seminar. He is at present active in consultancy work in Inventory Control both locally and in Toronto, and was the first recipient,. in this University, of a Government of Ontario Department of Health Award for research into hospital supply problems. □Dr. R. G. Rosehart of the School of Engineering attended the 20th Annual Canadian Society of Chem­ ical Engineers Conference in Sarnia, October 19 21, and contributed to the proceedings by presenta­ tion of a technical paper. Dr. Rosehart has recently joined Lakehead Univer­ sity from the University of Waterloo where he com­ pleted his Ph.D. in the field of Chemical Engineer­ ing. His research interests are environmental prob­ lems and areas of engineering of interest to local industries including instrumentation development, and flow and heat transfer involving various pulp and paper operations. One of the most interesting topics at the Samia Conference was that of Mercury Pollution and unfortunately the fish of Thunder Bay were included in one presentation. DA representative of the clergy will be on campus each weekday, Monday to Friday, from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Their headquarters will be U.C. room 1011 but primarily they will be in the main cafeteria. Should you wish an appointment you can make same with the A.M.S. secretary. □Dean Ross, Professor A. Bruley and Dr. Walter Cook recently received $9,500 as a contribution to their work on the composition and combustion prop­ erties of "black liquor" from Kraft Paper Mills. The Research Grant was awarded by the Department of Energy and Resources Management of Ontario. □Mrs. Susan de Haas has been appointed Sessional Lecturer in the Department of Languages. �for llrar, Use 0., Successful Arts Seminars □Lakehead University certainly is not slow in taking the initiative and in exploring aspects of education neglected in most universities. Twice in the past week the university has broken with precedent. In most institutions of higher learning today the emphasis is on anything but teaching yet the Faculty of Arts at Lakehead University has just completed a seminar for its professors on the Improvement of our University Teaching, given by W. Trimble. Mr. Trimble, author of "Understanding the Canadian Economy" was formerly Professor at the University of Toronto, and is now Dean of Professional Development at Humber College. In these days of increased costs, it is more important than ever that university professors become highly efficient in all aspects of teaching so as to make optimum use of the :finances invested in higher education in this province and, to make the most effective use of students' time. Moreover, most universities wish to assess and reward a teacher for his skill in teaching, but assessment of this ability is a most delicate matter. It is far simpler to assess the professor in areas such as research and administration and many university professors have, in the past, been rewarded and promoted almost solely on such criteria. This practice hardly encouraged the development of efficient teaching methods in our universities. The purpose of the seminar was to extend effective teaching techniques, glean new ideas, see different solutions to the same problems, facilitate the cooperative planning of instructional programs, share 'know-how' in building the best educational environment and learning experience for the student. In short to make Lakehead University a better learning experience for students and faculty. At the conclusion of the seminar, Dean Ryan announced that an anonymous donor has given money for a Faculty of Arts Award to be awarded annually, "For recognition of singular accomplishment in leading students to knowledge and understanding, and of dedication and intellectual integrity representative of the highest ideals of the profession. To an individual who has taught at least one course during the academic year." The award is to consist of a framed citation and $100. The University Faculty of Arts has also completed a seminar for students on "How To Do Well At University." It was realized that, contrary to opinion students who fail at university (50% of those entering according to a recent report) do not fail because of lack of talent or intelligence; they fail simply because they do not know how to apply themselves or how to study. Thus, the Seminar had according to Dean Ryan, two major objectives: 1. To motivate the student and give him assistance on how to motivate himself. 2. To introduce him to the study skills: reading, listening, scheduling, taking of examinations, using the library and writing essays and papers. to 10 p.m. to October 30. This exhibition is being circulated by the Art Gallery of Ontario for the National Film Board of Canada. It is called the "Animated Film" and consists of drawings, photostats, 16 mm prints, and slides. "The exhibition is presented for circulation in Ontario by the Extension Department of the Art Gallery of Ontario as a tribute to· the Canadian Film Animators who have won international acclaim through their artistry, and to Norman McLaren whose contribution to the animated film is inestimable. The unique and comprehensive survey consists of story-boards, original drawings, photographs and descriptive texts selected and arranged to show the process of animation and the variety of techniques used." This is the first showing of this exhibition in the province after its successful premiere in Toronto. The exhibition was arranged to be on LU's campus by the Aesthetics Society and was gratefully sponsored by the Faculty of Arts and Dean Ryan. Weekly Events October23 Folk Singing FREE in U.C.T. from 12 noon to 2 p.m. October 24 Lakehead Symphony Orchestra concert, guest artist Vladimir Spivakov, Violin, 8:30 p.m., at the Selkirk High School Auditorium. October 25 Lakehead Symphony Orchestra concert guest artist Vladimir Spivakov, Violin, 3:00 p.m. at the SelkirkAuditorium. -Movies - . "Prudence & The Pill" and "Bye Bye Braverman" in the U.C.T. from 6:30 to midnight. October26 "The Animated Film" in U.C.T. from 2:30 to 4 p.m. -Night Club - "Blues Train" group from Detroit from 9-12 p.m. in cafeteria. Adm. $1.00 per student. October27 "The Animated Film" in U.C.T. from 2:30 to 4 p.m. -Night Club - "Blues Train" group, cafe. October28 "The Animated Film" in U.C.T. from 2:30 p.m. to 4 p.m. -Night Club "Blue Train"group, cafe. October29 "The Animated Film" in U.C.T. from 2:30 to 4 p.m. -Night Club - "Blue Train" group, cafeteria. October30 Folk Singing FREE in U.C.T. from Noonto2p.m. October30 Night Club - "Blue Train" group, cafeteria. Meetings The Seminars were presented by Dr. Jim Evans, Department of Psychology on MOTIVATION, ATTENTION AND CONCENTRATION, Dr. Frank October 23 Geological Society Meeting in Room Colman, Department of Psychology on HOW TO M1024 from 1:30 to 2:30 p.m. STUDY, Mrs. Irene Dawson on HOW TO USE THE LIBRARY, and Dr. George Merrill, Department of October 26 ~oard of Governors Meeting, 12 noon English on HOW TO WRITE ESSAYS AND mSenateChamber. ?APERS. Close to 600 students were involved-····-•October 27._..'..'...Circle K" Meeting in Room 2007 m these lectures, and it seems probable that t¥ , ,--, - • , from/7 -9 p.m. programmes will be continued next year. ; " -~ October:28' Intei -V arsity Christian Fellowship i STUDiES -Wo Meet'·ng in Room C 4056 from 7 - l1 p.m. ; en's Liberation Meeting, 8 p.m. □The first exhibition of the "Aesthetics Gallery~ ::.:<-:r:i '"'',r-~.... AM BoardRoom. is being held in the Great Hall and "Aesthetic's""'"''' O'ctober29 Uk~z;nian Club Meeting, in Room Gallery" (UC 2014) of Lakehead University from 9 a.m. , C l0!J,14 from 8-11:30 p.m. Aesthetics Exhibition - A publication of the Lakehead University•__,_Information Office. Copy deadline 12 noon Wednesdays . ...... ... � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 6 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week, Vol. 3, No. 6, October 23 1970. Includes: information about Wright Commission Report recommendations for Lakehead University; Faculty of Arts seminar, "Improvement of our University Teaching for professors by W. Trimble Dean of Professional Development at Humber College; Faculty of Arts seminar for students, "How To Do Well At University"; exhibition "Animated Film" in Aesthetics Gallery circulated by the Art Gallery of Ontario for the National Film Board of Canada. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-10-23 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no6 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/9eddd501b07975b289d19ffd94b518ac.pdf 96e79a921da3e57749d3d26378761992 PDF Text Text /L/kehead ---rsi�y October 30, 1970 Volume 3, No. 7- • ' Wrighting the Wrong □ Th� followin:g , is a· reprint of a letter to the Editor of the Globe & Mail from J. M. Fleming, Chairman, Board ·of. 'Governors, Lakehead Uni­ versity: "We note with interest your - editorial headed "Force the Marriage", contained in the October 20th issue of your newspaper. This editorial is so erroneous in content and misleading in purpose that on behalf of the Board· of Governors of Lake­ head University, I am forced to write this letter. In the - first place it ' shows a complete lack of understanding on the part - of the Toronto press and generally the people of Southern Ontario towards the problems...of Northern and Northwestern Ont­ ario. - To those of us who have lived most of our lives in these regions it is extremely exasperating to have people from Toronto spend one or two days in this area and suddenly become "experts" rela­ tive to our problems. This has been the case with both your own reporter and with the committee to which you refer. the region by sending out faculty members to at least twelve communities and approximately 400 students are enrolled in these courses. Therefore, the people in the region are not being overlooked and, in ,fact, no other University in the Province covers - such a huge region. Your statement that "the report is a chronicle of mismanagement and waste" is purely your interpretation and one which �o one else who was either involved in its 'preparation or . wh9 has read it would accept. The • Committee indicated on its recent visit that they were concerned with what might become exces­ sive .costs in post-secondary education in the future, given the potential enrolment that they predicted' for the region. 'There was no mention in the report· of either "mismanagement" or "waste" of tax dollars. To use an example of waste,. the fact that "each school has its own library, its own computer system, its own television production fac­ ilities" shows a complete ignorance of the na­ ture and locations - -of the two institutions. The :purpose, the function an(j the need of each of the above examples is entirely different for a University and for a College of Applied Arts and Te�hnology. If the libraries, as an example, contain entirely different types of information for differept purposes, is it a waste to have one in each institution? Does not every University and College in Ontario have its own library? Even so there is co-operation and discussion be­ tween the departments involved to assure as • much compatibility and coordination as is pos­ sible. You finally state that "the representatives of the institutions will undoubtedly balk at the Commit• tee's proposal". Lakehead University has been on re.cord for four years as favouring a single institu­ tion of post-secondary education in Northwestern Ontario. In our submission to the Committee, made in • April of this year, we suggested some form of unification. In our response to the report in ques­ tion, we again stated that we are not opposed to the principle of unification recommended in the report. In your editorial you state "They offer virtu�ly the same diploma courses in four areas." This is not true. Of ninety-six programs offered at the University and twenty-six programs offered at Confederation College there is only a semblance of similarity in one program. In the six Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology in the · Toronto region, I am sure that most of the programs are similar, a1;1 "'ell they might be, but you do not criticize these institutions. In the report referred to there was no mention of duplication of courses. Your references to "Apart from • the millions wasted on manpower and machinery, he found that Northern Ontario, its people and its prob­ lems, were being overlooked" are so vague that it is difficult to answer such ridiculous charges. It should be pointed out, however, that the :financ­ ing of Lakehead University, • both capital and operating, is based on the number of students enrolled and is the same for every University in the Province. Therefore, it is impossible to provide more than the formula allows for our University students and thereby "waste" millions. It should also be pointed out that Lakehead Univer­ sity provides extension programs for the people in Therefore we cannot understand why the Globe and Maii would write such an editorial, so damag­ ing to this institution, without any knowledge of the true facts of the situation. It can only lead us to believe that there is some other motive involved that is not • related to the educational needs of the people of Northwestern Ontario. Camp11s Notes □Mr. Donald , E. Ayre, Secretary of the Univer­ sity announced that, as a result of the Election just, held, Dr. R A. Ross has been appointed to the Board of Governors (three years) from the Senate. Dr. J. Whitfield was the runner-up. Also, the following Faculty members have been elected to the Senate: Dr. E. Eager (three years) Dr. S. G. A. Magwood (three years) Dr. E.,Zimmermann (three years) Mr. R. M_acGillivray (two years) for the Faculty o{ Education: Mr. S. P. Dromisky (one year) Mr. W. A. West (one year) the runners-up were: Mr.D. Alexander Mr. L D. Black Dr.K.Dodd �campus notes cont'd. □Dr. Weekly Events N. T. Wang. Chief, Economic Survey Section, Centre for Development, Planning, Projections and Policies, of the United Nations Secretariat at New York, is coming to Thunder Bay on November 2, 1970 in order to give two lectures to the students enrolled in the graduate diploma program in Economic Development at this University. His first talk will be held on November 2nd from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon in the Little Dining Room on "Second Development Decade - National Aspects"; his second talk will be held on November 3rd from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon in Room M2-003 on the topic "Second Development Decade - International Aspects". ffe will also be addressing the Staff Seminar on November 2nd from 3:30 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. in Room M2-007 on the topic "Economic Co-operation for Development - The Case of Eastern Africa." October30 Animation Show m U.C.T. from 2:30to4:30p.m. -Folk Singing FREE in U.C.T. from noon to 2 p._m. -Night Club "Blues Train" group from Detroit from 9-12 p.m. in cafe. Admission $1.00 per student. -Nor'Westers Soccer Team at 4 p.m. atthePortArthurStadium. October31 -Night Club "Blues Train" group from Detroit from 9-12 p.m. in cafe. Adm. $1.00per student. Dr. Wang has a Ph.D. degree from Harvard University and has published several papers in the area of Economic Development. He has also taught at Columbia College and Pittsburg University. He is a widely known Development expert, and has done very valuable service at the Centre for Development, Planning, Projections and Policies of the United Nation's mission to Jamaica, and once again in 1968 he was the leader of the United Nation's mission to Eastern Africa. November2 Noon Concert in U.C.T. FREE with Rick Masten, touring folk artist, from 12:30to 2:30p.m. Capital Freeze □Plans to proceed with major capital projects at Lakehead University were approved by the. Board of Governors at a meeting last Tuesday. However, further action was curtailed almost immediately when the Deputy Minister of the Department of University Affairs, Dr. E. E. Stewart, informed the University that the Minister has reached a decision to curtail such expenditure of moneys on the programme at this time. Dr. Stewart stated further that the Minister was acting on the recommendation of Dr. D. T. Wright, Chairman of the Commission on Post-Secondary Education in Ontario. Included in the capital projects affected are the $550,000. athletic extension and the $1,100,000. library extension. The Minister has agreed to meet with President W. G. Tamblyn and a delegation from the Board of Governors on Monday, November 2nd, to discuss the matter of the expansion further. At that time, President Tamblyn will again stress that their capital projects are urgently required to meet the needs of existing degree programmes at the University. "It is difficult to comprehend the motives behind the Department's decision when the areas to be served by this expansion presents absolutely no conflict with the statements of the Wright Commission," Dr. Tamblyn stated. He further pointed out that tenders for the construction involved had already been called but that contract awards cannot be made until the Department reverses its present position. This factor alone will affect the community at large by the lost employment opportunities that would have been created at a very critical time for both skilled tradesmen and construction workers. The restriction placed upon faculty and students is reflected, in the case of the library, by the fact that the present facilities are approximately 600 square feet under the minimum recommended area necessary to provide an adequate service. For the 120 First and Second Year students of the School of Physical and Health Education who lack adequate fac-., ilities, this decision represents a particular threat to the future of their studies. Dr. Tamblyn expressed the hope that the meeting with the Minister will result in the reconsideration of the current decision. -Nor'Westers Soccer Team vs. Michigan Tech. University Soccer Team at 10 a.m. •in the • Port Arthur Stadium. November3 Professor W. S. Tarnopolsky, Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of Windsor, will address all students interested, particularly those contemplating law school next year. Topic discussed will be "Career in Law", in room M2003 from 12 noon to2p.m. -Intimacy Concert in the Great Hall featuring Musicians-in-Residence: John Barnum-violist, Michael Edwards - clarinettist, Douglas Dahlgren, pianist, at 8:15 p.m. Wine Service from 7:15 to 8:00 p.m. Adm. 75¢ per student with student card, $2.00 Adult. November4 Open Question Session for student body with Mr. George Hees, from 12:30to 1:30p.m. in the U.C.T. November6 Nor'Westers Girls Volleyball Team vs. the U.M.D. Girls Volleyball Team at 7 p.m. in the Field House. November? University Schools Society DINNER DANCE in the Cafeteria - Cocktails at 6 p.m. - dress is semi-formal. Adm. $5.00per couple. Novembers Movies in U.C.T. ''True "Blue Max" at6:30p.m. Grit" - Meetings November4 A.M.S. Meeting at 8 p.m. in . A.M.S. BoardRoom -Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship Meeting in Room C4056 from 7-11 pm. November5 Women's Liberation Association l Meeting in the A.M.S. Board Room at8p.m. -Ukranian Club Meeting in Room • i: ! .:.:. .. Clqo4from.8-11:30p.m. ' , 1 , ... f ... ~.,.,. ' I I A publication ofthJ Lakehead University Information Office Copy deadline 12 noon Wednesdays. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 7 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week, Vol. 3, No. 7, October 30 1970. Includes: information about letter written to Editor of the Globe & Mail from J. M. Fleming, Chairman, Board of Governors, Lakehead University regarding Wright Commission Report; Dr. N. T. Wang talks "Second Development Decade - National Aspects" and "Second Development Decade - International Aspects"; capital freeze placed on Lakehead University capital projects through recommendations from the Wright Commission Report. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-10-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no7 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/5e345a95cc5591d5f0f1d5324417374e.pdf aebece024d137a3bdddad4915c8cf951 PDF Text Text U vJ \ V L.-t '3, " \ \LL. \.5 Lakehead University Nov. 6, 1970 Volume 3, No. 8 Summer 1970 Archaeological Field Work In the railyard at the foot of McIntosh Street students from Lakehead University spent three months excavating the foundation remains of Old Fort William. This Fort, built between 1801 and 1804 was the central depot for western distribu­ tion of Canadian merchandise and the collection of furs trapped by the Indians. Here people from all parts of Europe and other areas as remote as the Phillipines met annually to celebrate with their Indian compatriots the successes of their fur trade. Between the rail lines and box cars in the C.P.R. railyard the hard working crew headed by Nick Van Eden uncovered over 4,000 artifacts, such as bottles, jars, plates and cutlery, tools, portions of guns, remnants of clothing and trade items. These provide a permanent record of the kinds of goods representative of the period. In addition, the foundation of the stone magazine, the old stone storehouse, the great hall and a number of les­ ser buildings were uncovered. This, together with the establishment of the palisade provides information relevant to the actual construction of the original fort. The Minister of Tourism and Information, whose Department funded the excavation, visited the site during the excava­ tion and expressed a strong interest in seeing the post reconstructed. It is the hope of many citizens that a fur trade interpretation centre will be established to mark this nationally important fort. On Wednesday, October 28, Mr. K. C. A. Dawson gave an address entitled "Rediscovering Old Fort William" to an open meeting called by the Thunder Bay Historical Society at the Prince Arthur Hotel. A second crew undertook the excavation of a late fur trade post at Blacksands Provincial Park for the Department of Lands and Forests. The foundations of the post operated by John Fitzback were uncovered and detailed measurements of the buildings associated with the post were recorded. In addition, several hundred period artifacts were recovered. A third party spent a month forty miles west of the Lakehead at a Late Woodland prehistoric site. This site dates from about 1000 A.D. and saw more or less continuous occupation until historic times. Over 7,000 artifacts were recovered. This included a large quantity of ceramics as well as many lithics including knives, projec­ tile points and scraping tools. A burial mound and a number of circular depressions reported to be wild rice thrashing pits were cross sec­ tioned. This project was funded by the National Museum of Man as part of the on-going investi­ gations into prehistoric life in northwestern Ontario. Canada and Trade Economy Dr. K. J. Charles, Chairman of the Department of Economics, addressed the Silver Anniversary Conference of the United Nations Association in Canada, recently held in Toronto on 'The Possible Impact of Increased Third World Trade on Canada'. Referring to the first Development Decade, Dr. Charles pointed out disturbing factors resulting from the first Development Decade including the unchanged economic distance between rich and poor nations; the inequality of income increase within a number of developing countries; an alarm­ ing growth of unemployment and underemployment in the developing economies. He considered it unfortunate that Canada, as other developed countries, had chosen to ignore the recommendations of the Commission on Interna­ tional Development regarding the contributions of 1% of Gross National Product towards foreign aid as well as the graclual reduction of tariffs imposed on imports of manufactured goods from developing countries. Dr. Charles felt a phased expansion of manufac­ tured imports from developing countries could benefit the Canadian economy and the Canadian consumer. The resulting lower retail prices and increased efficiency in affected industry would provide a positive impact on the overall eco­ nomic picture in Canada. Speaking on the cultural benefits of increased trade with developing countries, Dr. Charles pointed out "The developing countries, for all their poverty are rich in culture". He cited the recognition of the Peoples Republic of China as a positive step in Canadian preparation for increased friendly relations with developing countries and centrally planned economies, and strongly urged the elimination from our language those words that contribute to misunderstanding, on the basis that "they do not contribute to clarity of thought, but also. . .they reflect ethno-centricism, ignor­ ance and arrogant contempt for peoples and cul­ tures different from our own." Committee Changes Name At a recent meeting of the Lakehead University Charity Fund Committee, it was decided a change of name was needed to indicate more accurately the breadth of organizations that ought to be considered for its financial support. Of the eighteen member agencies of the Thunder Bay United Appeal, many cannot be called chari­ table in the broadest sense of the word. In order to represent more fully, the concept of "people helping people", it was decided to rename the committee the "University Philanthropy Com­ mittee". It is hoped everyone will appreciate the expanded scope recognized in the new title. The objective of the Committee will remain the same, that is, to solicit funds from the staff and the faculty of Lakehead University for distribution to registered non-profit charitable and service organizations. Last year we donated $3,884.35 to the United Appeal and $919.15 to the Salvation Army. The request for donations for 1970-71 will be going out shortly, and the Committee sincerely hopes everyone will give as generously as their cir­ cumstances permit. Please help those, who des­ perately need a "brighter tomorrow". The Committee is working on the idea of a dinner and dance to be held sometime in Febr­ uary. Details will be announced later. Committee Members Dr. J.Whittle Mrs.M.West Mrs.L.Lyss Miss F. DeGuerre Mr. D.E. Ayre Mr. B. J. Spenceley Mr. J.E. Broughton Mrs.E. Dusome Mr. G. R.Lawrance Faculty of Arts Faculty ofEducation University Schools General Office Registrar Faculty of Science Physical Plant Accounts Department (Secretary) Administration (Chairman) �Senate Proposal Weekly Events In its meeting last week Senate · proposed that a Committee, consisting of representatives of the student body, the faculty and the Board of Governors, be formed to discuss the report of the Wright Commission. It was . felt that such a group could exchange the various views from ~11 areas of the University and contribute to a fuller understanding of the overall feelings existing on the Campus and provide . the .means for the objective, communication of the various copcerns related to this subject. It was agreed that the .Faculty representation should include a I>ean, a Department Head, a Full Professor, an Associate Professor and an Assi~tant Professor. This will also ensure Senate representation on the Committee. Upon the approval of this proposal •by the concerned bodies and the subsequent. election of representatives a schedule of meetings will be set up and further information will be available. George Hees Sees L. U. • Last Wednesday, The Honourable George Hees, long standing Progressive ' Conservative member of the House of Commons visited Lakehead University. At a; • brief luncheon with Dr. W. G. Tamblyn and representatives of the Faculty and Student body, Mr. Bees chatted informally and discussed his many recent visits to various campuses. He then proceeded to a · student Open Question Bear Pit Session in the · U.C.T. where he addressed those assembled and answered questions on such matters as Party Leadership and the War Measures Act. November6 -Nor'Westers Girls Volleyball Team vs U. M.D. Team at 6:30 p.m. in the Field House. -Cambrian Players Production "The Ghost Sonata" by Auguste Strindbert. Adm. $2.50 Adults, $1.50 Students at8 p.m. U.C.T. -"Campus - Today For Tomorrow" with Don Evans, 6:15 p.m. on C.K.'P.R. TV, channel 2. Topic C. U.S.O. with Dave Beer. November 7 -Dinner Dance in cafeteria, Cocktails at 6 p.m. semi-formal Admission $5 per couple. -Cambrian Players Production "The Ghost Sonata" by Auguste Strindbert, Adm. $2.50 Adults, $1.50 Students at 8 p.m. in U.C.T. November8 Movies in U.C.T. Max" at6:30p.m. "True Grit" and "Blue November9 -Christianity is Crisis - Christ Man for Others, or the Man from Beyond? Reverend G. Corvers 8 p.m. Room MB1035. -"Campus - Today for Tomorrow" with Don Evans, 11:40 p.m. on CKPR TV, channel 2. GuestisDr.N. T. Wang. Novemberll•-Birth Control - Speaker is Miss Dawson, Educational Services Branch, Orthopharmaceutical Company in U .C.T. at 1 p.m. -"Campus - Today for Tomorrow" with Don Evans at 11:40 p.m. on CKPR TV, channel 2. Engineering Students Society. November 12.Problems of Local Government The Environmental Context Mr. I. Ramsay, District Engineer, Division. of Industrial Wastes, Ontario Water Resources Commission. 8 p.m. Room MB 1061. -SAS HOMECOMING BEGINS. . Wine and Spaghetti Dinner 4:30 to 7:30 p.m. in cafeteria. $1.25perperson. Visiting Economist Mr. Morris Miller, a Canadian Economist, now. working for the World Bank, will be in Thunder Bay on November 9th and 10th to give lectures to the students enrolled in the graduate diploma program in Economic Development at Lakehead University. Mr. Miller received his training in · Economics at the Universities of McGill 1 Harvard and London School of Economics. His past appointments· include Director of Research and Planning for the Government of Saskatchewan, Economist for the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization, and has .. travelled extensively as an official of International ·Development Agencies on missions to Africa, Asia and Latin America. His first talk will be on N ovetnber 9th. from 2 to 5 p.m. in Room MB2003, entitled "Appropriate Criteria for Project Evaluation". His second talk November 10th from 9 to 12 is entitled '-'The Application of Cost/Benefit Analysis in the . Development Planning Process" and will again be in room MB2003. Mr. Miller will also , speak at a Staff Seminar to the Economics Department on November 10th from 2:30 to 4:30 p.m. in room MB1006 on the theme "The Teaching of Project Analysis in a University Context." Campus Notes □ Dr. William S. Morris, Professor of Philosophy, delivered a paper, <'History, Culture and Theology: A Philosophical Critique" at the Annual Meetings of the American Academy of Religion, New York, October 24th, in a Symposium on the topic. DA meeting of the Canadian Library Association Committee on the Training of Library Tech nicians was held in The School of Library Technology on Saturday, October 31, 1970: Members from Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia were in attendance. The main discussion point was about The Standards of the' Training of Library Technicians. Mr. D. Sudar, Director of the School, was host at this meeting. • 0 -L.U. Nor'Wes'ters Basketball Team Master Universityat8 p.m. in Field House. vs. Mc- November13 Seminar in Chemical Engineering Technology "Mechanical Pulping" with D. Alexander, Senior Engineer, Great Lakes Paper Co., 8 p.m. in Room MB1031. • -Noon Concert - The Breakwater Group, noon to2p.m.,Free, in U.C.T. -SAS HOMECOMING continues with a German Beer Garden in cafeteria from 3 to 8 p.m. Music provided by a local German Band. Admission 75¢, free stein drinks 3/$1.00. -"Campus Today For Tomorrow" with Evans at 6: 15 p.m. on CKPR TV, channel 2. Don November14-SAS HOMECOMING continues with "Spirit of 70", Dance and Bar in cafeteria from 9 - 1 a.m. Admission 50¢ and Drinks 3/$1.00. -L.U. Nor'Westers Hockey Team vs. sity of Sask. in Port Arthur Arena at 8 p.m. November15 L.U. Nor'Westers Hockey Team vs. ofSask. in Port Arthur Arenaat2p.m. -Movies in U.C.T. "Georgy Girl" Good Guys and The Bad Guys" at6:30p.m. Univer- University & "The Meetings November6 Special Meeting of the Senate Academic Planning Committee at 3:00 p.m. in the Senate Chamber. November9 S.A.S. Meeting Chamber at 8 p.m. in A.M.S, Council L.U.S.T. Meeting of all interested in working with student television, Aesthetic Lounge, 8 p.m. November 12 Womens Liberation Meeting at 8 p.m. in A.M.S. Cour:cirCham her. Ukrainian 'Club meets in Room C1004 from 811:30p.m. A publication of the Lakehead University Information Office '· Copy deadline 12 noon Wednesdays. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 8 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week, Vol. 3, No. 8, November 6 1970. Includes: information about "Summer 1970 Archaeological Field Work" of Old Fort William, Blacksands Provincial Park, and forty miles west of the Lakehead; Lakehead University Charity Fund Committee is renamed to the University Philanthropy Committee; Senate Proposal for joint Committee of representatives from student body, the faculty and the Board of Governors be formed to discuss findings of the Wright Commission; visit from The Honourable George Hees, Progressive Conservative member of the House of Commons; visiting Canadian Economist with the World Bank, Mr. Morris Miller, will speak on "Appropriate Criteria for Project Evaluation" and "The Application of Cost/Benefit Analysis in the Development Planning Process". Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-11-06 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no8 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay Canada - Ontario - Fort William https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/d9bfeb12d6a2648a9dc78787812361e0.pdf 0a33af66ee9459b891bc68841af87782 PDF Text Text Lakehead University ".� .. L-� 3, A\\(_\.__ \S Nov. 13, 1970 Volume 3, No. 9 L. U. Hosts Speaker Dr. Donald Chant, distinguished Canadian zoolo­ gist will visit Lakehead University on Friday, November 20th as the gue�t of the Special Events Committee and first speaker in a public lecture series on the theme of "Unstable Environment." Dr. Chant will spend the day as special guest of the Biology Department before giving a public lecture entitled "Ecology, Technology, and the Environmental Problem", an examination of the opposition of interests that is the 'essence of pre­ sent concerns over environmental abuse. Dr. Chant was born in Toronto, an undergraduate of U.B.C., and received his Ph.D. in Zoology from the University of London, England ·in 1956. From 1956 to 1960, Dr. Chant was a section head in the Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Belleville, Ontario, apd from 1960 to 1964, Director, Research Laboratory, Canada Department of Agriculture, Vineland, Ontario. In 1964, he moved to the University of California, where he was Chairman of the Department of Biological Control. In 1967, he returned to Canada as Chairman of the Department of Zoology, Uni­ versity of Toronto, his present position. Dr. Chant is well known as researcher, consultant, and author. His professional research interests for the last 20 years have included the development of effective and safe alternatives .to the use of chemical pesticides in the fields of agriculture and forestry. A present member of the FAO Com­ mittee on Integrated Pest Control and past mem­ ber of many Canadian and U.S. advisory commit­ tees, Dr. Chant is now President of a new con­ sulting company called Ecosystems Ltd., Vice� President of Ecological Research Group Ltd., Chairman, Board of Advisers, Pollution Probe at the University of Toronto; Consultant with Systems Research Group to advise Mr. J. J. Greene on environmental quality management systems: Vice-Chairman, Ecological and Envir­ onmental Task Force, Mid-Canada Development Foundation, and Consultant, University of Alaska, Land Planning and Resource Development Policy. As an author Dr. Chant is known for a large num-_ her of scientific publications in his research fields, and many semi-popular publications, in­ cluding widely read articles in the Globe and Mail. With R. 0. Brinkhurst, Dr. Chant is co-author of a book, still in press, entitled "Book on Ethics of Pollution" (Macmillan), and is a member of a subcommittee of the Mid-Canada Foundation res­ ponsible for the authorship of an article entitled "The Global living system and Mid Canada" due to appear in the current issue of The Lakehead University Review. The public lecture will be held at 7:30 p.m. in the University Centre Theatre on Friday, Nov­ ember 20th, with a question period and informal coffee reception following. All with an interest in the present and future of mid Canada are wel­ come. Senate Meeting At a meeting on Wednesday, Senate received a memorandum from President W. G. Tamblyn re­ garding the meetings held with the Department of University Affairs in Toronto. Reference was made to the capital projects which are presently frozen by the Department and discussions pertain­ ing to them. The Senate agreed, on the recommen- dation of the Senate Academic Planning Commit­ tee, to include the following in its submission to the Committee on University Affairs; third and fourth years of the Forestry degree programs to com­ mence in September, 1971; the proposed Engin­ eering degree program to commence in September of 1971 or 1972: that the degree program in Library Technology (B.L.T,) be presented and supported as a program in the planning stage: that the proposed Liberal Science program commence in September 1971. These recommendations were approved in principle with detailed study to take place at a later date. White Paper Critic Mr. John F. Bulloch, a 36-year-old Toronto teacher and part-time executive is the catalyst in a nation-wide movement to oppose the White Paper on taxation. His activities were reported in the June 20th cover story of Weekend Magazine. Mr. Bulloch's own career, as an employee in his father's clothing store, as an engineer, a sales­ man, a , business manager, a teacher of business and finance, and a husband and father, has taken him into a variety of taxation situations. He recently has been an instructor of business man­ agement and finance at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute and also acted as Director and Vice - Pres­ ident of John Bulloch Limited. Reacting to the White Paper he wrote a stinging letter to Finance Minister Benson and published an ad in • the Globe and Mail, publicly expressing his anger. Within two days he received many calls from businessmen which resulted in the formation of The Canadian Council For Fair Taxation with Mr. Bulloch named as General Secretary and Dir­ ector. He took a one-year leave of absence from his teach­ ing position, and reduced his involvement in the family business in order to devote his time to Council activities. "I don't feel the commitments I have made are less than those of thousands of others in this country, though. In their own ways, they are working just as hard soliciting support, organizing opposition and preparing briefs", he said. Lakehead University Business Club will have the pleasure of having Mr. John Bulloch here, to speak on White Paper Taxation. The time and place is Thursday, November 19 at 10:00 a.m. in Room UC2011. (The Upper Agora Theatre). Everyone is welcome to hear Mr. Bulloch and his views. Symphony Tickets Here Tickets for the Lakehead Symphony concerts are now available on the L.U. Campus. Order forms and tickets can be obtained from the office of the Dean of Arts. Prices for subscriptions for the four remaining concerts are $10.00 for adults; $6.50 for students and $21.00 for families. Gift subscriptions for the 'Mini Series' of three con­ certs are available for Christmas and are priced at $7.50 for adults; $5.00 for students and $16.00 for families. The high calibre of the Lakehead Symphony Orchestra presentations is recognized throughout the Province. Your support will prove to be an investment in your own personal enrich­ ment as well as a contribution towards community advancement. �for tn, Use Oly Information Appointment A new face and a new location mark a new era in Information Services at Lakehead University. Mrs. Pamela Duke has now assumed the position of Information and Publications Officer in Room UC1003. Born in Winnipeg, Mrs. Duke worked in radio and television as a writer-producer in that city and other Western centres. Upon moving to Toronto, she was employed by Scarborough College and later moved to the Information Branch of the Department of Correctional Service for the Province of Ontario. Recently arrived from Brandon, Manitoba, where she worked as Information Officer and Research Consultant for the Mayor's Office, Mrs. Duke was appointed to her present position on October 26, 1970. Recent considerations of the role of the Information Office by the University resulted in the decision that renewed emphasis be placed on the coordination of publications and other promotional materials, as well as specific responsibilities such as L.U. Week, press releases, and media relations. Mrs. Duke stated that she hopes to establish a close relationship with all facets of the University in order that the Information Office may offer a comprehensive service in the matters of communication of administrative policy, reports on research and publications, as well as events, both within the Campus confines and to the community. Campus Notes □The University Philanthropy Committee has reported that response to this year's campaign for funds has been very slow. You are asked to fill out the form that has been distributed and return it to the Director of Office Services, Room UC-2002, by Monday, November 16th if you wish to participate. Remember you choose -which charities will receive your donation -payroll deduction or direct payment to suit your arrangements The Committee also wishes to point out that all moneys received go directly to the charity indicated and that all administrative costs are financed by the University. □ The PRELIMINARY CHRISTMAS EXAMINATION TIMETABLE has been posted on the Scheduling Bulletin-board located in the Agora (near entrance to lower lecture theatre). Deadline for conflicting examination notification has been set for Friday, November 13, at 5:00 p.m. Conflict sheets may be obtained from the Office of Admissions and must be returned to the same. □Mr. Patrick Flanagan has been Executive Assistant to the A.M.S. the current academic year. Requests may be forwarded to him at Room may be contacted at extension 561. appointed as President for and inquiries UC1013 or he Weekly Events Nov. 13 Seminar in Chemical Engineering Technology "Mechanical Pulping" with D. Alexander, Senior Engineer Great Lakes Paper Co., 8p.m. in Room MB 1031. Noon Concert, The Breakwater Group, noon to 2 p.m. Free, in U.C.T. SAS HOMECOMING German Beer Garden in cafeteria from 3 to 8 p.m. Admission 75¢, free stein, drinks 3/$1.00. Nov.14 SAS HOMECOMING Dance and Bar in cafeteria, 9 - 1 a.m. Admission 50¢, Drinks 3/$1.00. L.U. Nor'Westers Hockey Team vs. University of Sask., Port Arthur Arena, 8 p.m. Nov. 15 L.U. Nor'Westers Hockey Team vs University of Sask. Port Arthur Arena, 2 p.m. Movies in U.C.T. "Georgy Girl" & "The Good Guys and The Bad Buys", 6:30 p.m. Nov. 16 Christianity in Crisis, "Christianity • This Worldly or Other Worldly?", Reverend K. Lingwall in Room MB1015 at 8 p.m. Computer Course "Introduction to Job Control Language" in Room 1005, from 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Nov. 17 Computer Course "Introduction to Job Control Language" in Room 1005, from 4:30 to 5:30 p.m. Nov.19 Problems of Local Government, "Schools", Mr. R. R. Steele, Regional Director of Education, in Room MB 1061, 8 p.m. APEO-EIC TECHNICAL ENGINEERS CONFERENCE begins..... Mr. Lauchland, President of the A.P.E.O. opening address Snake Pit, 1:00 p.m. Boat races in Agora 2:00 p.m., Rally races registration in Agora, Princess Push race to the Field House. "Mashmakan and Homestead" at Field House 8 p.m. Movie "Sand Pebbles" in upper lecture theatre 10 p.m. Nov.20 ENGINEERSCONFERENCE continues ..... Breakfast in cafeteria 7:30 to 8:30 a.m., speakers in U. C. Lecture Theatre 9:15 a.m. Luncheon in Great Hall 12:15 p.m. Speakers in U. C. Lecture Theatre 2:15 p.m. Cocktails in Faculty Lounge 6:00 p.m. Dinner Dance in Cafeteria 7:00 with Dean Kerr as head table speaker. L.U. Inter-Squad Wrestling, Field House, 8 p.m. Free Nov. 21 ENGINEERS CONFERENCE continues ... Open House in Centennial Building, labs will be open from 10:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Judging of Princess in Aesthetics Lounge, 4:00 p.m. Windup party in Faculty Lounge, Announcement of best section, and of Engineering Queen 7:00 p.m. Lakehead Symphony Orchestra Concert, at Selkirk High School, 8:30 p.m. Viennese Evening with Paula Elliott, Flute and Marie Iosch, Harp. Nov. 22 Lakehead Symphony Orchestra Concert at Selkirk High School, 3:00 p.m. Movies in U.C.T. "Bullet" & "L.U.V." 6:30 p.m. Meetings Nov. 16 S.A.S. Meeting, A.M.S. Council Chambers, 8 Arts Society·Meeting, Room L5005, 10 a.m. p.m. Nov. 18 Philosophy Club Meeting, Guest speaker is Dr. C. Ripley "Why Determinism Cannot be True", 12:30 p.m.inRoomMB1027. Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship Meeting, 7 p.m. Room C4056. Archeology Club Meeting, 8 p.m. Aesthetics Lounge. University Women's Association Faculty Lounge at 8 p.m. Mrs. Gordon T. Garvie, speaking about "Les Fuex Follets". Psychology Club Meeting, Panel Discussion 8:30 p.m. in Lower Lecture Theatre "The Nature of Psychology Research". Nov. 19 Business Club ·presents Mr. John F. Bulloch, Director of The Canadian Council For Fair Taxation, Topic is "White Paper Taxation", in Room UC2011, 10:00 a.m. Engineering St~dents Society Meeting in -Snake Pit, 11:30 to 12:30. Ukrainian Club Meeting, Room C1004, 8 p.m. Women's Liberation Meeting, A.M.S. Council Chamber 8 p.m. DA request for stamps was received from the National Fund for Research into Crippling Diseases by Mr. D. E. Ayre, Secretary of the University. Funds realized through the sale of these stamps are distributed to teams of scientists and members of the medical profession to enable them to carry on research into the many crippling diseases, particularly those affecting children. Everyone is asked to save all stamps from incoming mail for the month of November and to bring them to Room Uc2008 at the end of the month. They will then be for- A publication of the Lakehead University Information Office warded to the NFRCD to assist in their campaign. Copy deadline 12 noon Wednesdays. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Week Vol. 3 No. 9 Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Lakehead University Week, Vol. 3, No. 9, November 13 1970. Includes: information about speaker Dr. Donald Chant who will be the first speaker in a series on the theme of "unstable Environment" hosted by the Special Events Committee and the Biology Department - Dr. Chant will give a public lecture entitles "Ecology, Technology, and the Environmental Problem"; Lakehead University Business Club hosts White Paper critic, Mr. John Bulloch, who will speak from his views on White Paper Taxation; Information Services at Lakehead University has a new Information and Publications Officer, Mrs. Pamela Duke; Weekly events and meetings. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Information Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-11-13 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LU Week_vol3no9 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay