1
10
11
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/724721b7fc5718f1d3e0ca48e86a737b.jpg
97c1281235b1f2c4314b6a06405fffb8
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Title
A name given to the resource
Oscar Styffe Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oscar Styffe
Description
An account of the resource
Photographs from the Oscar Styffe fonds.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Lakehead University Library
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Title
A name given to the resource
Styffe's tug "George N. Carleton"
Subject
The topic of the resource
Forest Products Industry
Description
An account of the resource
Colour photograph of Styffe's tug "George N. Carleton" with Mr. & Mrs. George N. Carletonon board in 1970-71
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1971
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public domain
Format
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Photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
scan# OSF-33 MG7, G, I33
1970
1971
George N. Carleton
tugs
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/97a2dbce5f16d23467000fb6c3efe846.jpg
30aca9a7a5cf3bdeda4662c3add8e6ff
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Title
A name given to the resource
Canadan Uutiset
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Title
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Hilkka Hautala standing beside her Fish Shop sign just off the Trans-Canada Highway 11/17
Subject
The topic of the resource
Business and Industry
Description
An account of the resource
Colour photograph of Hilkka Hautala and her Fish Shop sign. The shop was known by generations of locals and area visitors as the best place to buy fresh and Finnish-style smoked local fish. Today the shop is run by Hilkka's daughter, Liisa
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Donor Canadan Uutiset
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public domain
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
scan#CAUU-040
1970
fish
Fish Shop
Hilkka Hautala
Lakeshore Road
Liisa Hautala
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/b51ee40d16e138a610b909372a0109e8.jpg
d87b2e4d22f700860558fe95a0a04afb
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Cairine Budner fonds
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Title
A name given to the resource
Representatives at Sport & Music Festival, Toronto 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sports
Description
An account of the resource
Black and white photograph of representatives at Sport & Music Festival (Suurjuhlat), Toronto. Men and women in photograph - Pentti Hirvon (athlete), Niilo Pehkonen (athlete). Ladies Parvianen girls.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Donor P. Hirvonen
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public domain
Format
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Photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
PHIII-0010(vi) scan# BUD-0241
1970
festival
Niilo Pehkonen
Parvianen
Pentti Hirvon
representatives
Sport & Music
Suurjuhlat
Toronto
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/d734cd0665542a3fad54644113253ddf.jpg
364dc1b5ac6b0238ddf26d25c2364d9b
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Cairine Budner fonds
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Title
A name given to the resource
Reipas Athletic Club members at Sport & Music Festival, Toronto 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sports
Description
An account of the resource
Black and white photograph of Reipas Athletic Club members at Sport & Music Festival (Suurjuhlat) Toronto. L to R back 1. Mikko Hankila, 2. Hillevi Aohjoispaa, 3. Olli Isosaari, Front 4. Niilo Penkonen, 5. Esko Pesonen, 6. Tapio Paalanen, 7. Pentti Hirvonen
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Donor P. Hirvonen
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public domain
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
PHIII-0010(v) scan# BUD-0240
1970
Esko Pesonen
festival
Hillevi Aohjoispaa
Mikko Hankila
Niilo Penkonen
Olli Isosaari
Pentti Hirvonen
Reipas Athletic Club
Sport & Music
Suurjuhlat
Tapio Paalanen
Toronto
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/6c9b6534e39670aa4e43358531605f34.JPG
a0c5addca8077fe5f725ae4df6702c1f
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University men's basketball team versus Yugoslavia, 1970-71
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sports
University Life
Description
An account of the resource
Black and white photograph of Lakehead University men's basketball game versus a team from Yugoslavia. The game is played before a packed C.J. Saunders Fieldhouse. Coach Howard Lockhart is in a huddle with a group of his players. There is a banner Welcome Skopje hanging from the upper row of the fieldhouse. The final score was LU 62, Yugoslavia 60
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-71
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public domain
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
UG6-A-I-126 scan#img_0002.JPG
1970
1971
Athletics
C.J. Saunders Fieldhouse
Lakehead University Athletics
Men's Basketball
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/618e98f1d0e11ee99a9e64a4d467ce11.JPG
c2b1ad69849d3a89bb4f27304ded3df2
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University men's basketball team versus Yugoslavia, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sports
University Life
Description
An account of the resource
Black and white photograph of Lakehead University men's basketball team versus a team from Yugoslavia. The game is played before a packed C.J. Saunders Fieldhouse. Final score LU 62, Yugoslavia 60
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public domain
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
UG6-A-I-127 scan#img_0003.JPG
1970
Atheltics
Basketball
C.J. Saunders Fieldhouse
Lakehead University Athletics
Men's Basketball
Yugoslavia
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/179540342aba69098072cc01f00f12e9.JPG
d6220938c3f39b94f2a12433b538a3d0
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University men's basketball team versus Yugoslavia, 1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sports
University Life
Description
An account of the resource
Black and white photograph of Lakehead University men's basketball game versus a team from Yugoslavia. The game is played at a packed C.J. Saunders Fieldhouse. Final score LU 62, Yugoslavia 60
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-71
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Public domain
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
UG6-A-I-128 scan#share1.jpg
1970
1971
Atheltics
C. J. Saunders Fieldhouse
Lakehead University Athletics
Men's Basketball
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/4/541/UG6-AR-I-6.jpg
2ae0783ff3fb21b35821bbeb47f032c1
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Winter Carnival Parade
Subject
The topic of the resource
University Life
Description
An account of the resource
Lakehead University forestry float at the Winter Carnival Parade. Float is decorated with trees and logs of wood.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Lakehead University Library
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
UG6-AR-I-6
1970
Forestry
parade
Winter Carnival
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/4/540/UG6-AR-I-5.jpg
450eb77e1f14255f76afb7db74907efb
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Lakehead University Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Winter Carnival Snow Sculpture
Subject
The topic of the resource
University Life
Description
An account of the resource
Snow sculpture featured at the Winter Carnival.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Lakehead University Library
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
UG6-AR-I-5
1970
Snow Sculptures
Winter Carnival
-
https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1911/LU_Geology_Yearbook_1970-71.pdf
2f0fea17c21c99daa036646425541747
PDF Text
Text
��LAKEHEAD
UNIVERSITY
GEOLOG Y
JOURNAL
1st
EDITION
1970-71
EDITOR
JURIS ZDANOVSKIS
CO-EDITOR
PATRICK FUNG
�.
All the woric you've
done in the past few
years is about to pay off
Our congratulations.
You’ve worked hard to get
And we’d like to see you
African Selection Trust. With
world-wide interests in gold,
copper, diamonds, molybdenum
this far.
get a lot further.
We’re Selco.
With
And
us.
we’re
and other minerals.
So when something good
comes along, we’re not afraid to
in-
volved in exploration activities
Canada and
the United States.
use the most sophisticated techniques in the fields of
geology, geochemistry and geophysics. Because that’s just the
way we think a job should be
in
We
finance it. And your talent just
could be one of those good things.
Even if you’re not graduating
this year, you could join us for the
summer. Then when graduation
comes, you’ll be ready.
So think about your future
with us.
After all, you’ve earned it.
done.
So when you work with us,
you work with the best. And you
also have the best support behind you.
Selco is backed by the combined assets of England’s Selection Trust and by Consolidated
Selco
6th
2
floor,
55 Yonge St Toronto, Ont.(416) 366-7995.
�*Detlica£i<M
It is appropriate that this first
volume of the yearbook be dedicated to
Dr. Edward Mercy.
Dr. Mercy came to
Lakehead University in 1967 to set up
the Department of Geology and so this
year marks the first year in which the
graduating honours students will have
received all of their university training under Dr. Mercy’s excellent guidance.
Dr. Mercy came to Lakehead
University after a distinguished ten
year career at the Grant Institute of
Geology at the University of Edinburgh.
He took his doctorate at the Imperial
College of Science and Technology in
London in 1955 and has been conducting
research in geochemistry ever since.
He is a pioneer in the field of development of rapid methods of chemical
analysis of rocks and has applied his
talents to many geochemical problems.
Those who have worked with him know
and appreciate his messianic concern
with accuracy and woe betide the sloppy or untidy associate.
My three year association with Dr. Mercy at Lakehead University left me with a
high regard of his active and aggressive leadership.
In the face of overwhelming
difficulties he built up a faculty and facility of which any geology department
could be proud.
It is therefore with great pleasure that I dedicate this first volume to him
and I urge all who follow to strive for the high standard he sets and to continue
in this admirable enterprise.
James L. Talbot 3 Chairman 3
Department of Geology 3
University of Montana.
3
�:
V'
The production of this Geology Year Book is a major achievement by the geology students of
Lakehead University and I congratulate them for showing the initiative, energy, tenacity and the
many other qualities needed for the successful completion of their project.
The Department of Geology grew out of a Mining Technology program which had been given since
The Department, in its present form, is but
the early days of the Lakehead Technical Institute.
four years old and our first group of B.Sc. Honours students is preparing for graduation this May.
Our present teaching programs are as diversified as possible and are designed to give students
Thus we have
the maximum opportunity to choose directions in which they may develop their talents.
programs of study of Geology with Chemistry, Geology with Physics and Geology with Economics. We
believe that these programs can give students the education and experience needed to enter the whole
range of mining and petroleum industries as well as providing the academic basis for going on to
graduate schools.
The principal research activities of the Department are concentrated in two areas: a limnogeological reconnaissance survey of the Canadian portion of Lake Superior which is supported by
contracts negotiated with the Canada Centre for Inland Waters; and a multidisciplinary investigation
of a continuous section of midwest Superior Province crust, from Shebandowan to Pickle Crow, which
crosses five juxtaposed Archean belts. This latter research involves the close cooperation of
members of the Department with a group of geophysicists and geologists at the University of Toronto.
In this fourth year of the life of the Department I see that we are developing teaching and
research programs of good academic quality. We have a faculty and staff who are hard-working
persons dedicated to the pursuit of the earth sciences. But when all is said and done, it is
the quality of the students which will demonstrate to the outside world the nature of this
Department. You young men and women are our ambassadors. Yours are the talents which will make
the reputation of our Department known and respected.
In the production of this Year Book you
are showing that you are a group of people with a lively interest in and concern for your chosen
profession.
Good luck to you all.
I
Edward Mercy,
CHAIRMAN,
GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT.
MANUFACTURING
GEOPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT
Oil
Magnetometers, Ground Electromagnetics, Induced
SpectroPolarization Systems, Airborne E.M.,
Emano Mercury Detection
meters, Resistivity
and
Supplies
Trail
Kits
meters, Geochemical
,
,
you
•
Explosives
•
For
name
SALES
it,
•
we
•
have
RENTAL
CONTRACT
information or
it.
freindly
•
SERVICES
advise
,
contact
FOR BLASTING
EVERYWHERE IN CANADA
EVERYTHING
LIMITED
222
Snidercroft
BRANCH
Road
OFFICES
•
Concord, Ontario,
Canada
THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD
�Dr. E« A. Ross, Dean of Science, Lakehead University
It is a pleasure to write this short address to the Geology Club of Lakehead University.
I
heartily commend the editor, Juris Zdanovskis, co-editor Patrick Fung, and photographers on their
enthusiastic enterprise in producing this Year Book. I believe it is the first of its kind to be
produced by any of the Students’ Clubs in Departments of the Faculty of Science, and the Department
of Geology should be justly proud of this agreeable achievement.
The significant role played by geologists in the discovery and development of the resources of
Canada is marked by history and yet my belief is that the best is still to come. Reference to the
Science Council of Canada Report No. 7 on the Earth Sciences would amply justify the tenor of that
statement.
The future prospects of exciting and creative work in geology, geophysics, geochemistry
and the other earth sciences must appeal to many of our brighter students who are oriented towards
the scientific disciplines. Many promising careers are and will be available to graduates in
research, development, consulting, management and so on.
Of course, a successful study of geology means continuous hard work, but when was any worthwhile
success or achievement obtained without such effort? Since, in Pantin's terms, geology is an
'unrestricted' science, the graduate geologist must and does have a wider knowledge and appreciation
of the other sciences than his colleagues in neighbouring disciplines with the possible exception
of the biologist.
I firmly believe that students of geology have chosen their subject wisely.
rewards will be many.
Go to it and your
To the members of the Geology Club of Lakehead University, I wish every accomplishment in the
future and extend my strongest hopes and support for the success of this excellent Year Book.
R. A. Ross
Dean of Science
5
�:
It will be appropriate hor me to gtve
G eology Club In our Firs 1 Geology VeaA Book.
a.
brieh reviejw on the short history
oft
oua
Oua University is young and oua club is still youngeA. But: its activities aAe
last as varied and plentiful and oua enthusiasm just as high as any. The loosely established
Precambrian Club maAked the ilut attempt by the students to organize a club hor the Geology
Department.
But it war In 1968 that the club war fatArt o ^totally ertabltrhed undeA the name
oh Lakehead University Geology Club.
The executive ion the three years oh the. club’r history
have been:
1 968-69
President:
Lou Covello
'
Secretary /Treasurer:
1
1
969 nc
President:
970/71
Secretary /T rear urer:
Vret tdent
Vhil Walhord
Veter Vans tone
Joe Kararda
Patrick Fung
Secretary /Treasurer:
J writ, Idanovskis
When h-itrl established three yearr ago, club actlvttler were limited to gatherlngr
In the recohd year, It began to
oh rtudentr, virltr to miner and varlour f^c&Ed trlpr.
participate In external actlvttler Including correspondence with other university Departments
and geological organizations
It also rent the httsl group oh representatives to the First
Central Canada University Geological Conherence in Ottawa University
The representatives
were:
Brian Clerihew, Roy Shegelski, Peter Uanrtone. This year, we also rent oua representatives to the Second Central Canada University Geological Conherence in Queen' r University.
Oua representatives were: Patrick Fung, Rick Middaugh, Roy Shelgerki
,
.
.
Next year, we are going to rend one student speaker to the 8th Western Inter
University Geological Conherence to be held in Manitoba in October, 1971. Also, we have had
some very distinguished geologists to be our guest speakers throughout this year. The names oh
these and. their topics are given in another part oh this Sear Book. It is an honour to have
them to come and visit us.
I am sure all oh at have benehited by their lectures.
The idea oh a Geology VeaA Book war h^rr^ suggested by Dr. E. Mercy and Dr. J.
Mothersiii at the beginning oh the academic year and war supported by all the haaulty
members and rtudentr. The rtudentr h fl0m second year were particularly keen and enthusiastic
especially the Chieh Editor, Juris Idanovskis
But hall credit should be given to all
those who helped in producing the Vear Book and all those who have contributed to it.
.
We hope that it will be published every year in the hature.
May
As President I wish the Geology Club every possible success in the hature.
remind you that success depends up the enthusiasm and interest oh all the geology students.
We have made an- excellent beginning - I hope that you will continue this good work.
I
Patrick Fung,
President,
Geology Club.
6
'fa&icJl pUtJj,
�The Geology Department is quite new to this University; it is small and not well
known to the rest of Canada; therefore the principal purpose of this first Year Book is to
advertise the Department and to make ourselves known.
The first talk of publication occurred at the beginning of the school year, but
little was done until a few weeks before Christmas, when a few of us began to consider where
the money would come from to pay for the publication. To my surprise, the response was
remarkable; the Geology Department was first to indicate mathematical figures that sounded
impressive. The Science Society, slow but sure was next in line. The rest of the money had
to come from advertising, a source which did not look too promising at first, because of our
late start.
The companies were agreeable and were sufficiently interested to pull us through
with the final cash resources.
Faced with a staff of bushwackers, who had little experience in publishing, we
worked slowly; but with all the problems we were still capable of putting out an excellent
book.
I should like to thank Dr. Edward Mercy, Chairman, Department of Geology, Lakehead
University, for his eager response in helping us to publish the book. Many thanks to the
Geology Secretary, Mrs. Jean Helliwell for her help with the business side, and her typing.
Without Sam Spivak's help and his artistic talent with the drafting pencil our advertising
would have been a mess. I enjoyed working with the staff that I had and hope to have them
back next year for the second publication.
If you, the reader, have any criticism of the book, please forward your remarks to
me and we shall try our best to improve the book.
Thanks to my staff for their time and patience.
Patrick Fung
Les Tihor
Paul Strandberg
Eric Brown
Elizabeth Hillary
Ron Wrigley
Ron Green
Dave Powers
Ralph Bullough
Juris
7
Co-editor
Photographer
Layout
Zdanovskis, Editor.
�with
compliments
from
the
faculty
of
science
lakehead
university
i
DEAN
8
R. A.
ROSS
�STONEWORTHY
!
COLLECT
SPECIMENS, DON'T
PRODUCE
'EM"
�Olivine diabase dyke in
the Coldwell complex.
Algal reef, Gunfiint
formation. Thunder
Bay Group, near
Schreiber, Ontario.
These reefs have grown
on boulders which form
the basal conglomerate
of the formation. They
contain blue-green
algae, and are, at
1.65 billion years,
one of the oldest
known life forms.
Thinly laminated limey mudstone beds,
Sibley Group, near Rossport, Ontaiio.
Note soft sediment folding.
10
�Stromatolites, Sibley Group,
Disraeli Lake, near Nipigon, Ontario.
Stromatolites grow in a near shore or
intertidal zone. These belong to the
genus Conophytum and are 1350 million
years old.
Mushroom shaped
concretion. Rove
formation, Tnunder
Bay group, near Pass
Lake, Ontario.
These concretions
have grown
diagenetically,
and contain possible
organic material.
They are composed
of cal cite
Tightly folded bands of
chert-magnetite iron formation
in an Algoman Iron Formation,
Kaministiquia, Ontario.
�Sam /V^
Diabase dredged close to the M.A.R.
A rough intersertal structure is formed by
coarse microlites of plagioalase and
interstitial pyroxene. Probably belonging to
a thick flow, or a shallow sill.
(45 N on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, 1200 fins)
Chromite opaque grains, within a
serpent ini zed ultrabasic lock. In tne
cavities of the chromite some lelics of
primary olivine and pyroxene may be found.
The fractures in the chromite grains indicate
a serpentinization of the surrounding rock
with a slight increase in volume.
(45 N, Mid Atlantic Ridge)
A quickly chilled basalt, with radiating
thin microlites of feldspar, within an
opaque hematite stained glassy matrix.
Small angular grains of olivine are visible.
Note the hollow transversal sections of the
feldspatic microlite.
(From 45 N, Mid Atlantic Ridge, 1200 fms deep]
This specimen is a serpentinized dunite. A
tiny fracture in the specimen was invaded
by a fora minifera ooze, and the walls of
the fissure are coated by dendritic Mn and Re
oxides.
(From 45 N, on the Mid Atlantic Ridge,
1300 fms dep)
12
��.
Dr. Edward Mercy, B.Sc., Ph.D.
,
D.I.C.
Academic Background
Lecturer in Geology: Imperial College of
Science and Technology, London, England.
Lecturer in Geology, later Senior Lecturer
in Geology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Professor of Geology and Chairman of the
Department, Lakehead University.
Research
Geochemistry of a Granite Series in Donegal, Ireland.
Geochemistry and mineralogy of gamet-peridotites and
eclogites from Norway, S. Europe and S. Africa.
Geochemistry and mineralogy of spinel-peridotites from
the Lac de Lherz region of the Pyrenees.
Geochemical studies of plutonic and volcanic rocks in
Northwestern Ontario.
CURRENT RESEARCH
The mineralogical nature of the mantle of the earth can be deduced in three
ways - by considering what known earth materials fit the determined geophysical
parameters (such as pressure, temperature, density, value of the gravitational
constant, the velocities of seismic waves, and others), by relating the known
chemical compositions of basaltic magmas to possible mantle compositions which
could produce such lavas by partial or complete melting processes, and by studying the mineralogy and chemistry of rocks, emplaced at high levels in the crust,
which might represent unaltered mantle squeezed up into the crust by tectonic
processes or brought up as xenoliths in magmas.
There is general agreement that the uppermost part of the mantle and at
least some part of the lower crust is made up of the assemblage: olivine +
orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + spinel = spinel lherzolite. This is considered to be representative of granulite facies conditions in contrast to the
eclogite facies conditions of the deeper parts of the mantle which is represented
by the assemblage:
olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + garnet = garnet
lherzolite. Natural materials which have the appropriate properties are the
spinel-lherzolite xenoliths occurring in basaltic lava flows and the garnetlherzolite xenoliths in the Kimberlite diatremes of South Africa. Another type
is represented by the series of small tectonic intrusions of spinel-lherzolite
which outcrop in the French Pyrenees
A period of field work based at the beautiful town of Foix enabled me to
make a detailed study of what Lacroix described as the type lherzolite. This
occurs at a height of 1300 metres o.d. at the Etang de Lers as a tectonic
intrusion into tightly folded and strongly metamorphosed Mesozoic rocks. The
lherzolite contains 45-85% by volume of olivine, 10-35% orthopyroxene, 5-20%
diopside, and 1-6% spinel. These differences in mineralogical composition are
caused by the layered structure of the lherzolite.
The main point of lherzolite work is an understanding of the chemistry of
the lherzolites and particularly the distribution of elements such as nickel
and chromium between the various mineral phases.
Such data can lead to knowledge
of the conditions of equilibration amongst the phases and may enable one, in
comparison with a very great amount of published work, to establish models for
the chemistry of the upper mantle.
Edward Mercy
14
�Dr. J. Mothersill, B.Sc, (Physics) Carleton;
(Geological Engineering) Queen's;
B.Sc.
Ph.D. Queen's .
Background
Exploration Geologist for Standard Oil (N.J.)
Senior Geologist for Mobil International Oil Co.
Exploring for petroleum in Turkey, Nigeria, France
and Colombia.
LIMNOGEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
The bottom topography of the eastern part of the Lake Superior basin consists of a lake-shelf two
to four miles wide and a series of north-south aligned, topographical deeps and highs three to four
miles wide lakeward, which is in marked contrast to the east-northeast and east-southeast trends
of the onshore Precambrian rocks.
The temperature of the bottom sediments is related to waterdepth.
The high pH values of the bottom sediments in Goulais Bay and Batchawana Bay appear to be
caused by the alkaline waters of the Goulais and Batchawana rivers respectively. The pH measurements of the bottom sediments elsewhere in the area of study do not appear to be related to
either water-depth or to the lake-bottom sedimentary types.
The Recent sand deposition is restricted to the lake-shelf and to the offshore topographical high
areas. Based on grain-size analyses the sands of the topographical highs are normally coarsergrained and better sorted than the sands of the adjacent lake-shelf area suggesting stronger
current action offshore.
In addition the sands of these two environments can be differentiated
on the basis of total heavy mineral content as the sands of the topographical highs never contain
more than 3»1 per cent heavy minerals whereas the sands of the lake-shelf area may contain from
4.1 to 26.0 per cent heavy minerals.
The main area of provenance for the sands would appear to
be the rocks along the shoreline and the drainage area of the eastern Lake Superior basin.
The
reason for the relative decrease in the percentage of heavy minerals present along the topographical highs would appear to be that most heavy minerals are unstable in a fresh water environment
and therefore would tend to be chemically decomposed before being transported to the offshore
topographical high areas.
The sands south of Coppermine Point are generally coarser-grained, better sorted and less
positively skewed than the sands north of Coppermine Point regardless of environment of deposition.
This is probably the result of stronger current action along the shallower waters of the topographical highs and lake-shelf area south of Coppermine Point. The occurrence of a thicker sand
sequence in progressively shallower water from north to south across the area of study could be
related to the post-glacial isostatic tilting of the Lake Superior basin to the southwest as the
Michipicoten area has been raised 20 meters relative to the Sault Ste. Marie area since the
Nipissing stage (Farrand, i960 ).
The Recent sediments in the central parts of Batchawana and Goulais Bay and in the offshore
topographical lows consist of coarse silts to coarse clays. These Recent silt-clays form a
consistent sequence of the following three units: an upper thin veneer (< 4 cm. ) of coarse to very
fine-grained dark yellowish brown silt; an intermediate, relatively thin (2-12 cm.), unit consisting of olive gray, fine-grained silt to coarse-grained clay; a lower thick unit of coarse to
very fine-grained, dark yellowish brown silt.
The thickness of this sequence is greatest in the
central parts of the topographical deeps where it is in excess of 180 cm. thick. The mineralogical
composition of the three units is very similar and consists of orthoclase, microcline, quartz,
15
�The difference in colour is probablychlorite, illite and an interbedding of chlorite and illite.
caused by the higher oxidation state of the dark yellowish brown silts.
Varved sediments, probably of Pleistocene age, underlie the Recent sediments in the area of study.
North of Coppermine Point the varved sediments are greenish gray in colour whereas to the south
The mineralogical
of Coppermine Point the varves have been oxidized to pale brown in colour.
composition of the varved sediments consists of orthoclase, microcline, quartz, chlorite, illite,
an interbedding of chlorite and illite, dolomite and calcite. It was noted that there is a
decrease in the percentage of calcite in the varved sediments northward of St. Mary's River.
JOHN
LAKE
S.
MOTHERSILL
SUPERIOR
LIMNOGEOLOGICAL
STUDIES
BASIN.
16
OF THE
EASTERN
PART
OF
THE
�Dr. Henri Loubat
Geological Engineer, PhD., Geneva
Assistant Professor, Lakehead University
Petrology
I became particularly attracted by petrology in 19ol when I found the
opportunity of studying a set of metamorphic rocks from California. These rocks
belonged to the glaucophane-schist and eclogite facies of metamorphism. At that
time, I was fascinated by two problems exhibited by these classic Californian
types: the process of diaphtoresis and the phenomenon of converging facies.
,
The "glaucophane-schist" may be due to a particular regional metamorphism
acting on greywackes and ophiolites; but frequently it results from a retrograde
process of modification from a high degree of metamorphism (amphibolite or
eclogite) toward lower degrees of alteration. Both these glaucophane-bearing
types are to be found, closely associated, in California, and they exemplify very
well the retroinorphosis diaphthoresis) and facies "convergence". It is easy to
realize the interest of the study of those facies, if we know that eclogite
themselves are not always considered as metamorphic rocks....
(
Soon after, receiving a grant from the University of Geneva I studied
briefly greenstones, sediments and serpentines from Cuba. The degree of
alteration of my samples was somewhat discouraging for a sucessful petrographical
and geochemical investigation, but this was a first contact with igneous
submarine rocks.
During the next four years my main petrographic activity was devoted to
surveying the Versoyen region - this area of the Alps is geologically very
attractive. We should know that the Alps are subdivized longitudinally by a major
tectonic thrust plane, the trace of which is called the "Pennic front thrust".
This line runs parallel to the chain, subdivizing it into two equal bands: the
"internal Alps" (toward Italy) and the "external Alps" (toward France and
Switzerland). The former is very rich in ophiolites, strongly metamorphic and
intensely disturbed by the tectonic. The latter is not metamorphic, lacking
ophiolites, and gently folded. The Versoyen, which is located exactly on the
border between France and Italy, is the last ophiolitic area we could find when
leaving the internal Alps going toward France, ’with this marginal location, this
area offers the weakest degree of metamorphism we could have in the Alps for
submarine volcanic rocks.
A study based on field, microscopic and chemical investigations leads to
the following conclusions:
'We have there a well-preserved submarine volcanic complex composed of the piling
of various related units; at the bottom, along with slabs of aplitic granites and
gneiss (fragments of the Alpine basement?), thin layers of serpentinites . Above,
thick lenses of diff erenciated gabbros; still above, a set of sills, inter-bedded
with black schists. At the top, an enormous amount of pillow-lavas. This rather
logical sequence so well known by anglo-saxon geologists, was never recognized
before anywhere in the Alps, although it is quite probable that it is actuall'
omnipresent, but was always disturbed by complex diastrophism.
17
�o
Moreover there was an interesting point about the metamorphism of the
volcanic system: the intensity of metamorphism was steadily decreasing from the
I suggested an eventual
bottom to the top (very weakly metamorphic pillows)
direct relationsnip between the depth of the crustal segment and a kind of
late-magmatic auto alteration (deuteric alteration).
.
These are the reasons why I remain personally interested in the results of
dredging operations, close to any mid-oceanic ridge. If there were some
metamorphic rocks already there, they may well be attributed to some process of
alteration of that kind.
As soon as you are occupied by such questions, generally many other
interesting problems arise. Studying recently, in collaboration with the Bedford
Canadian Oceanic Institute, a set of dredged specimens, I momentarily shift
toward another topic of interest: the origin of the dredged serpentinized ultrabic
fragments. Among many interesting and mysterious facts, we found evidence of an
intense pre-serpentinization cataclasis, probably due to a creeping process at the
base of the crust, and presumably related to the oceanic floor spreading. Many
N. lat. on the Mid Atlantic Ridge are still
metamorphic specimens from
waiting for an investigation; we may say already that they uniformly belong to the
green schist facies only.
It is fascinating to meet, near Thunder Bay, in the heart of the Canadian
Shield, greenstone belts showing perfectly preserved relics of submarine basic
lavas, exactly similar to the one formed very recently. It is extremely promising
to compare their detailed petrological properties, with those recent equivalent
rocks, because we may suppose some kind of difference between now and 3 billion
years ago in the superficial environment and in the relations between continents,
oceanic crust and mantle. In this comparison, as a petrologist, I foresee the
possibility of detecting an evolution of the earth's crust, evolution about which
we do not even have a serious hypothetical model yet. The geology school at
Lakehead has therefore, a wonderful field of investigations for a long and
sucessful future
BONGARD
LESLIE
&
GO.
LTD.
204 ARTHUR ST.
THUNDER BAY (P), ONT.
STOCKBROKERS
BOND DEALERS
MUTUAL FUNDS
TELEPHONE
D. F.
W. N.
S.
J.
BARON
AUBRY
MALINOSKI
M.
SCOTT
344-6618
MGR.
�Dr. James M. Franklin, B.Sc.
(Carleton);
(Carleton);
M.Sc.
Ph.D. (Western) .
Background
Geologist for G.S.C.
Assistant Professor, Lakehead University-
Research
Metallogeny of the Lake Superior Crustal Traverse,
Shebandowan to Pickle Lake
Origin of low temperature silver deposits, Thunder
Bay area
Stratigraphy of the Sibley Group, Thunder Bay
District
Metallogeny, Its Concepts and Uses
Two concepts of metallogenesis are (l) the genesis of a single metal in a variety of geological
environments, and (2) the examination of all mineral deposits within a geologically or geographically defined region.
The "single metal" concept does not facilitate documentation of variations in mode of occurrence
with time, and may preclude comparison or integration of genetic ideas related to one metal with
with those related to another. This concept does, however, allow for complete examination of the
chemistry of concentration of a metal in all geological processes. For example, Gross (1965) in
his study of iron deposits, is able to document the processes operative in concentrating iron
in igneous (iron-titanium deposits associated with Grenville anorthosites), metamorphic (contact
meta somatic deposits of Vancouver Island) and sedimentary (Algoma, Superior and Minette type
deposits) bodies. Such a study contributes much to fundamental geochemistry, but may, in certain
circumstances, be of less significance in deposit exploration. For example, in searching for
copper, the exact nature of the chemical control on deposition of the metal is less important than
the stage of development of a eugeocyncline or facies of cratonic cover sediments affiliated with
copper deposition. Recognition of the appropriate lithofacies associated with a deposit is a
fundamental factor in delineating new areas of exploration.
The second metallogenetic concept involves examination of variations in mineral deposit type within
litho stratigraphic or petrogenetic province. Basically an accurate interpretation of source and time of deposition of mineral deposits is integrated with a regional
tectonic history including geosynclinal and post-orogenic evolution.
Clearly, a prime difficulty
in such a study is. selecting useful co-incident geographic and geologic limits. All lithological
and structural variations in any time—unit should be included within the geographic bounds of the
study.
The area must have adequately outlined mineral deposit genesis, paleogeographic and
tectonic reconstruction.
a time-stratigraphic,
Convenient geologic limits might be set by systemic boundaries and orogenic events. For example,
the Aphebian era is defined at its initiation by the Kenoran orogeny, and at its end by the
Penokean and Hudsonian orogeny. The Helikian era is defined by the latter orogenies at its
inception, but the termination of dominant continental volcanism and sedimentation at its end.
Together these eras include many conventional tectonic elements. The problem is to select an
area in which the complete geosynclinal, mountain building, and continental deposition events
are preserved.
The Lake Superior and Central Labrador areas meet these requirements. A
metallogenic scheme for the former region is outlined in Table 1.
19
�.
.
.
.
Two uses of such a scheme might be found in mineral deposit exploration and research into earlycrustal conditions. For example, the exploration geologist may not have been aware of the
possibility of "breccia-pipe" porpbyrycopper deposits associated with Neohelikian rocks of the
Lake Superior area. Examination of available maps indicates the presence of many crypto-volcanic
features; more deposits of the Tribag type might be found at appropriate structural loci.
Metallogeny might also be useful as an indicator of a specific tectonic stage. For example, if
anomalous concentrations of molybdenum are found only in post-orogenic, "high level" salic
intrusive rocks, then the presence of this metal in certain Archean granite may suggest that
these granites formed much later than the predominant volcanic rocks, 1 in a post-island arc,
continental setting. We may thus investigate the possibility of two igneous events in the
Archean which may have occurred at widely separated times.
Metallogeny of Proterozoic Rocks in the Lake Superior Area
Sedimentary and
Effusive Rock
Tectonic
Stage
Time m.y.
coarse continental
sediments, fine.
lamellar interflow
sediments (after
in situ' weathering of volcanics).
Flood basalt, minor
rhyolite
1000
'
Intrusive
Rock
Structures
minor, alkalic
complexes carbonatite. Major
layered gabbroic
bodies, diabase
sheets
Cratonic faulting and tilting
due to deep
fracturing.
Syngenetic Deposits
a) Cu
in alkali
Multiple Stage Deposits
Source Bed External forces,
for
applied, formation
of deposits
Cu
bodies
b) Cu-Ni in layered
mafic bodies.
c) Cu in basalt.
d) Cu-Mo in breccia
pipes (Tribag)
possibly as gaseous effusions.
tilting allows
updlp migration,
precipitation of
Pb-Zn at
structural trap.
b) Mafic intrusive
sills and dykes
cause remobilization of Ag to
structural loci
formed due to
contemporaneous
cratonic faulta)
ing.
interflow
sediments
c) Cu to
Continental red
bed sedimentation
1350
none
Pb-Zn-Ba
in red
beds
uplift, consequent weathering
granite
granodiorite
pegmatites
Cratonic
1650
Protogeosynclinal
blackshale, iron
formation, minor
basalt, limestone,
greyvacke.
Protobasin
orthoquartzite,
cgl, greyvacke
2100
deformation.
simple folding,
faulting. Metamorphism in
deepest parts
of basin, minor
anatexis.
deeper basin
sediment added
at same rate as
basinal subsidence.
minor
gabbro
(Uranium, Elliot
intermontain
*
basins, shallow Lake)
rapid weathering
transport in
streams
-
2500
NOTE:
Brackets indicate deposits not in region of this study.
1 -
Armbrust, 1969
^ -
James et al.
3
Roscoe, 1969
-
,
Iron
(minor Cu in
gabbro)^
1968
20
Ag in
shale
�Dr. K. Chakraborty, M.Sc.
(Jad»);
Ph.D. (l»I«T.
)
Assistant Professor, Lakehead University
A Statistical Study of Crystal Contacts Across a Segregated
Hornblende Vein in Amphibolite and its Implication
The pattern of spatial distribution of crystals in rocks depends on the energies of crystal
contacts and entropy of distribution.
The stable equilibrium patterns possess minimum distributional free energy. For a linear unidimensional system consisting of equal numbers of A and B
crystals of the same size, the distributional free energy can be expressed as
F =
i
n P( u
M
+ U BB - 2Uab ) + nUAB + nkT [p log
(-gp)
+ (l - p) log(l - p)]
= energy of A-B contact, etc., and p = probability of A having another A as neighbour.
where U
Thus, for given contact energies, the value of p corresponding to the minimum of F would determine
the spatial distribution of crystals in the rocks.
The energies associated with different types of crystal contacts in natural rocks are unknown.
However, if p can be determined, it might be possible to decipher the relative energies of the
crystal contacts. A possible way to determine p is to carefully evaluate the frequencies of
different crystal contacts in a given rock. Frequencies of contacts depend on the preferred
crystal associations as well as on the modal percentage of the minerals and crystal sizes. By
suitable statistical device (Markov Chain) the frequency of crystal contacts only due to preferred
crystal association can be evaluated. Crystal association during crystallization of a rock is
governed by other factors apart from contact energies. Hence evaluation of contact energies
would be plausible where rearrangement of initial crystal association is apparent.
An attempt has been made to evaluate relative energies of hornblende-hornblende, plagioclaseplagioclase and homblende-plagioclase contacts from a specimen of amphibolite (hornblende and
plagioclase together make up more than 90/o by volume). The specimen contains a differentiated
zone consisting of a hornblende vein bordered by a feldspathic aureole.
It has been concluded
elsewhere that the differentiation is later than the crystallization of the amphibolite.
Frequencies of crystal contacts across the differentiated zone are analyzed statistically
employing Markov Chain concept. It is observed that homblende-plagioclase contacts are minimum
The
in the differentiated zone and gradually increase and assume maximum value away from it.
reverse is true for hornblende-hornblende and plagioclase-plagioclase contacts. Thus the
distribution patterns of crystals in the amphibolite away from, adjacent to and within the
differentiated zone are ordered, random and segregated respectively. This suggests that
segregational pattern possesses minimum distributional free energy for this system which is
possible if the mean energy of hornblende-hornblende and plagioclase-plagioclase contacts is
less than the energy of homblende-plagioclase contact.
21
�Analysis of Material Balance in Segregated Bodies
Existence of material balance is one of the most convincing evidences in favour of segregational
origin of the differentiated features like veins or lenses of mineral "concentrates" bordered by
characteristic "aureoles". Analysis of material balance is therefore crucially important and it
cannot be overemphasized that the methods employed for such analysis ought to be reliable as well
as capable of revealing the true state of balance within the differentiated bodies.
By use of spherical and triaxial ellipsoidal models of segregation the reliability of the methods
commonly used for balance analysis are tested. It is demonstrated that none of them can yield
correct results. The reason for this is that these methods do not take the true volume ratio
This volume ratio is an indispensable factor
of the "concentrate" and "aureole" into account.
for correct balance analysis. Accordingly, modified procedures to evaluate the state of balance
are suggested. Determination of the above mentioned volume ratio in natural specimens is
extremely difficult and imposes severe restrictions on the scope of balance analysis.
The state of balance across a hornblende vein surrounded by a feldspathic aureole has been determined by the suggested method as well as by one of the existing methods for a comparative
evaluation of their reliabilities. The results obtained by the suggested methods show that
material balance exists, thus indicating the segregational origin of the vein. This agrees well
with the conclusion derived from mineralogical and chemical evidences. But, as predicted from the
model studies, the existing method shows a lack of material balance across the vein.
GRADUATE TO FALCONBRIDGE
Geologists, Geophysicists, Geochemists, Mineralogists
Mining
SEVEN KING STREET EAST,
TORONTO 210, CANADA
and
Electronic
Technologists
FALCONBRIDGE NICKEL MINES LIMITED
23 TOMLINSON BLOCK
sa n. Cumberland st. -thunder bay. ont.
22
�Mr. R. Bennett. Honours Practical Geology,
Heriot Watt College. Edinburgh, Scotland
.
Background
:
Chief Laboratory Technician, 1936-1967
The Grant Institute of Geology,
University of Edinburgh.
Researching many kinds of technical
approaches to Ph.D. studies.
Presently, Chief Laboratory Technician,
Lakehead University.
Thin Section Making with the Aid of
Araldite Epoxy Resin.
Araldite Epoxy (Resin 502, Hardener 956)has the ability to penetrate into the cracks and
cleavage planes of minerals and it will bond efficiently the angular particles of semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks, as well as recent sediments and soil samples.
The adhesive properties
of the Resin are such that it can be used as a mounting media, where such thermo-plastics as
"Lakeside 70" cannot be used or are not advisable due to the re-arrangement or twisting of the
surface to be mounted.
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
The following are some of the ways in which Araldite Resin was used in making thin sections
of serpentinites from the Atlantic Ridge of the Azores.
These rocks were very fragile and had
a coating of manganese over the whole or part of the sample.
The Preparation for the thin section:
Due to the fragmental nature of the sample, it was necessary to bond a part of it even
before attempting to cut it.
This is done by mixing Araldite Resin ( 10 parts of resin to
The SDecimens to be cut
2 parts hardener, by volume) in a thin-walled pliable polythene jar.
are placed in an oven set at 60 degree Centigrade until the surface is hot to the touch.
Remove from the oven and immerse the portion of the rock to be sectioned in the resin.
Return the polythene jar with the specimen to a vacuum oven and impregnate the sample.
When
the oven chamber starts to evacuate, the resin will start to froth.
This frothing is controlled
by periodical closing of the vacuum and slowly allowing the air to force the resin into the sample's
surface.
Repeat this procedure until it becomes apparent that there is sufficient penetration
of the resin into the surface of the sample, so that when cold, it can be cut without breaking.
The Cutting:
Remove the sample from its container.
A surrounding mass of excess resin is beneficial,
as it will preserve the outside edges of the sample.
If
Clamp the unimpregnated part in the cutting machine and cut off the required part.
the specimen is holding together, then cut a second slab for future work.
Wash the cut-off
part and examine it under the microscope.
Ensure that the surface cracks have been impregnated
and if not, dry the slab and return it to the oven to complete drying and warming of the surface
for coating with a fresh mix of resin.
If the slab is used, it may suffice to place it on the
plate to warm for surface coating.
Surface coat the slab with resin, impregnating it as before
if it was on the hot plate or in the oven.
Allow it to set, strip off any unwanted resin with
a razor blade while the slab is still hot, to save unnecessary grinding.
23
�:
When the sample is cold, trim to the size of a sli'de and grind to a very fine mounting
surface, using either coated carborundum paper (400, then 600 grit) or a glass plate with the
Wash the sample and ensure that the required surface is whole (not
same abrasive and water.
pitted) and even.
The Mounting:
Use the former if the surface
This can be done using Lakeside 70 or Araldite resin.
likely to twist and buckle when re-heated, which would cause an uneven mount.
If the resin is used as a mounting media,
The latter should be used if this is apt to happen.
press them
apply a small amount to each surface (the glass slide and the sample surface)
This
together to remove all the air and allow it to set at room temperature for 24 hours.
will allow the resin to set sufficiently for grinding.
is hard and not
,
The Thin Section:
Cut or grind the sample down to the first stage of transparency, using either
bonded wheel or the carborundum method.
It is now that
the silicates and the
to hand grind the now
desired, taking great
a
diamond
Due to the differences in structure of
the bonding shows its effect.
manganese crust to transmit ordinary light, it is therefore beneficial
thin section to completion on a glass plate with 600 grit or finer if
care to retain the complete surface area.
Having completed this stage to the required thickness, wash the section and dry it with
If the latter is used, trim the
tissue;
then remove the surplus Lakeside or Araldite.
outer edges leaving a small border around the section edge, but do not attempt to remove all
Clean
the Araldite from the thin section as this will result in the destruction of the sample.
Clean and cover a covering
the surrounding slide with a solvent such as chloroform or acetone.
slip with a reasonable amount of Canada Balsam, warm it on the hot plate until the Balsam flows
outward over the cover-slip, and in the meantime warm the surface of the thin section.
Do this
by holding it over the hotplate without touching it, and then laying the two surfaces together.
Remove the covered section from the hotplate, then carefully press down the cover-slip to remove
all the air.
Clean off the surplus Balsam with acetone and finally with chloroform.
a
If the thin section is too fragile to use heated Balsam, use Permount and allow to dry
This takes longer, but it helps to retain the structure of the section.
at room temperature.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
The thin sectioning of sedimentary rocks such as sandstones, sandy shales, clay shales,
etc. can be difficult when their natural cementing media is a carbonate or some other material
(with the exception of silica).
It is therefore necessary to impregnate the rock with a
material that will act as a bonding substance to retain the grains and structure of the rock
in original form.
If the rock matrix is a carbonate, either calcite or dolomite, the action of the cutting
blade will tear away the carbonate, leaving many loose grains, and the stages of grinding prior
to mounting on the slide will have a similar effect, though not so harsh.
If the fine-ground
slab is washed down and dried, then examined under a binocular microscope, it will be observed
that the cleavage- planes of the carbonate have been irritated and are apt to be loose.
Therefore, when the slide mounting media is applied to the section slab, and the slide placed in
position, a gritty feeling will be observed.
The result is a thin section full of holes, due
to the fact that all the grain surfaces were not on an even plane.
If the same sandstone were impregnated with Araldite Epoxy Resin, all the grains as
well as the cleavage planes of the carbonate would be bonded together to create a solid
interior which can be thin-sectioned without any difficulty.
The same technique may be
applied to sandy shales and the fine laminations of shales.
Method
Cut the rock with a diamond blade to a thickness of no less than one quarter of an
Dry the slab and place it on
inch, as this will give a sufficient depth with which to work.
a Teflon plate (Use Teflon because of its self- lubricating properties as well as its high
melting point) and put the unit in a vacuum oven and bring it to 60 degrees Centigrade.
24
�;
:
Mix a small batch of Araldite Resin (such as 20 ml. of resin to 4 ml. of hardener),
Remove the Teflon
stir it well and leave it standing until the mass of air bubbles is out.
plate and the slab from the oven and quickly apply a surface coat of the resin to the slab,
When the resin has stopped frothing,
and then return it to the oven and re-evacuate the air.
The inrush of air will force the resin
close the vacuum valve and slowly open the air vent.
Leave the unit in the oven to cure for two hours and then allow it to cool to
into the slab.
Remove the slab from the Teflon plate and cut it to the size required for
room temoerature.
The grinding for mounting is the same as for a hard rock section.
thin section.
The mounting media should be Lakeside 70 and the sectioning is the same as before with
The covering
the exception that the sandstone can be machined thinner, saving hand grinding.
is the same as before.
THE IMPREGNATION OF RECENT SEDIMENTS
by
a
The following report is on the technical procedure of making
micro-polished surface of a recent fine grained sediment.
a
thin section followed
The sediments which are wet when collected in core form are cut along their length to
The selected parts are removed and dried out slowly to
expose the variation in deposition.
prevent excessive shrinkage and to minimize the number of cracks.
Stage
I
This is done on
The first stage is to grind a flat surface of the selected sample.
dry abrasive paper of 400 grit, and then on 600 grit until the surface is flat, blowing off
any excess with a compressed air jet.
Stage
1 1
The impregnation media is Araldite Epoxy (Resin 502 Hardener 956) (a mixture of 10 parts
Teflon should be used for the mould, as it is a self- lubricating
resin to two parts hardener).
plastic which does not require any releasing agents.
It is convenient to have circular rings
of varying depths and diameters - these rings are placed on a Teflon plate (one quarter of an
inch thick) to prevent bending.
The ring is held in place on the plate with a thin layer of
silicon grease, which prevents leakage from the mould.
Place the sample in the mould, prepare
the resin and let is stand to allow any excess air to come to the surface.
Wet the surface of
the specimen with Methyl Ethyl Ketone, (a resin thinner which invades finer layers, allowing the
resin to better impregnate the sample).
Pour the resin into the mould so that it just covers the sample, and then put the unit
in the vacuum oven and start to evacuate the chamber.
At 15 pounds pressure, the resin will
start to froth.
Do not allow it to overflow the mould, and to prevent this close the vacuum
control valve and slowly open the vent.
The inrush of air will start the impregnation of the
sample, a repetition of this process should be done until there is no bubbling under the vacuum.
Close the vacuum control, switch off the pump and open the vent slowly.
When the vacuum is
released, set the oven heater at 60 degrees Centigrade and allow it to cure for two or more hours.
Remove the unit from the oven and allow it to cool.
Separate the ring from the Teflon
plate and press out the sample.
The method of preparation for thin section is similar to that
of a sedimentary rock, with several exceptions.
The surface to be mounted on the slide must be
on an even plane with the surrounding resin so that there is no relief between the two.
The
only way to obtain a flat even surface, if the sediment does not fine grind flat, is by repeated
surface impregnation, and careful fine grinding.
Use a fresh mix of resin as a mounting cement.
Apply a little to the slide and to
the fine surface of the sample and press them together.
Leave it to set for at least 24 hours.
The now thin section is ground to its proper thickness, after machining as before, on a wet
glass plate using 1000 Carborundum, clean and cover with thinned Balsam or Permount.
The Polished Surface
is
The preparation is the same as for the thin section, with the exception that the sample
moulded in a bakelite ring especially made for the DUrner Polishing Machine.
The most important part of this technique is to obtain a hardened flat surface prior
To obtain this surface, it is necessary to carefully dry grind the
to mechanical polishing.
specimen on fine abrasive paper, with frequent examination under the binocular microscope, to
25
�: :
ensure that a complete mineral surface is present - not one with a microlayer of resin over it.
When this is done, and the edges of the mould have been bevelled, it is now ready for the
polishing laps.
Lap
I
After switching on the
The first polishing is done with 6 micron diamond powder.
An even smear of mineral oil,
lapping machine, clean the lap with acetone and a tissue.
"liquid paraffin" is apolied to the lap, and a small "finger tip" of a 6 micron-diamond is
run over the lap.
The time for the first stage varies as to
Stop the lap and fit tne specimens to it.
Otherwise, if the lap is
the texture of the specimen, so it is decided by trial and error.
running well, one hour should suffice before the first microscopic examination.
As the particles of the metallic oxides and sulphides are very small it is advisable
If the pits are
to use medium to high magnification to get a fair reading on the surfaces.
still present, clean the lap, recharge and rotate for a further hour.
Lap II:
Repeat the same process for the second grade of diamond (l-3 micron) to get more
Here the surface should really show a polish, with small polishing scratches
definite results.
on the ore particles.
Lap III:
The final polish is done with 0-2 micron diamond and a small amount of oil, enough only
to lubricate the lap and avoid "snatching" and ejection off the lap.
When the surface is finished, clean it and store in a dry container to prevent moisture
affecting the fine sulphides and thus spoiling the surface.
I
llustrations
A.
Microphotograph:
B.
Thin section plain light 2.5X
M n bed.
showing (a)
(b)
Microphotograph:
Polished Section plain light 40X
Grainy Pyrite.
Fe bed.
26
�TECHNICAL & SECRETARIAL
STAFF
27
�—
The
late
played a
Hugh M. Roberts
vital
part
—
the great
American Geologist whose faith and knowledge
the Steep Rock Iron Range, said
the development of
in
,
"THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY IS ONE ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE BEING LOCALIZED.
WE ENDEAVOUR BY MEANS OF THIS SCIENCE TO REACH OUT BY OBSERVING
AND INTERPRETING OUR SURROUNDINGS. WE LIVE IN THE MIDST OF TWO
INFINITIES, ONE THAT REACHES INTO THE DEPTHS OF A MICROSCOPIC CRYSTAL,
THE OTHER WE BEHOLD IN A MOUNTAIN RANGE AND IN THE IMMEASURABLE
"
DEPTHS OF THE STARRY HEAVENS
WE WISH THE LAKEHEAD
UNIVERSITY GEOLOGY
CLUB EVERY SUCCESS
STEEP ROCK IRON MINES, LTD.
ATIKOKAN - ONTARIO
The
Mining
Patino
an expanding mining
with
We may
be
and exploration company
world - wide interests
able
7 King
Corporation
to
provide
the
career
Street East, Toronto
CANADA
28
you
want
�AFTER A WHILE IT ALL BEGINS
TO LOOK THE SAME.
II
�All the comforts of home -
Thax-'s what I call a good
cup of coffee]]
And when I strike oil, wnat
do I do then]
Okay, what else do we need
besides cigarettes and
crackers
oh-oh, we
forgot the toilet paper]
—
Uh - sir, we forgot the pilot
at the airport
—
30
�31
��II
�Modern mining exploration requires more
than a pick and a pan
Cominco
offers world markets an increasingly diversified product
range which requires the successful development of new sources
of metals and industrial minerals. Extensive and aggressive
is required to meet future needs and replace the ore
which Cominco is currently mining at approximately seven million
tons each year. To accomplish this Cominco spends several
exploration
million dollars annually
in
exploration programs
in
Canada, the
United States and overseas.
ENplorabion
34
TCommco
�dij
\
:
*
^
Jflj
1IS 1
l+'ld'&jfi
fat T'
:*T3
�Roy Shegelski
Experience: Economic Geology
Limnology - 1969-70
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY AND Fe/Mn BEARING BEDS OF THE SEDIMENTS OF THUNDER
BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR
R.
Shegelski
J.
In the summer of 1970, a reconnaissance survey was done of the bottom sediments of Thunder
Bay.
This was generally done with a Boston Whaler using a Phleger corer and a Ponar grab sampler
and 147 sample points were done in this manner.
Three sonar traverses were also made in the Bay.
Samples were brought back to the laboratory for analysis. Cores were split and lithologies
were recorded.
Samples from cores were analysed by x-ray diffractometer, thin and polished
sections were made of various parts and certain layers were analysed for iron and manganese.
Results of analyses indicate that the sediments in Thunder Bay can be divided into five
categories.
Varved Clay.
Weathered Varved Clay.
Intermediate Clay.
Upper
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Deltaic Sediment.
Upper Trough Sediment. Through correlation of the cores and sonar runs,
(5)
the stratigraphy has been established as such.
The Varved Clay is the oldest, the Weathered
and Intermediate Clays are the second oldest and the Upper Sediments are the youngest and overlies the previous types.
An areal distribution is shown in the accompanying map.
Results of the iron and manganese analyses indicate that the Upper Sediments contain
anomalously high concentrations of iron and manganese.
It has been proposed that upward
migration of connate waters rich in iron and manganese has produced highly concentrated
layers of iron and manganese near the top of the Upper Sediments.
The proposed mechanisms of
concentration are precipitation, burial subsequent resolution and upward migration causing
redeposition at an appropriate Eh, (pH) interface.
AND
CONGRATULATIONS
to
the
M. W. Bartley
BEST WISHES
Graduates
&
Associates Ltd.
Geologists
204
Toronto - Dominion Bank Bldg.
Thunder Bay, Ontario
36
��Copper and Molybdenum
Distribution in the Soils
of the Gavin Lake
Copper-Molybdenum Property,
British Columbia
By Peter J. Vanstone
The Gavin Lake property is
located in south central British
Columbia, about 25 miles east of
McLeese Lake. The property lies on the
eastern side of the Quesnel Trough,
which is a trough of Mesozoic strata
flanked by older Paleozoic and
Proterozoic strata.
Geologically, the property
consists of two main rock groups:
volcanic rocks, which include
sediments of volcanic derivation, and
porphyritic quartz monzonite. The
volcanic sediments cover most of the
property, with the volcanic flows
occurring as a strip across one end of
the property. Intruding into all these
rocks is a dyke swarm of quartz
monzonite porphyry.
During the last field season a
detailed geochemical survey was
carried out on the property. The
results of these samples were treated
statistically to distinguish between
the background samples and the
anomalous samples. The anomalous
copper and molybdenum areas were then
outlined. These areas were of three
types: high Mo-high Cu, high Mo-low Cu
and high Cu-low Mo.
Later in the summer a number of
soil profiles were taken across one of
each type of anomalous area. Using
atomic absorption, these samples were
analyzed for total Cu and total Mo. A
number of the samples were also
selected for partial analysis using
S.D.T.A., as an aid in distinguishing
between significant and non-significant
anomalous areas.
The copper and molybdenum values
for the entire property were treated
statistically to determine what effect
topography had on their distribution.
The results of treatment showed lower
mean and standard deviation values for
the hilltops than for the valley
bottoms. The values for the valley
slopes were intermediate between the
hilltops and the valley bottoms.
Taking into account the pH of the soil, the soil type, the underlying rock
type, the topographic location' and the copper and molybdenum distribution
revealed by the soil profiles, a criterion was formed to distinguish between
significant and non-significant anomalous areas.
38
�THE STRUCTURE, STRATIGRAPHY AND PETROLOGY OF THE
NORTH END OF THE ABITIBI BLOCK 7, STURGEON LAKE,
ONTARIO
Lou Covello
The Sturgeon Lake greenstone belt is typical of the rhyolite-andesite-basalt
assemblage of Archean metavolcanic rocks in the Canadian Shield.
It consists of thick
volcano-sedimentary pile, broadly symformal in morphology with a central outcropping of
infolded coarse, poorly sorted metasediments flanked to the north and south by the main
metavolcanic sequence. The entire greenstone belt is engulfed in a gneissic basement
complex and intruded by numerous late Archean granitic plutons.
The north end of Abitibi Block 7 comprises a sequence of felsic and intermediate
metavolcanics lying on the south side of the greenstone belt. Detailed mapping of this
area has revealed the lithology to have a uniform east-west strike and near vertical dip.
Individual rock units are essentially lens-like and relatively undeformed. Metamorphism
is of greenschist facies, the common mineral assemblage being quartz, albite, carbonate
± chlorite, ± epidote, ± muscovite, ± chloritoid.
Rhyolitic and rhyo-dacitic rocks tend to be pyroclastic in origin, while more
mafic members often occur as pillow lavas, or vesicular and massive flows with minor
pyroclastic and ash-flow type interbeds.
PAST EXPERIENCE:
2
summers with Ontario Department of Mines in Timmins and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
2
summers with Anaconda out of the Lakehead.
1
winter with Planet Mining of Sydney, Australia in North Queensland and Victoria.
1
summer with Noranda Exploration in Northwestern Quebec.
1
year with Mattagami Lake Mines, Sturgeon Lake, Ontario.
39
�GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY AND TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION
OF THE SEDIMENTS OF BLACK BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR
R. D.
Middaugh
During the late summer of 1970 a reconnaisance survey of the bottom sediments of
Black Bay was carried out. The sampling was done from a Boston Whaler using a Phleger
gravity corer and a Ponar grab sampler. Unfortunately, due to weather conditions only
32 stations were completed.
Samples, on being brought to the laboratory underwent various analysis. Grain
size analysis were done using sieve and pipette methods. The Ph and Eh were recorded
at the top and at various depths along the length of the core.
The cores were split
and logged and samples were taken at various intervals of x-ray diffractometer analysis
and for trace element analysis using the Atomic Absorption unit.
The trace elements
analysed for were Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni.
Results of the x-ray diffractometer analysis indicate that there are three units
present.
Glacially derived clay, 2) post glacial intermediate clay, 3) upper
1)
recent sediments. These units are conformable in the deeper parts of the bay but
exhibit erosional contacts near the more shallow margins.
The geochemical data indicate that the trace element concentrations are independent of grain size.
The data would also seem to indicate that the trace element
concentrations are fairly uniform and show no anomalous values either vertically or
horizontally relative to the lithology of the sediments of Black Bay.
EXPERIENCE
:
Summer 1968 - General mapping and core logging in the Papaskwasati Basin
and the Otish Mountains in North Central Quebec.
Spring 1969, 70, 71 - Limnological studies of Lake Superior under J.
Mothersill and Canada Centre for Inland Waters.
40
S.
�.
.
Experience: Ontario Department of Mines
Ontario Department of Mines
Projex Ltd. - 1970
-
I
-
196-9
968
AMPHIBOLES AND PYROXENES FROM THE SYENTITIC ROCKS
OF COLDWELL ALKALINE COMPLEX, THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO
M.
C.
Lee
Amphiboles and pyroxenes are separated from the rock specimens which are syenites
and nepheline syenites from the Coldwell Alakaline Complex.
The amphiboles and pyroxenes are determined by both optical and x-ray powder methods.
The 2V angles, extinction angles and refractive indexes (a,
3, y>) are determined
for these specimens.
The pyroxenes are found to be soda augite, aegirine-augite and augite.
Zoning is observed; there is an enrichment in aegirine content towards the rim of the crystals.
The amphiboles determined by the optical studies are proved to be ferrohastingsite,
hastingsite, and also some riebeckite. Zoning is also observed; the iron content increases
from the center towards the rim of the crystals.
Optical determination is a much better method than that of x-ray for these minerals.
X-ray determination is a failure for the pyroxenes and amphiboles.
It is due to the fact that
the cell parameters of diposide is very similar to those of aegirine and augite.
The same
factor affects the x-ray determination of amphiboles; the cell parameters of riebeckite is
very similar to those of ferrohastingste and arfverdsonite
The course of crystallization of these pyroxenes seems to be:- soda augite ->
aegirine-augite -> Aegirine. According to Aoki (1954) as well as Yaki (1966), crystallization
in the mentioned trend takes place under low temperature and high oxygen partial pressure
conditions. When the crystallization trend is moving towards the aegirine-rich members,
the temperature is decreasing gradually and the oxygen partial pressure is increasing
simultaneously
From the analytical results; the sequence; - Ferrohastingsite - Arfvedsonite is
suspected to be continuous. Formerly, both riebeckite and arfredsonite are suspected to be
the final end product.
The presence of riebeckite in some rock specimens of Coldwell Complex
has shown that riebeckite is the final end member of the series.
41
�AilAA>
COMPANY
• MULTINATIONAL MINING
• FACING
"If
TOMORROWS CHALLENGES
The mining industry faces serious challenges
in the coming decades in meeting its basic
youngfolkstoday are looking
CAREERS WITH A
CHALLENGE — with social
for
—-
responsibility
to their
RESPONSIBILITIES and
GATIONS
with service
—
fellowmen
itsOBLI-
fulfilling
to protect environmental values.
The very foundation of the standards that all
PEOPLE seek to achieve is based on a growing and adequate supply of MINERALS.
they
need not look further (than
the mining industry)."
K MacGregor
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
American Metal Climax. Inc
I
AMAX
activities include the exploration,
development, mining, smelting, refining and
processing of nearly half the metals
in
the
periodic tables.
Group
IA
1
1
A
NIB
VB
IV.B
VIB
VlIB
IMA
IIB
IB
VIII
IVA
1
H
Hydrogen
00797
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m
6 939
11
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l
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4
5
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6
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B
C
Beryllium
9 0122
Boron
CaAon
10 811
12 0i» '5
12
13
I
2
Mg
Sodium
Magnesium
22 9898
24 312
;
14
,
I
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S.i.con
28 086
-
19
1 20
i
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1
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R©»9*Viim
39 102
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Scandium
Calcium'
40 08
37
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38
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47 90
39
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40
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Rubidium
55
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56
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8
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l
132 905
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8
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88
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1227)
l
18
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51
41
I
Nb
Niobium
92 906
57-71
72
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H»fr»urn
89
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1
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j;
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(227)
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137 34
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44 956
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74
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43
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Techne-
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180 948
91
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(231)
T.mgsier
l
75
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2
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9
92
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Uranium
2
EXPLORATION,
F©
It
65847
l
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44
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93
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48
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3*8
l
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29
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83 54
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TeT 47
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AS
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76
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2
94
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3
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22
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9
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2
(242)
INC.
A SUBSIDIARY OF AMERICAN METAL CLIMAX, INC.
i
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190 2
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95
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195 09
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96
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25
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(245)
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11240
--RaMadmn.
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Neplunium
(237)
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58 9332
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102
13
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27
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186 2
183 85
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1
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95 94
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54 9380
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in
TORONTO, KIRKLAND LAKE, TIMMINS,
WINNIPEG, KAMLOOPS, VANCOUVER
42
��:
3 rd
::
YEAR
Patrick Fung
Interests:
Geochemistry
Experience
Ontario Department
of Mines - Mapping
Research Assistant
at Lakehead
University
t
Allan Chan
Interests'
Ore deposits
Experience:
Mapping, geophysics,
geochemistry, claim
staking with
Falconbridge Nickel
Mines, Ltd.
Ed Grootenboer
Interests:
Exploration Geology
Experience
Seven years employed
in all phases of
exploration geology
Brent Paske
Interests:
Structural Geology
Experience
2 years mapping with
the Ontario Department
of Mines
Joe Kasarda
Interests;
Mapping and Structural
Geology
Experience:
Ontario Department of
Mines 1969
Conwest Exploration
Co. Ltd. 1970
John F. Scott
Interests:
Mineralogy, Petrology
Experience
Varied, in North
Western Ontario
44
�::
:
::
2nd YEAR
George Einar son
Interests:
Geochemistry
Experience
Engineering surveys with the Department of Highways
Ron Green
Interests:
Economic Geology
Experience
Recent transfer from Chemical
Engineering - no field w oi k
in Geology as yet
Bob Kyryluk
Interests:
Geophysics, music
Experience:
Prospecting in British Columbia
Stuart McEwen
Interests
Exploration Geology
Experience
Griffith Mine, Red Lake — summers
of 1969-70
Rich Niels
Interests
Geological Mapping, Geology field trips. Photography,
Skiing, Fencing, Jude
I
Experience
Geological Mapping with the Ontario Department of
Mines - summers of 1 965—"70
45
�:
Allan Speed
Interests:
Passing Geology
Experience:
1917 - Gieat Lakes Nickel
l9bS - Great Lakes Nickel
Brian Nieminen
Interests:
Structural Geology
Experience:
2 summers at Ontario Water
Resources Commission Chem labs
- water testing
Les Tihor
Interests:
Prospecting, Photography
Experience:
1967 - Noranda Explorations
1908 - Falconbridge Nickel Mines
1969 - Noranda Explorations
1970 - Falconbridge Nickel Mines
Paul Strandberg
Interests:
Exploration Geophysics
and Petrology
Experience!
Ontario Department of
Mines Geophysical
Party - summer 1970
Juris Zdanovskis
Interests:
Prospecting, Hunting and fishing,
Photography
Experience:
Noranda Mines - summers of 1 966-69
Falconbridge - 1970
Gord Trimble
Interests:
Economic and Mineralogical Geologj
Experience
Worked with Falconbridge on recent New Brunswick
ore find - summer of 1970
46
��Mr. George Einarson, second year Geology Major student, has been awarded a
J.P. Bickell Foundation Scholarship valued at 1,500 dollars. This award is made on
the basis of five A grades in first year studies and is paid over a three year
period, providing a sufficient average is maintained. Mr. Einarson was born in
Winnipeg but moved to Thunder Bay in 1955 with his family. He attended Westgate
Collegiate and Churchill High Schools, and continued directly on to studies in the
Geology program at Lakehead University. He becomes the second student majoring in
Geology to receive a Bickell Scholarship. Mr. Patrick Fung, now a third year
student was awarded his scholarship in the Fall of 1969.
noranda
Noranda Exploration Company Limited
no personal
liability
Branch Office
253
Lincoln St.
Thunder Bay
48
�49
�You may never have a community named after you,
but you might make one happen.
The modern-day
given him three
hero. Today,
geologist.
it's
would have
called him
they call him
explorer. Years ago, they
ships, a Godspefed,
a helicopter.
Modern-day
And
explorer.
and
today,
And, possibly hero.
ment
of that
first
discovery. Inco can
munity happen. But Inco cannot do
Inco.
The
International Nickel
name for career. A
rewarding,
make
it
this
com-
without you.
Company. Another
fulfilling career.
It
could
one day he may set down his modern-day ship
upon a wilderness. And, on that day, he just may find
an ore body. And a community will be born. A com-
be yours. For further information on employment op-
munity with opportunity for developers, processors,
44,
For
designers and more. Opportunity that will be fulfilled
without
sacrificing the natural
beauty and environ-
portunities with Inco, please write the Supervisor of
Recruiting and Employment, International Nickel, Box
Toronto Dominion Centre, Toronto 111.
You may never have a community named
but you might make one happen.
INTERNATIONAL NICKEL
THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED
ADS-2-71
iCOCKFIELD,
1-4565
BROWN & COMPANY
LIMITED /TORONTO
50
after
you,
��52
�.
ei>4
Dr E. H.
Chown
Do vole University,
Montreal
Topic: "The Geology of the Otish Mountains,
Central Quebec".
Dr J. Tuzo Wilson
Principal of Erindale College and Professor of Geophysics at the University
of Toronto
Topic: "Continental Drift and Plate
Tectonics"
Dr E. Irving
Earth Physics Branch
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources
Topic: " The Origin of Marine Magnetic
Anomalies"
Dr M. M. Kehlenbeck
Queen's University
As of July 1st, 1971, Assistant Professor of Geology, Lakehead University
Topic: "Deformation and Recrystallization Textures in the Pipmuacan
Anorthosite, Quebec".
Patrick W. G. Brock
Visiting Professor, Queen's College of City
University of New York
Topic: "Precambrian Shield in East Africa: structural
age relationships of intrusive and metesomatic
alkaline rocks.
Geomorphological studies of Fast
African Rift Valleys".
53
�Dr, R. H. Ridler, Ph.D.
,
University of Wisconsin
Two years post-doctoral study, University of Western
Ontario,
Presently, Research Scientist, Geological Survey of
Canada,
Five summers with the Ontario Department of Mines,
Research
Archaean volcanic stratigraphy and mettallogeny, in
particular exhalite and gold.
Gold Metallogeny and the Geological Cycle in the Archaean Abstract
Archaean geology is characterized by polycyclic assemblages of related plutonic, volcanic and
sedimentary rocks representing the de-sialification of the proto-mantle. The ideal cycle
comprises, from oldest to youngest, a mafic volcanic plate accompanied by mafic intrusives; a
felsic volcanic pile accompanied by felsic intrusives; and annuli of volcanigenic sediments.
Folding may precede or follow a cycle or, rarely, intervene between members of a cycle. Regional
deformation and metamorphism conclude the Archaean; stabilization, uplift and brittle failure
follow.
Intrusive, volcanic and sedimentary phases of a cycle have accompanying syngenetic gold mineralization.
Both clastic and chemical sedimentary deposits are known. Volcanigenic chemical
sediments (exhalites) are particularly favourable.
Exhalites have traditionally been classified into oxide, carbonate, sulfide and silicate facies
to which arsenide, sulfate, and halide should be added. A further subdivision into sub facies based
on cation population is proposed, e.g. (Fe/Cu/Zn/Ag/Pb/(Au?)
sulfide. Sampling of diverse
)
species of exhalite at the south margin of the Abitibi Basin indicates a close affinity of gold
and sulfur.
Ductile and brittle deformation and metamorphism have recrystallized and remobilized the gold
anomalies to varying degrees. Complex gold-quartz vein histories are a common result but
migration of gold is restricted to a few tens of feet or less.
CLIFFS
CANADA
OF
Active
Mine
Exploration and
Management
Property
204
in
LIMITED
in
Submissions
Canada
Invited
Toronto - Dominion Bank
Thunder Bay , Ontario
54
Bldg.
�O'*
We
are interested
in
receiving submissions
on properties of merit
for
examination and
possible
option
in
Canada or elsewhere
SUITE 1309-7 KING STREET EAST
TORONTO
I,
CANADA
55
LIMITED
�Report on First Year Field Trips
by
Eric Brown and Dave Powers
Under the supervision of Dr. Mercy, Dr. Mothersill and Dr. Franklin, we first year Geology
students proceeded on two field excursions. The first involved a three-fold purpose: one, to
acquaint us with the unconformable nature of the Sibley Archean contact, and the paraconformable
nature of the Sibley-Rove contact; two, to observe bedding, ripple marks, a sedimentary sequence
of chert, mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate; three, to view some diabase sheets which cut
across the bedding. On the second field trip we proceeded to Pardee Township and Pigeon River to
observe cuestas, dykes and concretions in the Rove shale. This trip also took us to the exploratory site of Great Lakes Nickel Company.
Our first stop on the Sibley group field trip was at the site of the Wolf River. Here the professors pointed out to us the sequence of varved clays in the sedimentary bedding through which the
Wolf River has cut. The next stop, at a gravel pit near Kama Bay hill, served somewhat the same
purpose - to illustrate the bedding and distribution of grain sizes. At Kama Hill a number of
geomorphological features were pointed out to us. They included the following: a large anticlinal
fold; interbedded mudstone and sandstone;
small lenticular or discontinuous diabase sills; a
chert horizon, with fine lamination of interbedded carbonate and anthraxolite
massive mudstone;
purple shale; and a thick diabase cap rock.
;
After these observations we moved on to scrutinize a deposit of red sedimentary rocks that had been
intruded by a diabase sill. This sill had penetrated down through the sedimentary rocks into the
Archean basement. We made our next stop in the region around Red Rock, and saw several outcrops
of Sibley rocks, followed by a region of granite outcrops.
The next point of interest was a
quarry composed of black Rove shale overlying a Gunflint formation. Embedded within the Rove
shale were large, irregular carbonate concretions, possibly of organic origin.
The final stop of
this trip brought us to an exposed basal unit of the Sibley group which is comprised of polymictic
conglomerates. Here also was exhibited a well-defined contact zone between the conglomerate and
sandstone.
On the second field trip we headed south to the United States border. A range of eroded mountains
known as the "Norwesters", which includes Mount MacKay, follows the east side of the highway. The
cuestas are composed of black shale (Rove formation) with a diabase cap. As we proceeded southward,
the topography changed to one of more rugged relief which is related to the bedrock geological
changes.
The Great Lakes Nickel Company exploration project was the first stop on this trip. Our group
climbed up to the adit, which was constructed by the company into the sulphide zone, to investigate
the rocks in and near the adit. After stripping the adit of most of the available chalcopyrite
outcrops, we returned to the bus. On our next stop at the Middle Falls Campground on the Pigeon
River, we were mainly concerned with the diabase dyke which cut across the region and gave rise to
the falls. The dyke crossed the highway to where it cut into a Rove shale formation; the contact
zone between the dyke and the shale was closely observed. Also, the same carbonate mineral
concretions evident at the Rove shale quarry mentioned before were evident here.
Our last stop was at the end of Memory Lookout Road. At the lookout it was pointed out that we
were standing on a dyke which could be visually followed (intermittently) to the south, as it
stands up above the surrounding country rock in that area. Two other dykes could also be observed
which ran parallel to the dyke on which we were standing.
The significance of these field trips was not fully realized until such time in the academic year
when some of the processes involved in the formation of these geomorphological features were
comprehended.
56
��Report on Field Trip to Study Soifie Features
of the Coldwell Alkali Complex
1
Sept. Sth-llth, 1970
by Pat Fung
Party: Director: Dr. H. Loubat
Members: 3rd year students, Lakehead University
A. Chan, P. Fung, J. Kasarda, B. Paske, J. Scott
Our field trip was intended to study some interesting features of tte
Coldwell Alkali complex. The main stops we made, together with a general
geological map of the area, are given in the map below.
This complex was intruded into the Archean Greenstone belt in Keeweenawan time (+1065 m.y. to
1225 m.y.). At stop 4 the gabbro of the complex comes into gradual contact with the impure arkose
of the Greenstone belt, forming a contact metamorphic aureole of gneiss. At some places lenses and
veins of quartz, aplite and calcite, with pockets of syenite were found in the gabbro; and in some
outcrops, magmatic bandings in the gabbro were seen.
These features indicate an intrusion of a
mainly gabbroic magma with local varieties and perhaps a later intrusion of syenite. The contact
at stop 9 was much simpler. Walking east we passed from highly metamorphosed (granulite facies?)
we ll-bedded claystone, through lenses and veinlets of syenite which increased in content until,
through a few tens of metres, it was pure syenite.
58
�For exIn several outcrops we saw xenoiiths of different sizes and composition, mainly basalt.
ample, at stop 2, just off the highway, was a large xenolith of basalt, and at stops 3 and 4 there
were xenoiiths of basalt and breccia in the syenite. Most of them showed evidence of slow sinking.
F. Puskas suggested that these were from the Coubran Lake volcanic cap and that the intrusion was a
lopolith where the present level of exposure is near roof. The consistent fracture and shear zones
For instance, at stop 4 there was a domelike
might also expose some interesting structures.
structure with pre-Coldwell rock sheared and fractured on top of the Coldwell gabbro. Also, at
stop 9 near the western margin of the complex, there were two main directions of fracture - one
vertical and one horizontal in the south-east direction.
The rocks in the complex show complicated structural and age relationships as well as diversified
composition.
The oldest was the gabbro, followed by laurvakite, syenite and related rocks. But
at stop 4, within a few feet the gabbro changed in composition from common to leucocratic gabbro due
This change might be due to the interaction of syenite with
to an increase in acidic content.
gabbro (hybridisation).
The laurvakite also shows variations in composition - at stop 1 it was
much altered, with plenty of quartz, calcite and pegmatite veins. The laurvakite is also rich in
olivine in molybdenite, and native Mo., but in areas such as stop 8 it is very fresh and approaches
In stops
the composition of a syenite. Most impressive of all are the variations in the syenite.
At stop 2
2 and 8, the feldspars are very pinkish, probably rich in hematite due to alteration.
it was intruded by the rhombopyre dyke near the Bamoos Radio Station, implying an older age
relative to the rhombopyre dyke. At these stops, the syenite shows an intersertal texture of the
potassium feldspars in a matrix of mainly mafic minerals, with evidence of agpaiitic sequence of
crystallization.
The syenite is much altered whereas the rhombopyre is rather fresh.
At stop 4 we actually saw some xenoiiths of syenite in the gabbro, but at stop 5 the nephelene
was very prevalent in the syenite, which is rather fresh with alteration only of nephelene to
zeolite.
Finally at stop 5 » on our way down the railway road near Port Coldwell, we saw the fresh
nephelene syenite dying out into the altered, pinkish normal type of syenite - and yet at stop 7
two series of syenite veins cut each other, in diabase.
These observations imply that the
intrusion is not as simple as F. Puskas has anticipated. It can only be explained by the occurrence of multi-stage crystallization and local variation in the order of crystallization.
Generally, the main part of gabbro crystallized out first, then the normal syenite which became
altered either before or during the intrusion of the rhombopyre dyke, followed by the intrusion of
the syenite by the dyke.
A second and significant portion of syenite rich in nephelene crystallized
out, breaking up some older syenite and the rhombopyre dyke.
Somewhere another, but insignificant,
portion of gabbro crystallized out and engulfed some of the older syenite.
The laurvakite generally fits into the pattern after the crystallization of the first portion of
gabbro, but another part might have formed later - or the change in composition and amount of
alteration can be attributed to local magmatic differentiation and environment alone.
Ae seen at stops 1 and 5» the pegmatites and others in various rock types were always of late
origin.
They usually occurred in veinlets of the parent rocks and showed similar mineralogy, but
their grain size and composition altered relative to the distance from contact.
For example, the
pegmatite at stop 6 can be attributed to the late magmatic portion of magma rich in volatiles,
crystallized in fractures in the already solid rock. Since the whole complex is generally rich in
rare minerals and elements, it might be interesting to do a chemical analysis of these pegmatites.
There are also some features of geochemical interest, one being the agpaiitic sequence of crystallization in the altered intersertal syenite. Another is the interaction among various rock types
To mention
evident in the xenoiiths and surrounding rocks, and the contact between various veins.
a few, the xenoiiths of gabbro in syenite (stop 7)» remained fresh and retained sharp boundaries;
the rhombopyres and breccia at the same stop showed similar features. But several hundred feet
away, the two series of syenite veins in the so-called nephelene syenite veins showed where they
cross-cut each other in a complete fusion of their contact.
This can be explained by the
similarities and differences in the composition of the host and foreign material. When syenite
veins meet and cut each other, it is not hard chemically for solution and recrystallization near
the contact, whereas the reaction between a gabbro and a syenite is much more difficult, if not
impossible.
The alteration in nephelene syenite to colourful zeolite might be worth studying too.
Mineralization occurred in several places. Common ores such as pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite
and iron oxides were seen in many outcrops in small amounts. But at stop 1 the molybdenite
associated with laurvakite is rather rare. Further study might reveal yet other interesting
elements and minerals such as titanium. At stop 8 large amounts of magnetite were seen either in
nearly pure forms or injected into the surrounding rocks such as syenite and gabbro.
59
�Besides the rhombopyre dykes mentioned above, there are several dykes cutting the complex. At
stop 3 two vertical dykes cut the syenite. These and the one at stop 7 were diabasic and might
be related to the Keeweenawan extrusives in Central Canada. Also at stop 8 there were several
series of high angle dykes of olivine-basalt in various host rocks. These and other structures,
such as the sill of basalt at stop 6 might be the equivalent of Animekie extrusives, but further
study is necessary to substantiate this. One way to do this is by radiometric dating and the
initial 87Sn/86Sn ratio which should be the same for all co-magmatic rocks. These and other
studies might reveal the relationship of these structures to the other regional phenomena, such
as the dykes which might be feeders to the regional Keeweenawan extrusives.
The rocks in the complex itself are very interesting and spectacular in their variety, texture,
rare minerals and elements, and in the sequence of crystallization. Economically the potential of
nephelene syenite and laurvakite for construction material, and the other rare elements might be
worth investigating. Further study may contribute to the understanding of pre-Cambrian stratigraphy in the Canadian Shield or even in the crust.
Subsequent Field Trips
1 .
Sibley Penninsuia field trip
2.
Kakabeka Falls - Armstrong field trip
3.
Shebandowan field trip
4.
ShebandDwan undei ground field trip
60
�The
LongView
(Home, photographed from 22,000 miles away)
Most
of us at
Texas Gulf have
children. Many, including the
president, have young children.
These are a multitude of
reasons why the long view of
the world is a way of life at
Texas Gulf Sulphur Company.
Even without the children, a
company which has been
in developing natural
resources over several
generations would emphasize
long-range planning, thinking in
terms not just of five or ten
years ahead, but 20, 50 and 100
years. A major mine with its
processing and related facilities
successful
must be viable for at least two
decades rf it is to be rewarding
to stockholders, employees and
the community.
Executives of natural
resources companies learn to
contemplate the prospects for
developing natural resources
for their children
and
children’s
children; the materials for
continued growth in the developed regions of the earth; the
requirements for eradicating
poverty, disease and starvation
in less
privileged parts of the
globe and the wherewithal for
them on the way to fuller
development. They must think of
how these things may be done
setting
without disturbing man’s environment in unacceptable ways.
The long view is a way of life
for us.
Texas Gulf Sulphur Company.
������
Dublin Core
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Title
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Lakehead University Alumni Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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1970-71 Lakehead University Geology Journal
Subject
The topic of the resource
Universities
Description
An account of the resource
1970-71 journal for the Lakehead University Geology Program.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lakehead University
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970-71
1970
1971
Geology
Yearbook