67 10 13239 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/1316ae3f9efb088b8500f9fd31a47c5b.mp3 bc5ac49c69b252ee1d9d939ae4b3b836 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/96c82d83ccfd9eff271614e094737b37.mp3 1562812d229405a3878d2ed2ecb7ef30 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/e8edbc418dc434a8a4ecb0564e3ae373.mp3 9cdd25ea31faea78501ab1554b0da148 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/22b82481f28a7d852ddbcfb61cd713b0.pdf 1b87802b13a1b16b53a83a5752d01a5b PDF Text Text I ~,.5. L°'"°\ bl ~\()\(\On My earliest childhood memories go away back to the "Homestead". This was a section of wilderness land (in this case mostly rock) on which you had to build a house and clear so many acres of land to get a patent or ownership from the government. The two-story log house stood on the east side of the rocky clearing. I can still see the blackened stumps jutting up out of grass in summer, like monuments to the strong, tall trees that had once stood there.- Those trees .. now shelt;ered the young couple who had crossed an ocean, met here, were married soon after and decided to settle here. My father had left me in the care of a childless couple, after my own mother had died of child-birth fever. They had to work hard and long hours, but always had time and more than enough love for me. chores. I followed them around as they did their The cows, calves, pigs, and chickens had to be fed and looked after, and the eggs gathered and packed into square wooden boxes which held exactly twenty-four dozen. We had a few pigeons who flew right into the chicken house and had their own little nests. I waited anxiously for them to lay their eggs and only once wanted to fry the tiny egg. The big white "Leghorn"rooster had it in for me and would dig his sharp spurs into my legs or back. I would go screaming to the nearest shelter. When we had lots of cream, butter was churned. I could not reach to help with the big wood churns that stood on the floor and had to be plunged up and down. When the butter finally separated into golden yellow clumps, it was scooped out into i �large wooden bowls (these and the wooden spoons or ladles were winter or rainy day projects for the men to carve and smooth out), and washed in cold water, worked with a wooden spoon or ladle until no trace of buttermilk remained. Then it was salted, and allowed to stand in a cool place overnight, unless you were out of butter. It was delicious fresh, but if you were particular, you worked it some more and drained every trace of water. Then you would have nice yellow butter without any discolouration in it. If you sold the butter to the store, it had to be packed into one pound wooden moulds and wrapped in wax paper marked 'butter'. Of course before you had cream, the cows had to be milked, and the milk stained through a clean cloth (carefully washed and dried) into milk pails with lids. large tubs . The pails were then put into of cold water, which first had to be dr~ wn from the well by hand, and the water changed until the milk was cold. If you had a cool place to store the milk, you left it to stand until the cream formed on top. This was skimmed off into glass jars or enamel pails when possible. you churned. at this stage: When you had enough cream, The temperature of the cream was important too, too warm, the butter was soft and hard to wark; too cold and you churned and churned much longer. you had cream separators, of course. (Later on By haad, you turned the crank, and at the right speed). The women in the family worked hard. and ironing were. all done on the wood s~ove. The cooking, baking Flour and sugar was purchased in one hundred pound cloth bags, which were later used for dish towels, sheets for children's cots and underwear. 2 �I liked the smell of the green coffee beans being roasted in the black pans. The black pans were alwys used with wood- stoves, as they baked better. When the coffee beans were nice and brown, they were put into jars, and would be ground fresh every day in the coffee mill. I always begged to do this. In between, I played with my rag doll, and a big red tom-cat who followed me everywhere. In summer I rode on top of the hay loads back and forth from the fields. In winter, if the weather was not too cold, !-. ·would be bundled up in what seemed like yards of knitted woolen scarf, knitted mittens and heavy hose, felt boots or rubbers on wet days that laced up the front and had felt insoles in them. of for girls or ladies. men Ski-pants or slacks were unheard Then I wouldfide to the forest, where called "pulpwood cutters" or "lumberjacks" had cut spruce trees in four foot by four foot by eight foot piles, which was a cord of wood. These were sold to timber companies and then sent by rail or water to pulp mills to be made into paper. Birch cord-wood was cut and piled the same way; people mostly heated their homes with wood. This was how they made a living. It was hard, cold work, but better than the one dollar a day my foster father had earned on the Grand Trunk Railway. The land was rocky and not suitable for farming, but the trees were there; he had the foresight to see this. The "Homestead" and hard work paid off; they were able to buy three hundred and sixty acres of land near the village, which he later sold in ten acre lots and through which the Trans-Canada Highway now runs. It was indeed a happy day when visitors would come for a visit from a neighbouring homestead or from the village. 3 �Roads were not plowed and in spring break-up the dirt roads were bad. The visitors usually had news for the grown-ups, and the children played happily after the first shyness wore off. Blueberry time was a happy time, but the preserving was no picmic for the ladies. However the berries made good pies and desserts in winter, as I hardly ever remember having had fresh fruit in winter. It was nearly all dried fruits from which pies and the "Finnish Sweet Soup" was made. Carrots and potatoes were stored in root houses but there were no fresh green vegetables in winter--not even aabbage after the ones from the garden wilted. The stores in the village were interesting places to go and see. I've been told I turned my first ice-cream cone upside down and lost it. One of our neighbours got a "victrola" which had a big horn attached to it. After you wound it by a handle and put a cylinder-like thing on it called a record, it played music like I had never heard before. Until then I had only heard some of the "1 umbe rj~ks" play on a mouth organ, small accordion, a squeaky violin, and an oboe, and sing their folk songs leanned in their homelands. house. In winter they used the upstairs as a bunk The stories they told were always ·interesting. One poor guy from Finland had never seen pork and beans before. Because he had come in late one day, they had already cooled off, so he put them in a dessert bowl with sugar, and poured cream on them. He bravely tried to force them down, but finally my foster mother went over, took them away, and kindly explained they would taste better warm, and wouldn't he rather have a piece of her pie? He was quite happy to make the exchage. �The men had enormous appetites and needed the extra food to withstand the hard work felling, cutting the trees into four foot lengths, then piling them in deep snow. Suddenly my life changed. for me, with a new mother. I was told my father was coming How frightened I was! I still remem- ber lying curled as far in thecorner of the couch as I could get, with a sofa cushion over my head. Finally I peeked a bit; to my astonishment, this step-mother looked like a very nice lady. In the three years I lived with her, I grew very fond of her, but she was too frail for the harsh life she was living under now. She was expecting when the 'flu epidemic came and she did not pull through. I remember we had a "doctor" of sorts, who didn't or couldn't do anything to save her. me. Seeing her die was hard for The coffin was sent down by railroad and lay on the kitchen floor until the body was put in. opened again. Fortunately the coffin was not T~Q Anglican minister conducted a short service in English, which very few undertood. A big black wreath was hung on the front door, and I used to come up the back lane while we were still in that house, so I would not see the black wreath or be reminded of it. How I missed her! She had made Christmas morning, for the first time in my memory, a lovely day to wake up to, with lovely presents beside my bed--a little doll, wash tub and board, plus a small clothes line with small pegs for the doll clothes and some candy and fruit. ~~d The second Christmas we even Santa come to the house. s �After moving to Nipigon village with my father, I started school in the little United Church, as the one room school was too full and the new school not ready yet. In school I had to learn another language which was called English. The first year in the new school, I was learning to read out of the first Primer--"The little Red Hen found some wheat", who will help me plant the wheat, etc .. (Not long ago, I heard the little "Primer" being ridiculed, but I did learn to read, which I still love to do). As for spelling, a very young teacher taught me a lesson I never forgot. In Grade 3, her class was getting terrible marks in spelling. We were fooling around, so one morning she announced that any= one having more than three mistakes in spelling would get the strap. We were stunned, but we lined up for it. She did not hit hard, but it was the humiliation of having to go home and confess getting the strap. I was back with my foster parents at the time, liuing next to the present clinic and on Bell St. I knew they would only gently scold me, but !". ~new they would be hurt that I wasn't taking school seriously. They had not had the ch ~ nce to go to school of any kind and valued education highly. Needless to say, my spelling improved over-night, and never again, the strap. I could not do things I knew they would not approve of, even though I lived sometimes with them or batched with my father or was boarded out with older couples, where I ate, went to school, and mostly cried myself to sleep. But I loved school; weekends I dreaded. I remember learning to \\ It print 1921. I do not know why it remains in my memory. I , �remember, too, learning to draw the Union Jack, to colour it, and recite "The Union Jack is my flag." How happy I am that my grand-children have the "Maple Leaf", and can call it their very own, and I hope always with pride. I loved winter and s~ow, and skating, which I learned on a small back yard rink, and skiing on the hills. The roads were not plowed in winter, and only horse-drawn sleighs were used. The hill on Bell Street on the way home from school was ideal for sliding with a piece of cardboard when it was well packed and icy. There was a hollow in the hill that sort of catapulted you out - --tha t you couldn't beat for fun. spring, marbles and allies came out. until it was time to play ball. This was a game I enjoyed The C.P.R. field at the back of the station was a favourite spot after school hours. right through to the last year in school. the Lagoon. Twwards I p.bwed We went swimming in Now due to the carelessness of man, it is such a cesspool that even fish can not live in it. In summer we would walk down the C.N. tracks to the bridge to see who was fishing or go rowing in the lago on. Hop-scotch also was a good past -time, and I spent many hours at it. course, a picmic was exciting, with races and games. Of The first one that I can remember was near Lake Helen, about where Bob Matchett has his trailer park. We had sack racing, tug-of-war and egg-on-a-spoon(they weren't boiled ei~ her) races. Years later, there were sports booths etc. down at the far end of the lagoon where Thompson's cabins are. l �The occasional trip on the train to Port Arthur was enough to keep you awake all night--so many people, lights, and street cars. All those stores! Of course years before that electric lights had come to Nipigon. Just by pushing a button, instant light--no more matches or smelly coal-oil lamps. the first cars; my foster parents had one of the first four I was told the horses were under Mode~l T Fords in Nipigon. the hood. Unbelievable! ,, "Gentiles's chairs. Then ob and a nine day wonder was ice cream parlour, with white wire tables and And how could I forget the Player Piano. It was so pleasant to have some ice cream and listen to "Orient" (Gentile) Winfield pump out the music. In summer the big circus under a tent, with real live lions in a cage and huge elephants doing the heavy work was exciting too, with all the glitter and side shows. I remem- ber once seeing one of our oldest citizens bring his wife down to see it. She was half blind, but he held her hand and described to her what was going on and how everything looked. Years later he was criticized for being back at his job the day after she died. Perhaps he was right; life does have to go on. Until his time would come, by keeping busy, the day would go faster until he returned to the lonely house with so many memories. The Black Bay area has a very special place in my memory. My foster parents had by now(Iwas about ten years old at the time) started leasing rights to cut pulp (spruce trees mostly) on government owned or "crown"lands. The men had been busy all winter in the rough bush camps that had been made out of �logs. Rough lumber was hauled in by horse drawn work sleighs for the roof and floors. Rough bunks too were made, usually with douNe huge burlap bags ~£fed with hay . . Cou4rse grey blankets and your own sweater or mackinaw for a pillow served as bedding. A big camp stove, usually located centrally was the source of heat, with piles of fire-wood beside it. dried your clothes for the next day's work. Near it you Rough wash stands were provided with an aluminum wash bowl, and if you were lucky there would be hot water in a tub on top of the stove. One or two coal oil lamps served as light. early to bed and early to rise. It was Quite often saw blades had to be sharpened and the rope made tight on yourwooden buck-saw. Blades often broke or the wooden ends cracked. facilities or motorized saw here. No modern An illustrated book by William Kurelik is the most authentic book I have read on the harsh life of a lumberjack's life. it too, except for the dirt. The Finn lumberjacks were nearly all quite fussy about cleanliness. was built too. He tells it as I rem e ..10\).er Quite often a ste1n-bath However this one at Black Bay did not have one that I can r .em.e be,('. The cook-camp here was built together ui'"°' ~e. \,uV\',:_. house(>"~ tll\d only °"' "•c-\-i t,on be{"'->e.et\ ei,h ,hF Bttftk ~ettaF eni hof enl, s ~etyiyien nPyerPn iJp a ,+ , with a door which was only opened during meal-time. mother was cooking%erself. on the train for a visit. the weigh-freight stopped. My foster One Christmas holiday I went out From the lonely section house where I had a ride to the camp with the supplies that had come on the same train--hay, oats for the horses, groceries to feed the men. dad again (between step - mothers.) I was batching with my After the joy of seeing my �foster parents again, I told them my own news about school and how many of us had been sent home from school and told to wash our hair with some coal oil in the water. My horrified mother had water boiling on the stove and my hair was washed and washed, after first being cut short as a boy's. I was warned not to tell any of the men why . She wasn't taking any chances on any or all of the men leaving. Coming in on a small boat during the summer vacation, I again was a problem to her. I was told to walk or run from the boat over the pulp lpgs to get on shore. They were in a shallow cove, ~ held together by giant logs fastened by chains called "boom chains". I was sure I would drown or at least get all wet, but I made it, safe and sou64 Of cour se I did not know then that it was quite shallow underneath and the logs carried my witht easily. This time there was a boy my age at camp for a few days with his father. we paddled around in it all day. and sore. He had a little canoe,so Next morning I awoke stiff It was my job to fill the wood-box in the kitchen, but I could not bend. I finally noticed a large snow shovel, so I would slide this under the wood and managed to always get ak few sticks on it. Then I pulled it into the camp and let the wood slide off on to the floor. seriously. a red rash. After a few trips, I was taken By night I had a fever and was breaking out in I had finally come down with the measles. The school had been closed for one week during the winter for lack of pupils, but I ~ cl waited til now. Any contagious disease was viewed with alarm by the men in those days and could have meant closing the camp down, so I was covered with a 0 �sheet in bed, while the men ate because the cook and her family as well as any female helpers slept in the cook house. ~ Later we moved to another camp. My mother and I stayed alone there for sevral days while the men all went away some where. The mornings were beautiful. I would sit quietly and wait for the mother deer to bring her fawn for a drink. would play and splash like a young child. ilies came. the alert. It One day two fam- What fun they had, but the mothers were always on The porcupines would fighten us at night--was it a bear or just a porcupine? When the men came back the wood that was left on shore had to be pulled into a boom too so that a tug could pull the raft into the water and haul it away. This meant staying in water all day. get. How hungry I would Then we went to the camp for canned tomatoes in an enamel dish and a slice of cold ham. At the end of the week, I too was given a piece of paper that read'fivedollars'and my name. It was a cheque and with it I could get real money I had earned, ! do not remlber what I spent it on. From here we had to walk many miles on a bush road used by horses during the winter, now not much more than a path. Somewhere I had found a kitten. Carrying it in the crook of my arm, I was gQing up and over logs and rocks quite well until I disturbed a wasps' nest. screamed. They attacked my bare legs, and I A young man ahead of me shouted; "Don't show them the white of your teeth." To this day, I con't know what pos- sible harm that could of done, but a second time that day, I was stung. No one knew how many times I was stung, but by the time we reached the tracks, my legs were so swollen and sore that I sure didn't feel we4~ home. But I still had my kitten when we arrived \\ �My father at this time had very high-spirited horses, and it seemed to me they could run like the wind. We had a sleigh with a canvas cover something similar to a covered wagan. It had a rough floor in it, window in the front, and holes cut so the reins could be pulled inside. He had built small benches on both sides and there was a tiny tin camp stove with a pipe going out to the outside. The heat from it kept you from freezing, plus blankets and the heavy clothing everyone wore. My father would take a load of people up to a neighbouring small community of farmers about ten miles away. They had a one room school where social evenings were held once in a while. It seemed every one that could move was there. Whole families came, and when the children fell asleep they were carried upstairs where the school teachere had her room. There was lunch and coffee served--how good it was after a long cold trip. It was pleasant and exciting with the glow of the lantern (in winter the ·days are short), and the heat of the stove. I loved to watch the square dancers; they were having such fun. The older peole did not get out often and these were rare social events for them so they were making the most of the eventing. Pe cpi e seemed more friendly then or should I say sociable and children were tolerated. Summers I just roamed around bare-footed. I will always feel the warmth of the hot sand on the beach at Lake Helen and on the hill near the cemetary. The white short lillies grew ~(A~l\.' there in such abundance, but I aQ,etr'"t even seen one for years. I have told my family I wish to be buried there in the warm sand when my time comes-nowhere else. One day a friend and I were so busy picking hazel nuts we lost track of time. We found when we fau~~ r~mP hnmo ~~~~ �full bags of nuts that most of the village was out looking for us. We couldn't understand why all the fuss-we were not lost at all. Just too busy. On this same hill years later, when the hazel trees had been cut down, I ahd an experience I have not forgotten; Someone's cow had to be butchered, and they needed someone to Blood sausage was made from this ~ stir the blood from the cow. So I went, not knowing what I was in for, although I knew farm animals were raised for food. the clearing. There was a fence around The poor cow was knocked unconscious, but when the man went near to bleed it, she jumped up and started to run around the field. I headed for the fence and over it. He finally corneded the cow and finished the job. He yelled at me to come and stir, but I was too scared to move. result was lumpy blood, except what he drank warm. The Pancakes were made out of it, using whole wheat flour needless to say. C"~ \l'\O~ To this day, I cnncrt eat them. I remeber while living for awhile in Nipigon a fight with a C\ "c.l friend d-ft.s crying out,"I am going to tell my mother." friend retaliated by saying, "You have no mother". My Speechless I ran home sobbing,to my foster mother to find the truth. Her answer I do not remember, but whatever it was, she remained dear to me until she died at eight-four years. The steam-bath was a Saturday night ritual that no Finn missed if she could help it. The hot rocks spit and spattered when water was thrown on them--no wonder, the large rocks had been heated for hours. The remaing coals were carefully �drawn out because it would be very hard on the eyes if any trace of fire remained as in those days there were no chimneys so the smoke went out through vents near the ceitling or through an open window. As a result the walls were blacked by the smoke, but you came out clean and refreshed. Your clean clothes were laid out ready, the bed's clothes changed, and after the sauna, coffee or mild with freshly baked coffee bread made you ready for a relaxed sleep. Winter was making snow men, building snow forts and snowballs until your mittens were soaked and your mitts and fingers began to freeze. Skiing on home made skis--if you happei\ed to lose one going down-hill, too bad, you had to go down on one somehow, get your ski and try again. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Herstory Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herstory: Mrs. Hilja Lange Description An account of the resource An oral history interview with Mrs. Hilja Lange in Nipigon, Ontario on August 21st, [197?]. The interview was performed by Karen Dubinsky as part of the Women's Decade Council Herstory project. The recording consists of three sides of two cassette tapes, available as three MP3 files. (Click on the speaker logo to play each file.) Text is available by clicking on the image thumbnail. During the interview, Mrs. Lange recalls growing up, going to school, and starting a family in Northwestern Ontario. She discusses the kinds of work she did throughout the years, working as wood hauler, in restaurants, and on her family’s land. She also talks about various other aspects of life in the earlier twentieth century, specifically around illness, war, and the depression years. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Release form was obtained by the Herstory project, allowing the recording to be shared and used. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [197?]-08-21 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Nipigon Canada - Ontario - Fort William Canada - Ontario - Port Arthur Subject The topic of the resource People Women's History https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/1accc879249bb199cf359594dc40bfcc.mp3 868e969cf481dac65e618d886983bcae https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/b58aaa98591ccc38cf679856cde41cdb.mp3 c60746aa41276715b834bcefd5457990 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/3631e11906902a6102c112b46ad92cba.mp3 4ce7f442fe5f4ba44de6c3db3b585cb6 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/7fe3ed85066373a8901cc760f8e266f1.pdf 9bef97e7822049507657e2ee4f8e8aa6 PDF Text Text r '/ _, Mrs. Stephenson: Interviewer: (exactly as transcribed in handwritten form) Murillo Karen Dubinsky and Helen Lovekin (Children count to 5--fore run) K: We're taling today to Mrs. Stephenson, from Murillo. Could you tell me what year you were born in? Mrs. S: K: Oh, 1904. Yah, and how long have you lived here? Mrs. S: And I have lived in Murillo since I came here in 1924. K: Where from? Mrs. S: K: Really? Mrs. S: K: From England. Did you come straight here? And I came right to Murillo. Yah? Mrs. S: Well I came, yiu know, I landed in Montreal, and came to Fort William and came here. K: Did you come with your family? Mrs. S: No, I came on my own. Well, my mother brought me to Montreal and then I came up here alone, and I came to my Uncle (Lance)? farm. to. And I came up to that That's the picture of the farm that I came ----·------ Out on th~J i § : ~ And I lived there from then until I moved to Murillo, here in this little house, in about 9 years, about 9 years whenn I moved out here to live when I lost my husband. I couldn't live on the farm. I had to seel it and I moved to this little house. H: What did you arise on the farm? Mrs. S: Who me, I was orignially raised in England. �-2H: No, raise on the farm. Mrs. S: H: Oh yes, I was raised in England on a farm. No, I mean your livestock. Mrs. S: Oh yes, we had a dairy farm and sold milk to the Co-op Dairy. K: What dinds of work did you do on the farm? Mrs. S: Oh, outdoors. Well, I had to work outdoors and in, but my, I came to my uncle when my un~le was sick. He had asthma. You know what that is. you can work, some days you can't. Some days So I had to practically do his work and let the easy work for him to do because when you have asthma, on a muggy day, you're just like a wind-broken horse. You know, you can't breathe so I did the hheavy work and he had to j do what he could of the lighter jobs. So that's the way we managed. K: Is that unusual, then, for the woman to be doing the heavy work on a farm? Mrs. S: Well, I was raised in England in the war so in England in the war everybody worked. all--that's how I lost my thumb. on the farm at home. the farm there. And you did everythingo were going to do next. life. H: And there I worked England home. We all worked. Mids and I worked on Everybody worked. You didn't know what you You was fighting for That's all. You didn't go into the cities at all to work? Mrs. S: No. No. No, it was practically, where I was raised, �\ -3a farming district, and it was, it was, it was a little seaside resort and the biggest town was only four miles from where I lived and it was ... People came there in the sunnner for their holidays. H: In (Borden?) Mrs. S: No, it was called (Gould)? but it was, like (Bordnu-f)? It was a place like that . where they have people from London and oh the bigger cities come there for their holidays. H: So you lived on a dairy farm in England and you came here to work on your uncles's dairy farm as well? Mrs. S: H: And when you were married? Mrs. S: H: Yah. I was married to ... A dairy farmer? Mrs. S: No. bush. He wasn't a farmer. You know. He used to work in the Everyone worked in the bush here. Well, that's why werwere. His parentskkept, what is the Murillo Hotel now. His mother kept that as a boarding house and it was a big family and she did all the cooking, and a daughter, her grown-up , daughter, they, each had their jobs and they kept their roomers and they kept the schoolteacher and in those days, in those days, they dispatched the trains from Murillo Station instead of Fort William and they had two operators, day operator and night operator and they had .... There was about five men that stayed at Mrs. Stephenson's boarding house �-4- that worked at the station. And take different shifts, you know, and that went on for years and years, and they dispatched the trains from up here and in those days--when I came here, there was no--in the winter, you couldn't go to town with cars, you see, the roads weren't open. The roads weren't kept open then. H: How did you go to town? Mrs. S: With a team and sleigh. And the farmers would all grow potatoes to sell in winter and when it got cold, they would have to make loads. They would start off in the morning with a load of sixty bags of potatoes on and they would build the sleigh so that they would have a lantern or something in the centre to keep the potatoes from freezing, and they would cover them with a tarpolin and they would drive like that from here to town all winter long. Maybe three days a week, they'd do like that and, uh, take fruit and vegetables--fruit! --vegetables rather, potatoes mostly, into town. H: Was that ever one of your duties? Mrs. S: No. Noo for a mano I never did that. That was a day's work It'd start about six in the morning and it would take till about twelve to get there, you know, with a team, and a load of potatoes, sixty bags of potatoes on a load. all heavy horses. You see, and it was They'd have to take their time. And then they would put their horses in. They'd �-5always have a sale on potatoes. They would take them all to one place, to a score or somewhere, and they would put away, they would take their horses to rest and feed and they could unload their load while the horses were feeding and resting. You worked for your money then, you know. I suppose they got about 9Oj cents for the bag of potatoes, after they'd got them in there. K: We have a question about the climate and the environment of Northwestern Ontario. How did you feel that that that made your life particularly different. I guess the fact that you couldn't travel into town. Mrs. S ':' Well, we never knew the difference. I mean, as you got, as times in, as times got a little better, well, you got some kind of a car, or you got a truck, and you, the only thing. You did the same work on the farm, only you could get tinto town every day of the week with your stuff with a car instead of having to go in with horses. K: Did you feel that farming in Northwestern Ontario was comparable to that in England? Mrs. S: Oh no. There was no comparing. sell things like that over there. We didn't have to Over there, you---farming, you sold the one item and you grew the feed and everything to produce it. You know, you didn't have to buy ..... Here ..... You didn't have the winters to contend with over there, you see, you had winter, but it wasn't like the �-6Canaidan. over there. You didn't have snow or ice or that We were too near the sea. The sea helped keep you warm and you could grow something year round there. And your -rops are much better, you know. H: Mrs. Did you find the winters a shock? S: No. The funny thing was I ; dmdn't notice the winter. I was here. For quite a long time in that winter I never even wore rubbers. I wore leather boots the first winter I was here .. And I wore leather boots all winter the first winter I was here. I didn't notice the cold. But the longer you live here, yougget aclimatized to t this weather and you get so used to doing like the rest do I su suppose. Wear the clothes and the things that you wear here. But the first winter you come you don't notice the cold. You can stand the cold better than a Canadian the first winter. H: I notice it. Mrs. S: Hard to believe but that's the way it was with me anyhow. H: And so because you didn't notice the cold, it wasn't as difficult to do your daily chores? Mrs. S: H: No. No. You just lived your life. Mrs. S: You just .... Well I remember the first winter that I wore slacks, which I never did in England. I wore a pair of breeches the first winter, which in �-7England we never wore slacks. that when I left England. It wasn't got to You wore dresses. But the first winter here, I don't know why, but it was about the time when people was going into wearing breeches and that for winter. And of course I can knit because all English people can knit. So I could knit stockings for myself and mitts and things like that which help too, you know, help keep you warm. H: So it was first the effect of the climate on your farming that you found different. Mrs. S: H: No. Not too much different. No. Not much. Mrs. S: Because farming is farming. notice here. out. Only thing you Over there you don't turn the cattle You don't have to take them and break the ice and wait for them to drink. and see they don't fall and drown. You first turn them out and they can drink you see. You don't have to have--you don't have to have running water in the barns, and things like that over there. Here, you get up for that you see, because you have to keep the water from free~ing. H: Didn't you find that made your household work very difficult? Mws. S: Oh no. Because the water would freeze? You'd get so used to it that you don't notice it. You know you have to do it and it didn't seem to bother. �-8- H: What did you do--have a large barrell of water and cut a hole in it every day? Mrs. S: Every day yes. We'd have to go to the cattle. We Had to go to the bush and we had--there was running water in the bush and then in the winter you'd have to go and chop the ice up and make holes so the cows could drink. And stay theEe and see one didn't push the other in, you know, cause there's always a bah in a herd of cows. There's always some--like kids-- some gonna be there before the others, you know. And then after a while, if we get a serious winter, you might have to haul water for them or then it got that we used to try and dig a well in the bush and then we had to go and put a pump in or dip it up for them, you see. And you had to sa stay with them to see that they all drank and came home again. Or they maybe get frightened and one would push theo other in. Something like that. So you was busy all the time. And, I don't know. You got used to it. And that was the thing to do and you did it, I guess. H: Was Murillo a farm connnunity when you came here? Mrs. S: Well yes. Yes. There were mostly farmers here dear. All around, everywhere,-the farms were all a around the township you see and Oliver Township was eight miles square or somebhing, quite a big township, you see, and most of the farms was a hundred and sixty acres. �-9H: That's quite large. They wguilid have to clear that wouldn't they? Mrs. S: Oh yeso They'd have to clear that and when my uncle came, which was before I did, he saiddthey used to clear land. They'd burn over a peice of land, cut the wood, and burn it over to kill the stump and then, the next thing you know, they had another pice of land then, the next thing you know, they had another piece of land ready for the plough. K: I want to talk about the sotial life. stuff did you do? What dind of Maybe acitve community things with your church? _ _ _ _ _ ? Mrs. S: Yes, ! ah, they seemed to have had a lot of fun. When I came here their pass-time, they had a lot of dancing. Ah, you know, going from place to place and going to somebody's house SatufdEi.Jy night or something and have a bash. And they would load up a whole load and go somewhere to a dance. That was the thing to do. And they didn't mind staying up all night to dance. K: Did you go into town? Mrs. S: You couldn't go into town in the winter, dear. You--if you went to town--but there was trains-there were locals, they called them locals and there was a train went west to--where did they go?--Ignace--up the line somewhere. Fort William to ... H: Silver Mine? From �-10Mrs. S: Oh no. No. The train would take them to a station way up the line. Was it Ignace? Somewhere like that--that was the division point--division point, you see. And then it would go up today--there was a local that would go up today and then it would come back tomorrow and there was an operator at the station that you could buy a ticket, and get on the train and it used to go up in the morning one day and come back around noon or two o'clock or sometming and go down to town. into town like that. So you could go And then I think there was a train at night, about e i even o'clock, that if you got into town, you could catch thatt rain in town and it would let you off at a little station. So I can remember if the men wanted to go to a hockey game, they would get into town somehow and they could come home on that ~leven o'clock train to the station, you see, and they could get off, and they'd have to get home from there the best way they could. H: So the women stayed on the farms. Mrs. S: Well the women didn't go so much ehen as they do now. But the men went chiefly because the women didn't veem to want to go in the wintertime. H: Why do yout think they didn't want to go? Mrs. S: Well I think it was too cold, for one thing, dear, and they wasn't that interested in sport as they are today. H: Did the women do much socializing between themselves ' �-11- co-operation on the farm and that? Mrs. S: Well the farm women helped on the farm of course, and of course a lot of them had growing families and the younger ones, as they grew up, they went to town to work. But I can remember when I came they didn't go to highschool like they do today. You went to such a grade here, to about grade seven, was it? Here. Akd if you wanted to go to high- school, you went downtown and somebody would take you and keep you and you'd help in the house, help do the work, and help look after the children for your board and you went to highschool. what they did when I came here. they go to school today. But that's It wasn't like But I think they learned more that way because that was the thing to do and that was the only way they could get that much more of an education, you see. H: They had to work for it. That helps. Mrs. S: That helps, you see. And I think they were better for it because they knew if they wanted to get ahead, that's what they had to do. But today, this is my opinion, that the kids get it pretty easy today. You know. Then some of them did really well because they wanted to, you see. They wanted to go ahead. H: Because of the efforto Mrs. S: K: Yes. They put the effort into it? Was it connnon for girls to go on to highschool? �-12Mrs. K: s: Pardon? Was it connnon for girls to go on to high school? Mrs. S: Oh, the girls used to go too. T think there was just as many girls used to go to highschool as boys. Some of them did And they did very well. real wello it, you see. But that was the way they had to do There's one thing for sure, you didn't have the money to do it dear, and then after I came, then we had what we call "The Hungry Thirties". You didn't have very much then. Only what you worked for. K: How did the depression affect you? Mrs. S: Well, I didn't know then, you see. to it. We was used We was used to doing without for so long. How can I explain it? You see, we had gone through the war and things were hard. things you couldn't get. There was alot of You did with what you could and you made made a lot of things for yourself. know. You Everybody seemed to be able to sew or knit so that you clothed yourself and .... But there was a lot of things that you didn't have that you have today and nobody seemed to mind. You just had to make your life around what you could afford. K: Do you think the depression made people more generous in sharing what little they had? Mrs. S: Oh I think people were very good. figured it out, everybody was good. well. The way I had They got along It was like a connnunity, you see, and every- �-13- body got along just fine with eash other because that's all they had. Their pleasures ... they make their own pleasures and thei r little get-togethers and that were kind of home-made. But they enjoyed themselves, I think. K: If a family was suffering more than another, would there be cases where people would donate things? Mrs. S: Well they would get help. Or somebody ... If there was a case of sickness or something had happened, a disaster or something ... Well everybody would dig in and help. I think. Oh yes, people were good to each other, That's the way I saw them. You belonged to the community so, of course, you helped each other. K: How about the Wars, how did they affect the community? Was there a big affect? Mrs. S: K: The war? Either the first or the second World War. Mrs. S: Well, the first .... ! always told them I didn't know what war was. I mean, here. I didn't know what war was. H: Because they had been in Europe? Mrs. S: They were that far away from it that they didn't know what was was. volunteered. The men that went to war, It was something new. They didn't know what they was going into. H: Did you ever try to talk any of the men out of going to war? �-14- Mrs. S: No. No. It was no use to talk them ou of it. If they wanted to go they had to ... They had to learn what war was. of it. Because you couldn't talk them out Because it got to be in the second War they had to go whether they wanted to go or not. at first, yous see, it was the volunteers. But And in war time one volunteer is worth, at the time that that we thought to make go. practically volunteers. was going into. about. H: So the first war was They didnl t know what they They didn't know what it was all They had to learn that when they got there. Did your husband go? Mrs. S: No. old. Yes. He joined when he was seventeen years And he was in the first waro And he was in France and he came home and he came back. But then thank goodness, he wasn't my husband then. In the second war he was and he was too old to go. But in the first war the youngsters that did join at seventeen, they didn't know anything about war. They didn't know what they were getting into. K: What were some of the women's activities during the war as volunteer? Mrs. S: Well, they begun to take women int the services in the war and they worked chiefly as cooks and things like that. They were in the Women's Army and they would chiefly do women's jobs and that. didn't go to the front. Theyy Not ... but there was alot of things to do. H: How did the women manage to keep the farms with the men �-15gone? Mrs. S: H: Well the way I did I guess. You just did it. You just did it. Mrs. S: But, of cours~ on the farms around here, there was the grandparents. There was grandfathers and there was children in the clan that could help, you see. That was one thmng,--that people did here-- they were great to--like at threshing time--they go from one to the other and help each other. didn't have to hire help. You would come and help . me and I would come and help you. thing you know. That kind of a They did a lot of that. saving wood and things l like that. each other. They And They helped And got along like that. They didn't have to hire somebody to do the work. They did it themselves between themselves. No the people were good to work with each other and helped each other out quite a bit and it wasn't like it is today, dear. You wouldn't. now from then. H: Life is a different thing altogether Then everybody helped each other. Now everybody's for themselves. Mrs. S: Now everybody's for themselves. It's a different idea altogether now. And I don't know. People get along good together. If you belonged to Murillo or you belonged to Stanley 0r which ever place you belonged to you were that groip. together. H: So it was like a family. You got along �-16Mrs. S: Yah, like ... Side 2 Mrs. S: I forget how many years before I had enough money to go home. H: Oh yes to visit Mrs. S: H: Back home. But ____________ ? But you had to come here from such a veautiful clean part of the world into the bush. Mrs S: Oh yeso It was quite a difference you know. I can remember coming up here on the CN and I had to stmp overnight at j Capriole and I didn't know anybody but there's one hotel at Capriole and the hotel manager was used to letting people having them stay overnight, and catch a train the next morning at eight or something like that. And then I can remember catching ahe train and coming on and I suppose it was North Bay that I had to change trains and that was in the middle of the night. And I can remember as long as I live--! was only young you know. I suppose about nineteen. And I had to get off the train that I was on and go across the bridge, the river, and get on to another tBain to take the train to Fort William. SYou travel all day and all night and the next morning I got into Fort William about eight o'clock in :the morning. Then I had to phone my incle that I was in Fort William and had to wait at the station 'til he drove into the station to get me. But you see �-17by the time I came from the time they came, he had got a car and ... But when they came they had to come right on to Murillo and then the train didn't put them off at Murillo and they put them off at a Kaministiqua. And they walked back, they walked the trac~, mmy uncle and I walked the track from Kam to Murillo. is. H: And you know what walking the track I walked the track lots but it was no fun. With all your bags and everything? Mrs. S: Oh they left their luggage. They just walked back. They just left their luggage in the station and told the man at the station to send their luggage back to Murillo, on a train that would come down. K: Was that quite an adventure for you, travelling here by yourself when you were ... ? Mrs. S: Well, it was, yes, dear, because you didn't know the country and you didn't know the people. Bunt I'm one of these ... I'm the one that should go to Canada because I mix with everybody. mind it. I didn't It was quite an adventure but then it wasn't like it is today. You had bunks--bunk up here to sleep on--You didn't mind jt, though. It was something new--something you'd never done beforeo K: We mentioned the Suffragist England. Do you know anything about the Suffrage movement in Canada? Mrs. S: No dear, I don't know very much about the Suffrage movement at all. I wasn't used to it at all. �-18- K: How did you think about it then? Did women discuss it, do you remember?> ? Mrs. S: We never seemed to. I can't remember in my raising we had nothing to do with the Suffrage. Only thing I used to ... the men used to tease the women about being Suffragettes, but they never were. H: Not where I came from, they weren't. From the country rather than the city? Mrs. S: From the country ... they ... no. They might have been in the city or in the bigger cities because, you see, in England--England is a small country, but their cities are big and its cities. Fort William and Port Arthur. It isn't It's cities like Birmingham and places like that where you're really crowded. K: Do you think that, maybe the women in the country, in rural areas had almost an equality with men, then, since they were doing similar work? Mrs. S: There wasn't, as near as I can remember to Murillo, there was nobody that really ... they were just farm people ... They weren't business people--you know what I mean--I'm not slighting them or anything--they were just farm people. H: Everyone was valuable. Mrs. S: H: Yes. Yes. They weren't ... Yes, I understand. Mrs. S: They weren't beeter than somebody else or anythingo They were a nicely closely-knit �-19connnunity. You know, everybody was friends with everybody else. And they grew up together and I think it was an awful nice way to live. So they seemed to get along good together and the kids went to school together and they did everything. H; Together. Mrs. S: Together. It was quite a togetherness. That's the way I figured it anyhow. Yes. I thought it was nice what they used to do. K: So women were happy with their lives. Mrs. S: Yes. They were quite happy dear. They were quite happy to live the life that they were living. And they seemed to have a good time together, and nobody suffered I don't thmnk. Nobody suffered. If they didn't work for it, they didn't have it, that's all. H: And that would be a whole family's fault. And not just one member of the family. Mrs. S: No I don't think so. I think they got along quite well. K: You think a life of a woman an a farm has changed alot? M~s. S: K: Oh yes. In what ways? Mrs. S: It's different altogether dear. know nothing, you see. The women don't They got machinery and most of the women don't have to go out to work. then they got milking machines. And Some women that really want to get along, well of course they help �-20outside. But it isn't like it used to be where everybody had their jobs to do. to or not. it. Whether you wanted If you didn't do it, you didn't have That's all. But now, you see, they all have machinery to work with, and they have cars. Nowg instead of the women staying home and raising the family, the women are out to work and they've got somebody to babysit. K: How do you feel about that? Mrs. S: I don't like it. I think that I wouldn't do it if I had to start out tomorrow. my own family. I would want to raise But now I know there's young people like you girls who get married and they're in town doing a job and they've got a hired girl to Jlook after the house and raise the kids. not right. That's not making a home. has to be home. Well that's A mother If you want a home it's got to be mother at the head of it. H: The mother's the head of the family? Mrs. S: The mother is the one that keeps the thing together. That's my opinion. young tomorrow. That's what I would do if I was If I was young, no matter. husband was working, J If my would be home, looking after the house, and his meals would be ready for him when he got home from work. If he didn't get home to have his meal when it was ready, that would be his fault. Yes because the trouble today--I'm not slighting anybody--but the trouble today with them �-21all, you see, if they go. The trouble is alot of them work in town, come in, and instead of coming home, they have to go and have beer before coming home. A beer gets to two or three and they might come to supper at six o·' clock or they might not get home 'til all hours of the night. Well that would be their fault. If I was keeping house, they'd come home to supper at six o'clock, and the supper would be put away and if he come after, well, that would be ... H: Too bad. Mrs. S: Too bad. They'd have to eat wherever they was visiting, or ... because I don't hold to that. I don't hold to these .... There's kids here in the villages ... I've seen them raised from little. seen them raised from this high. I've Well, now they're old enough that they're married and they're working in town. Well they've got a hired girl to run the house and they're working a computer in town~ and the maid is raising the children and getting the supper and all this crap. Well that's not being a mother, I don't think. H: One thing that always interested me, was that when you live onaa farm, you have a lot of jobs to do. Mrs. S: H: You have a lot of jobs. You have a lot of chores and, how do you manage the children and do your chores at the same time? Mrs. S: Well, of course, I haven't got any kids, but the �-22ones that had them--they take the kids with them-well of course they'll ... And now they don!t do like they used to because, you see, theyhhave machinery to milk the cows. that. The men can do the milking and And the mother can stay in and get the breakfast and get the kids ready for school and things like that--Where the mother used to go out and help some too, you see. But now with the machinery to work with and that, the men could do that without the mother helping. by, they used to go out. But in days gone I can remember when I came, my aunt and my uncle went to out to milk. Then I got that I could go out ando .. When I got used to the cows, in a few days, well I could go and milk. And she could take a little longer to get up and have the breakfast ready when we came in from milking and I took over her place in that business but when I came here it was a little different than I was used to but I was used to working on a farm in the old country for wages, for working for somebody else and being paid for it. But all that I had to do outside was help milk and feed the cows. And usually the boss's wife she would help too and she would look after the chickens and pick up the eggs and all that. H: So on your own farm though, if there was just you and your husband? Mrs. S: You helped each other, yes. �-23H: You split up the work ... Mrs. S: Yes. We each had our chores to do and helped each other, you see. And when it was like planting potataes or digging potatoes, well I was out helping with him. We helped each other. The more you helped each other, the more you got for your-you know--you got more of a something together for yourself. You did that. That's the way you live. other. I r:nnean that is Isn't it? life. Helping each When you get married, well, you help each other and that's the way it was with us on the farm. And I used to love to go to the bush and get wood together. He would cut it down and I could help him bring it up and put it in piles and I'd go and help haul it home with him and things like that. Well it was something to do you see, because you didn't want to be sitting in the house and your husband out working alone all day long. K: You could go and help him. Do you think that made for a happier marriage? Mrs. S: I think so, Yes. You were helping each other. You was doing it for your own good and the more you did the more you got for yourself. the way we used to do. That was And then your friends and neighbours, you'd get up a big pile of wood, and you, d go ... I wouldn't go but the man would go and help your neighbours haul wood and three or four neighbours together, they would be, say at our �-24place this morning, and one • or the other neighbours this afternoon or maybe two or three places in a day. It all depended on the size of the piles of wood. And they get their wood all cut upa and then the woman would stay home. If she wanted tojshe could split a little wood or do something just to pass the time. Or you could sit in the house and read if you wanted to. have to do all the work. You didn't So that's the way we got along in those days. H: You were happy y~ ou were doing it. Mrs. S: We were happy, yes and then you'd go to a neighbours and visit or have a game of cards. was great. a big thing. It In my younger days here, cards played You know, everybody played cards. So you never was lonesome. H: Most people around (to see)? Mrs. S: Yes, say I lived here and you could have lived two or three miles from here--we had a car--and you dould go there and you'd sit and talk for a few minutes, and out would come the cards and you'd play cards, and have a good cime together and tease each other and have a lunch and come home. And that's what we used to do for pass-tmme, and they used to have lots of dances and always they'd go somewhere every Saturday night and danced all night. I used to have a good time years ago. think far better than they do now. The young I �-25people now--You don't see them! Of course, the young people, now, they get on t the bus in the morning here at seven thirty, they go into town and some go to this school, and some go to that, wherever they go to school, and then they're in town all day. You don't know whether they're at school or where they are. school. H: Half of them aren't at They're sunning the street. You talked about every winter, your water being frozen, How did you manage your wash? Mrs. S: Oh, we used to melt snow many years ago and sometimes it would snow and maybe it would pour and you'd save the soft water, and wash that day. I still do it. I can't get over saving myself water. K: It sounds like ... Mrs. S: H: And is it ever beautiful to have a bath ... In soft water. Mrs. 3 In soft water. I know. And does it feel different. It's beautiful dear. difference in soft water. winter There's so much I always- .. and even in the when I wash my hair, if I haven't got soft water, I melt snow. I melt snow for to wash my hair and things like that. H: And I still do it. It's good for her hair. Mrs. S: Oh yes, beautiful. But, on the whole, I suppose we've had our hard times but it was hard in the �-26hungry thirties. H: It was hard in the thirties. In what way? Mrs. S: Well, in the thirties, yous see, my uncle had died and my aunt and I was alone. I think for about eight years my aunt and I farmed alone and I got somebody to--I got a neighbour to help to do my ploughing and the seeding in the spring and I did .. I could cut the hay and everything and I used to cut hay and coil it and then I would get two or three of the neighbours would come one day and help haul it. I had a thing to unload it with and I could build my own stack. I got all kinds of pictures --I don't know where they are now but I always had pictures of eveeything I did. used to build my stack. lightbulb myself. And I Now I can't put up a But then I used to finish up the stack and ride down ... come down the hayfork. H: That's a bit of hard work. Mrs. S: It takes time to do that. Well, it's talent, yes, you have to know how. But I used to do that and I could build my own haystack better than ... I could build it. you see, L,.r,.k I got thekknack. unload a bale of hay. But, You know, you , You build your load so that you can take off a big forkfull here and you take off a big for~full there, and so on and then when the hay gets up on the stack, whenever you're driving out the team, you say, woe, and r you stick your fork in that hay and the stack o �-27might be from here to over thereo If I want to put it over there, I push it there and then I say ''Trip up.'' H: ~lfXXXHXX-i:moqI~~ I see. Mrs. S: And they trip ito And you trip it you see, and you don;t fork lift trip it, you just buildi it.H: Oh, yah. Mrs. S: And the next forful comes up and you put i it over there. If you want to make your corners, you just push your big for~ful. It was up in the air. You could do anything with ito much hard work. There wasn't that You just pushed it. f\11.d then you yelled to them to trip. H: That's a good idea. Mrs. S: That's how you did it. stack of hay. It was nothing to build a It was as easy to make it in a stack as it was to put it in the barn. H: That's a good idea. Mrso S: And then, she bails it, you brought it right up to the }Ast forkful and then I'd have to ride the fork downo I didn't mind. I was young then. I was so j used to it. I don't suppose I could unloose the .................... ? That's the kids you know. I ...... . H: Did you find that .... did you feel freer in Canada than in England? Mrs. S: Oh no. England. I don't know that I was freer than In We were free there. But I was free in �-28Canada. You were free in Canada. with the crowd, you're oKay. H: If you get along You're one of the gang. You didn't have to fit mn anywhere? Mrs.S: -> No. And if ... Well people weren't stm.ck up then, like they are now. They got ... you see--going to town to school--going to town--and they've got to go to town--and they've got to dress. They've got to go to town to go to the show or to go to for dinner or something or they have to dress ~k the eveningo Where--when you would go out together you only had one dress. H: For going out? Mrs. S: So that didn't make me different. That's all you had so you didn't have to be better than Mrs. J llones. I think years ago, they was much happier than they are boday. That's what I notice. It's got to be a little too above themselves. You see in England, you have the different classes. There's the upper class people, the wealthy people and they treat the people that work for them real well. You are treated real well if you work for somebody else because they're born to the gentry. If you're not born in that class, you're not in that class, in England, j you know. I don't know dear, but this is one thing I will always be proud of--that-when the Queen came to Old Fort William, I had a friend of mine, he used to teach school. might--What school did you go to? You �-29H: I didn't go to highschool here. Mrs. S: H: Oh. But Karen did. Mrs. S: Hid you go to Fort William? Mrs. S: Mr. Love--he's a highschool teacher. • ? h 1.In. Do you know Well he's a great friend of mine. friends. We're We've been friends for over twenty years. He used to come to our place out on the farm. loved to come there. tracks with him. He And I used to walk the I said I don't know how he ever wanted to be a schoolteacher, because he loved trains. And I walked miles and miles of tracks with Bob. He hated bricks and mortar. Ref came from--he was s born in the States and New York and Philadelphia and Boston and all those places and - - - - - - - - - - -and he was quite happy here-out on the farm--he used to be--I used to--whenever he wanted to go up the tarack I'd go with him-and Lazzy used ... I'd say to Laz, do you want to go with us? No. My husband. track. He used to work on the track. Laz. No, he didn't want to go on the He'd walked all the track he'd wanted to. So I used to go with Bob and we used to go on the track and he comes here yet. He comes here for his holidays and he comes here for Christmas. And everythmng. you know. H: We're just likeoone of the family, And he has house down in Vickers Heights. Were you able to meet the queen? Did he man~ge �-30something so you could go and see her when she came to Old Fort William1 Mrs. S. H: Who, Bot? Yah. Mrs. S: Oh, well, he comes. wants to. He comes here and stays if he John, next door, I didn't know John. He was from Nottingham and his mother wanted me to come over and visit her because I was so good to John so I went to Nottingham--you know Nottingham forest--it's like it was in Robin Hood's day. H: Smaller maybe, but it's still there. Mrs. S: Yes, and another day I had a birthday and the first phone call. I answered the phone and that was John, from home. And he said, what was it now? He said something and then he said, could I talk to Mr. Brown? And I said, John, where areyyou? knew his voice. Oh, he said, I'm home. I I thought maybe he'd come back to Canada and he was ringing for to come here. well wait a minute. knows your voiceo So I said, I'll get Charlie see if he So I got the cat from sleeping and put him up to the phone and I said this is your pa. And he couldn't understand. He couldn't think that that was John on the phone, you know. He cou ldn't realize it was John. He couldn't realize it was his voice over the phone, you see. But I knew his voice right away. He said that �-31he wanted to talk to Mr. Brown. voice. It was John's He didn't say it was John. He said could I talk to Mr. Brown and I sai4, John, where are you? H: I was hoping he was back in Canada. Do you feel that England is still your home, or have you be ..... . Mrs. S: Oh, England is home. Eng! and will always be home, dear. H: That's your home? Mrs. S: Oh, yeso Because when you was raised there for twenty years that's home. I mean you went through a lot with England. H: Well you did the first world war. Mrs. S: Yes. Oh, yes. And, ~h9 I don't know. English people are.o.they're a wonderful gang too. wonderful. And what they went through. They're Nobody knows what they went through. I mean, we lived right on the coast, you see. We looked out, from where I j lived, we looked out onto the Atlantic Ocean like looking out over Lake Superior here. And you see, we wasn't a bit afraid of the Germans. We wasn't afraid. We wasn't afraid of anything because there was the naby--so far apart. We were surrounded with ships out as far as you co could--you saw them and we as cocky as heck. We wasn't afraid of anything because the Rgyal Navy was guarding us. And sometimes you'd be in bed at night and you're bed would shake under yj ou and �-32you'd hear the guns. Well, that's all right. The Ger .... we, where I lived there was small ships brought food into" • • - - - - - - - - - - -and the Germans you see, they wanted all the supplies. They didn't want the people. didn't want to kill us. They They wanted the supplies and they would catch our little ships coming in with a load of flour or whatever they was coming with and they put ... there was about three men on a motor ship, you know, and they put them in their guns and take their supplies and they didn't want the men, nor the shipo They wanted them to keep bringing supplies to England so they could steal them. H: Do you think that experience of being not afraid and a little cocky, because that was a dangerous place to be .... Mrso S. H: It was but we weren't afraid. I know. Do you think that helped you when you came up here? Mrs. S: H: I think so. Not being afraid? Mrs. S: Because. But you see. We got that. H: We got that in us, too. It's born in us. We can't help it. You're fighting foro It's yours and you're not going to give i it up. That's the way we're made. So you took that attitude to Canada and made a good life. Tape tw8 Mrs. S: And there was an Englishman ~ , ate h acer that he �-33taught with--a teacher that was English born. H: (question inaudible) Do you think that you grew anymore, spiritually, after you came to Canada? Mrs. S: Oh, I don't know, dear. I think by the time you're twenty years old, you have grown to what you're going to be. H: Don't you? Personally I agree with you. Mrs. S: I mean, we will always be English because we were English. We were born English. You're English and that's it. There ! s something. You see, if somebody says something about England ... I don't know about you ... But to me, if anybody says something about England, I'm right up there. Right away. England comes first. H: So you always kept that with you, here? Mrs. S: Oh, yes. Well I was born an Englishman. I was raised an Englishman, and I'm still English. always be English. English people, there's s something in them that's there. It's there. You can't help it ... I don't know. thing about them. war. I'll Yes. There's some- We went through so much in the I can remember when I was only going to school in the first war, when Germany, when they really butchered the Belgians. And one of the head--the head men of Belgiam was shipped out to where we lived, - - - - - - - , he was sent there �-34- for him to be safe. And us kids, we put on a program, you know, put on a real concert, and the money we made was for the Belgians. And I remember--! was thinking about that poor old man last night--! forget his name--but he was only a little man. He still wore his badg--honours, you know, and ... but he was dressed as a gent~ ema.n. And he thanked us kids ... we were only kids and he thankeduus for doing it for his country. eried like a baby, and I never forgot him. And he He was an oldish man, but you see, he was just as true to his country as we were to ours. proud of us kids. his country. H: And he was so We were only kids doing this for I'll never forget him. Well, you came down here, shortly, ahy, not too many years after the war ended. There's people from all different countries here, that might have been fighting each other in Europe. Was there tension between these different groups? Mrs. S: No, I still, I got very good friends that are German. And I treat them as friends. I mean I wasn't fighting 'them--they weren't fighting me. They couldn't help ito H: So people find themselves caught in these situations. Mrs. S: Yah, but you don't let it bother you. friends. Just be They didn't want to fight any more than we wanted to fight. were told, you know. The just had to ~do as they I still got lots of German �-35friends. And some of them are real good, you know, well raised people, too. They're well raised some of them. H: So, in Murillo itself, there wasn't any conflict between people from different nationalities? Mrs. S: No. The only thing, if you said something to them, you know, oh, you bloody Englishman or something like that, well, you just let that slide by. know. You never let that upset you. English. here. You You're still I remember there was an English boy out He married a girl from overseas. He married her and they came over here and they had some kids and then she went home and s~e took the kids home and then she shipped two bask here and she kept two at home. Well, now the one come back here from London when he was a young man and he when he come in the door one day and he didn't even talk like himself. Oh, I s said, oh, for gosh sake, we got a cockney! And he looked at me and he had a good grin and we've been friends ever since. I said, oh, gosh, we've got a cockney and, you know, he talked like a cockney. H: ? K: We've been learning about something called Women's Institute5 that were big in the rural areas. Were you involved ... was there a Murillo Women's Institute? Mrs. S: No, dear, I wasn't. when I came. The Institute was about done I can remember when I came there �-36was an Institute but it was about dying out. K: Do you remember what kind of things they did? Mrs. S: Oh, yes. They did a lot of work for ... you know, they did a lot of sewing and things like when the war was on and they had--ane thing they did have-they had a nice library and Mrs. Merkly kept it-up where our store is now. She had a rooming house there and one little place about like that; she had for a library for the Women's Institute and you could go there and borrow bookso She used to keep account of the books you got and then she put them in and kept track of who had what, you know. But the Institute died out about the time I came. Well, it's like everything else, the old ones got too old and the younger ones wouldn't carry on. Not like it is in our church; I'm an Anglican. And we had a WA, and a WA mid the--the WA in the church, they do all the work that the men won't do. H: Yes, basically. Mrs. S: And you see, we used to put on big meals,--dinners and things like that and make the money and I was the secretary--! was the treasurer. money. They used to say we give her the money and boy she hangs on to it. money. I handled the She knows how to handle So they would put me in the treasurer. There was the president and the secretary and the treasurer. But the money all come to me, you see. I was the treasurer. And I knew how to put it away �-37- im the bank and keep it. H: Keep hold of it. Mrs. S: Yah. Keep hold of it. earn more, you see. I didn't ... and make them Not because you had a few dollars in the bank that you would make. You had to keep on making more. H: You ran your household that way as well? Mrs. S: K: Yah. I ran the household that way too. Was it special for you to have the opportunity to work with other women in associations like that? Mrs. S: Well, I can get along with people, you see. don't care what I say. I I think this is where I get along and if I want to swear, I swear. Now we've got a minister and I think we're going to like him. He said to me the other day--he came to the church, they had the special service when he came. four or five churches under him you see. a minister yet. He has to be ordained. He has He isn't But he said to me--I think we're going to like him because he's one of these mixers. soon as I can. He says, "I'll be out as Have you got lots of children?" On our street, you've got everything. There are kids and cats and dogs and bicycles and I said you name it and we've got it. all right with us. So he's going to get along So the kids they all come here. They all come here, you know. All the neighbours' kids come here and I trust them. them. I buy candies for I go to town and I geep them, and they can �-38have two each. And they help themselves. know where the can is. They They go and get the can and they bring it up and put it on the table and "I want that one" and "I want that one". say "two each". I'll And they take the two each, however many there is there, and they put the can back and put it away. I don't give them to them, they help themselves and I trust them. trust them to take two each. to town with them. I And sometimes I go I got a bus to go to town, too. It's a school bus that takes the kids to school and then it picks us up at twenty minutes to ten. It goes into town to the bus stop outside of Eaton's, and Eaton's are very good to us. We're allowed, j f we are tired, we can sit on those chairs where they try on shoes and that, they let us do that. you. And I said, "Well that's very nice of You're doing that for us. eat up at the dining room. we have a meal in town. I said, we will So we go there, and We go away, you see, about twenty to ten and they pick us up again. picks us up again at two in the afternoon. come there to the hbs stop. body laughs at us. The bus So she And of course, every- You see, and they'll say, "Oh, here comes Murillo bus',' you know,, " There's lots of them, there's about seven of them come all one after the other. And we'll be in between sometimes. "Oh, here comes the Murillo bus". We don't care. �-39We answer them back, that's all. H: As a woman, you never thought of yourself as a specific interest group. You never set yourself apart from what the men were doing. __________________You talked about how you helped each other· Mrs. S: Oh, we helped each other, yes. And we always-- when the boys played ball, it was always as long as I can remember, you know, you went to the ballgame. And the Kakabeka ladies would be behind their team and we would be behind ours and we used to fight like tom cats. Don't you remember going to ballgames? H&K: Yes. Mrs. S: Oh, my godo But you know I've lost interest in the younger generation. They don't play ball like the old ones usedx to. But we had a hockey team and we had a ball team. Every village had a ball team, and of course theirs was the best, you know that. each other. That's how wef got along with And then we always had a dinner or something at the end of the year, the and everybody turned out to that, and everybody gave to it and cooked for the dinner, you know, and you bought your dinner just the same. was the community as a whole. THat It was much better then than it is now. H: You think it's gone down. Mrs. S: It's gone down. The younger people, you see, �-40they get on the bus and go to town to school. They mix with eigy kids. In high school they mix them with a different type of individual and it got to be that our kids have left us. You know, from they're marrying people away where they used to marry, into the families here, and now they've gone to town and they're marrying into people that we don't know and we don't know none of the-of the woman t There waa one of the boys that--Tommy--thatkkeeps the post office. One of her boys was married Saturday night. Well he's married to somebody from town that we don't know. to know her. You know. We've got to get And the boy next door, he's going to marry a girl from town. Well she was out cutting the grass for him yesterday, and she's going to be all right. her working. So I said ... I seen I knew who she was. So I'm out and I said, "Well, you know, this is a funny thing", I said, "When I'm cutting my lawn, there's never nobody that comes to help". But I said, "Allan, he's got a girl to help him''. laughed. And she just I knew who she was, you know. But I said that never happens to me. H: You think she'll fit in better because she's ... Mrs. S: H: Oh, she'll fit in because she's a good worker. She's a good worker. Mrs. S: Yes. She was out and they cut all the grass yesterday. So they're not going to lookaany �-41- worse than the rest of us. Oh, no. And over there, in that house, the boy that lives over there--he drives one of these tractor-trailers. And in· the winter, there was only once in the winter, that it snowed and then it rained and it was all frozen and I couldn't do a thing with the snow, you know. And I thought I heard a tractor closer to me than over on the other side-or there--and I went out to see what he was doing and he got me ploughed out. And I said, "are you Danny?", and he said "no, I'm David". So I said "well, that's good of you to plough me out". I said, "let my pay you for doing it." He said "no. The pleasure is mine". He wouldn't let me pay him for doing it. H: ? Mrs. S: So, you know. This is young people. people are good. H: They're still good. But there ... They're changing. Mrs. S: His wife is from town. Her name is Margo. the lady down there is Sandra. all friends. belong to us. Mrs. Brown. Then You know, you're And the Mias up here is our kids. The Rias on our street is our kids. H: The young They all The don't belong to Mrs. Jones and They belong to us. They're our kids. When they were growing up, before Murillo had more transportation, ah, people weren't living on their farms and just making what they cgumd from it. Were all �-42the kids able to go from farmhouse to farmhouse? Mrs. S: Oh, yes. They used to be friends just the same. And kkate. And they walked miles to get from one place to the other. They had to walk then. They watlldn't do it now, but they did then because that was the only way they could get there you see. H: So if the family was busy--if a baby was being born-or some thing ... Mrs. S: H: Oh_ yes, well somebody would look after them. The ki.ds. Mrs. S: Oh sure, yes. It didn't make no difference if there was six in the bed, as long as they got that sleep. Oh, no--the people in the village--you were a connnunity. I noticed that if you belonged to Murillo, you belonged to Murillo. H: And Murillo belongs to you. Mrs. S: Yah, but if you go to town, you don't know your next-door-neighbour. Well here you know everybody. And you expect to be friends with everybody. And when people come here to live I get a whole bunch of new neighbours. Well, I'm not one to go snooping around to know what their name is, you know, just to be friends . with them. I don't want to bore into their house or anything, but wlll, I let them know to come on up sometime and have a cup of tea, and that's it, and then you're friends. That's what we do in these communities like this. We're all friends and it used to be the same at �-43- home, and where I lived at home, we had three churches, and each church, if one church was having something special, the other two churches closed their doors so that everybody could go to the church that was having the--that's what we used to do and there was Anglican and United Methodist and Weslian Methodist. And when there was something special like there was in war time, there was always something special, it was nothing for all three ministers to be in the pulp8t together. That's the way we got along. H: This is the best way to live. Mrs. S: Well I think that's the way to live. is just as good as another. Because one It's the same--just-- you know, you're all going to the same place one way or the other, aren't you? H: ? Mrs. S: That's what I think. Oh, you girls, would you like a cup of tea? K: Yes please. I meant to ask you a question, your opinion on something that recently happened. You may have read about it in the newspapers, where a woman and man had a farm--a married woman, you know, a couple, had a farm together and they both worked it but I believe he had another job where he put the money down for the farm so it was in his name and then they divorced and they decided that, because even though the woman had worked, probably just as hard as the man on �-44- it, that she wasn't entitled to i it because she didn't put the money in. Did you feel, when you and your husband had the farm, that it was eqally yours together? Mrs. S: Well, I never knowed about it dear, because I came here to live with my uncle and my aunt and I worked, you see, because I had to do a lot of outside work because when he was really sick-you know what asthma is like--you can't breathe and so he had to do the running around jobs that he could drive a car to do, and I used to do his work. But we worked together and we got along together, you see. And then of course when he died, my aunt and I stayed on the farm and we run it, for, I guess, eight or nine years. Then I got married after all that time, you know. K: And it was your farm. Mrs. S: And it more or less fell back to me. just feel back to me. I never--it There was no, well, done by law--it just came to me. K: You think, !m general though, that if a man and woman purchase a farm together or the man happens to pay for it, that it is theirs, do you think? Mrs.~ Well, yes, if the man and the woman wasn't related. If they weren't of the same relatives, relations, I think they should have some agreement, yes. We always got along because you see I was young and they were old. I was young enough to do the work �-45and I mean I didn't grow up with ihe young people of my age here. school with them. So it wasn't the same as I went to Was it? We were friends but ... It wasn't as if it was people that was born and we were raised together. ( end of tape) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Herstory Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herstory: Kathleen Stephenson Description An account of the resource An oral history interview with Mrs. Kathleen Stephenson in Murillo, Ontario. The interview was performed by Helen Lovekin and Karen Dubinsky as part of the Women's Decade Council Herstory project. During the interview, Mrs. Stephenson recalls what it was like moving to Canada from England, farming, community ties and social life in rural Northwestern Ontario, education, and life during the Depression of the 1930’s. The recording consists of three sides of two cassette tapes, available as three MP3 files. (Click on the speaker logo to play each file.) The transcript is available by clicking on the image thumbnail. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Release form was obtained by the Herstory project, allowing the recording to be shared and used. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Murillo Subject The topic of the resource People Women's History https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/b172ea6a3ae5cacb42ea5a0070842a55.mp3 c786e3c0165fc869593069ac3cdc6eb9 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/f84c307a1c4f2c2da0a123ee92b03356.mp3 b0d0865d924973847cbb6c5eafc5a1c9 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/1f94236a97b6b7885f8e446acd190a8b.pdf cda42e7e7bc45aef30eb2e32a3a1eee3 PDF Text Text Mrs. Jacobson Born in Scotland Came to Canada in 1902 or 3 Lived in Dorion - came to work - knew a family - all bush No roads - CPR wheat freight - once a week Bishops Trail - went to a mine - train delivered groceries Small cabin - little bit of timber 13 children - she was the oldest Mother - Mrs. Whatie? - was a midwife. Men were not allowed to ~ring their wi~es up - her father was the Justice of the Peace and convinced the authorities to let the women come up. Mother went to deliver a bab,. - would celebrate for about 48 hours after. Mother was not trained - read a doctor's book - used ca~bolic acid to sterilize - imx~XENX«s - unpaid ~or task All we ever got was colds. Who delivered your mother's children? My dad. Doctor for the last one. She did not like it. Many miles for a doctor to travel - came from Port Arthur. Tasks as children - clear the bush, got to school for about 3 months. Log school about a mile and three quarters away. Had to walk Consolidated school came for her children. Didn't h~ve any tea chers. 1920 or so worked for the YMCA, cooked, cleaned- mar~ied .round 1938. Went to Schreiber. Was working during the depression - remembers the reight trains being loaded with men. Aroi, nd Hurkett, nm money paid to men - reporter from T. o. Star did story - refer to William Holder. Hurkett and Dorion - active politically. Women attended meetings. Pass on the railroad once a year for working in the Y. Went somewhere each year. - Winnipeg, , Victoria, Seatle, Travellea by herself. Everything went well while travelling. Tra velled alone. Went to Windsor. Relates an incident once when she lost her suitcase on a train. Started at $30. per month and board. Demanded higlier wages. Went to $45. per month. No problem in holding dovvn her job. 0.K. for single women to work. 7 days a week. 8:00 to 5:00 Second World War - not affected by it. Very little communication. Mail regµ.l ~rly delivered. Had to be. Different from today. Mrs. Miller - did not know her. Got quite a chuckle out of her. I cut pu~pwood. 4 foot wood. Used cross-cut saw, axe and chisel. Hauled it to Lake Superior.. 80 chords, in one winter. Summer - vegetable garden, gathered fruit (wild). Went hungry one summer but managed to get a deer. Discuss a friend of the family, - Harry Bxxim,Bryan\, organizer of some labour unions. Entertainment - dances once a week. Dances usuaJjy at someone's house - fiddler - eventually got a tovvn hall. �Mrs. Jacobson - page 2 ~ ■ II House in Do~ion - 1-room log shack - shovel off snow on roof Relates story of Lynx coming to visit house. Used to snare rabbits, fish for trout Kept house warm by cook stove. More and more children came - house did not expand - just the family. Eventually built a bigger house. She did not live in-.the biggeF house. Small ravine with root nose - well wit~ surface waten - dug well. Summer - water turned broyvnJ - mosquito larvae in summer - would touch the water and the laryae would dive under - then they would draw the water. Baths - once a week - barrel cut in half would be bathtub. Friendly community No alcohol - too busy - trying to get a farm going Ha d no cattle - chickens and pi~ they had Hitched pigs up to a sleigh - made a bell for the pig but it did not like it. Pig would follow the kids like a dog. Used to f ollow her to the trapline. Eventually had to slaughter the pig. Indian f a milies - on across the tracks in Hurkett w man had an Indian housekeeper with a wooden leg. Indians were "down the line". Little contact with the whites. Not many ethnic groups in Dorion - mostly from down east Hurkett - Bulgarian population Knew little about other people's backgrounds. 1933 CCF was organized - 1934 she joined Railroaders against the CCF Wm1x~xEaxxxkx~xN~mxsx She was attending the meetings so when she went to vote her name was alrea,dy struck off the list Nothing much you could do about it. Active in the CCF - worked in Gommittee rooms - went to conventions. (Tape is blank here) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Herstory Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herstory: Caroline Jacobson Subject The topic of the resource People Women's History Description An account of the resource Oral history interview with Caroline (Watty) Jacobson of Dorion, Ontario. The interview was recorded October 30, 1975, as part of the Women's Decade Council Herstory project. Caroline Jacobson (1900-2007) lived along the North Shore for much of her life, working for the CPR's YMCA in Schreiber for a time, and raising a family. She was also very involved with the CCF/NDP. The interview speaks to her childhood in Dorion, time working, and involvement with the CCF. The recording consists of two sides of one cassette tape, available here as two MP3 files. (Click on the speaker logo to play each file.) The transcript is available by clicking on the image thumbnail. Please note that this tape includes discussion of settler-Indigenous relations, using language that would not be seen as sensitive or appropriate today. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Dorion Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-10-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Release form was obtained by the Herstory project, allowing the recording to be shared and used. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Text https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/285dba208206fc0bfe4aefafcbc9e876.mp3 70a5ce426b5c2428430727363d248869 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/46a69a71f9f5e652e07d531449f0a86a.pdf feb2208a5fad6cb1805e2d4c99a9571f PDF Text Text ' i . l J '--'<'. ~ j HERSTOTIY PROJECT \ Mrs .. Forrester interviewed by Georgina Garrett Q. .Jhen did you start at Canada Car Mrs. Forrester? A. January, 1941. Q. How old were you? A. 16. Q. Why did you start working there? ·A. My stepfather was sick, he couldn ' t work and I had to quit school and get a job. Q. What made you choose Canada Car? A. They were hiring in those days and needed all they could get. Q. I know a lot of women worked there - were most of the peoply you worked with women? Q. Uhen I first started there were 200 men and 5 women. Did you like it?" A. Oh yes. Q. How did you feel abo.ut doing something that was kind of unusual for a woman A. Not at first. to do? A, I enjoyed it, I really did. Q. What did you do at first? A. I went into riveting. Q. ]ho taught you how to rivet? A. Bill Williams and Doug Holchak. Q. :Afhat did you work with? A. They are air guns and rivets. Q. TJhat were you building? A. The plane wings. Q. What kind of planes were they? A. When I first started they were Hawker Hurricanes, and then it was the Curtis How do you rivet? Helldivers for the States. Q. A. Was there a patriotic feeling about building these planes? I don ' t think so, it vras just a job. �Q. A. Was it mono~onous, riveting? No, I really enjoyed it . There are so many different sizes of rivets and sizes of guns and full of different things and parts of the wings. I worked on the whole wing , not just one piece of it. Q. tras it highly skilled? A. No. Q. In this picture you are standing across from another woman. A. Sitting, she was riveting, I had the gun on this side and she was bucking the bar on the other side to flatten th~m out. It took two to rivet, she was my helper. Q. Was there a close feeling amon€:, the women? A. Yes. Q. Why was there a close feeling? A. For one thing, the people were from right across Canada who worked there, we Of course there was a whole department, there was no fights or anything. rqet people from every province. Q. i!hat was there about the plant that .... ? I still write to them and go to see them. Has there any co-operation among the women? Did they teach each other dif- ferent skills? A. No, I had helpers that were women but we had a lot of boys coming in. about me? But what They got higher pay because I was a woman and yet I had to teach them. Q. Didn ' t your union ever complain about this? A. Nothing you could do about it. The women got paid lower than the men. Even when I was there for 4 years, the boys came in and they were younger than me but they got higher pay because they uere boys. And I was teaching them how to do it. Q. This was pretty -:"1ell universal in the plant· then. A. Yes, all over women were paid lower. Q. Did the women ever talk about complaining? A. No, not really, the odd one but one can't do anything about it. Q. Did you belong to a union? A. Yes. Q. And the union didn ' t .... ? A. That was the wage rate and that was it. Q. That ' s really awful. A. Yes it is. was. Now I wouldn ' t put up with it but those days this was the way it �Q. Do you think tha:.' s one reason so many women were hired? A. No, the men had gone to the services so they had to hire women. Once you worked there you couldn ' t even quit unless you were pregnant. Q. Why not? A. They needed people to build the planes during the war. Q. What, where you on a contract then? A. No. Q. Well why couldn ' t you quit? A. This was where you started work, you couldn ' t work anywhere else because you started working there because they needed you. Q. So you wouldn't be hired anywhere else if you .. had quit? A. Well you probably would because during the war years, you couldn ' t stay out of work. Q. Can you describe what a typical day was? A. No, I lived in F. W.. Did you live on the site? You would sign out your tools - your motor and a gun and light and get the rivets. Then you ' d start riveting and find where your job was. Q. Did you get any breaks in the day? A. Oh yes, a lunch and coffee breaks - one in the morning and one in the afternoon of 10 minutes each. Q. Did you associate after work hours with any of the other women? A. Yes, on Sunday the whole department wouldlmead down to the show at the Capitol Theatre so in the shows on Sunday night was all of Canada Car. Dancing on Sat. Q. Did Canada Car supply the clothes? A. Yes, at first we had one-piece overalls and after that there were two-piece overalls. We had to wear those two-piece blue uniforms with these hats to put our hair in. Q. How did the men treat you? A. Good. I was only 16 and I was pretty green. A couple of married guys gave me a book on sexs marri,,ge and birth control and I never thought about it and I read the whole book between lunch breaks. was awful shy but not after They explained it all to me. I 5 years in there. Q. Why was that? A. I don ' t know, they never treated you like girls or women. Q. fellow employee, that ' s all. So other than wages, you didn't encounter any discrimination? A. No. We were just another 3 �Q. "Why did you stop working there? A. The war ended and that was it, everybody was.: out the next day. Q. What about the men, were they laid off? A. Yes, we all were, some wer.e hired back for the buses they were building. My husband ' s brother was hired back to make buses, he stayed there two more years and then he went to the paper mill. Q. So you met your husband out there. Were you familiar with what the barracks in Canada Car were like for the women? A. I was just there once visiting a girl friend. The walls were like paper is all I could say about it. Q. Did you try to get another job after Canada Car? A. Yes, I was a telephone operator in the Fort William Telephone Exchange. Q, How was that different from working at Canada Car? A. The wages were better but I enjoyed Canada Car more. The straight work in the afternoon was split-shift. Q. The telephone operators were mostly women I guess. A. It was all women then. Q. Did you encounter discrimination in wages there? A. No. Q. Did any woman play a role in the union at Canada Car? A. Q. A. Q. There must have been but I forgot now. A. It didn ' t really affect me at all. How did you feel about the union? I couldn ' t say - I paid my union dues and that was it, Had the odd meeting. How did the war affect you in other ways besides going to work? I had no brothers to go or relatives that went overseas, it didn ' t affect me. Q. Did other women talk about it? A. Yes, a lot had their husbands killed or their brothers. Q. Do you know of any other war industries in Thunder Bay? A. There was a shell plant on Mission Island. Q. Did you move up the ladder when you were working since you worked for 4 years. A. No, I started at .42¢ and at the end of 4½-years I was getting .83¢ an hour They called it starch work. and we ·worked 12 hours with overtime most of the time. time Q. We felt bad about it. 4:30 from the afternoon to 4:30 in the morning. income tax at first, just the last year or two. Would you say it was satisfying work? On Sunday was double We didn ' t pay any �A. Yes, I enjoyed it. It wasn't boring.:, it wasn ' t sitting in one spot. You could walk around .. At the telephone excha?:lge you always sat in one chair for 4 hours, and that was it. This was different ..... . Q. Why did you walk around? A. Jell in that job I finished one part so I moved around to the next. Q. So you would rivet in all different parts of the plane. A. Yes, the wings and other parts. Q. Was there any kind of risk involved in it? A. Not really, on my 17th birthday there I was bending over and was drilling with the rivet. spot. My hair was hanging down and it caught that and I had a big bald A lot of times, for fun, somebody would pull out your three-pronged plug and put it in upside down and you woiu.d get a shock when you put the mot or on. It was fun - it I-mocked you on your rear end but it was fun. . Q. Uas there· a feeling of camaraderie? A. Yes. Q. Why do you think they had that kind of atmosphere? A. Made of the --kind of people - people from all over. The bosses didn ' t come and sit and watch you, you could joke with them. After the war we went to Winnipeg and we just stood there and everybody said "Hi Canada Car". You didn ' t know their names but you recognized their faces. Q. Was it the fact that you were all working on a project for the war? A. That had something to do with it but at the time it did.11 ' t enter our heads. Q. Do y ou think there should be more jobs like that for women? A. Yes, I liked my experience. Q. 6,800 yes. The paper said 700 but 7,000 worked there. Did you ever want to go back. Did you apply to work on the buses or street cars? A. No, I 1-1orked at the telephone exchange before I married and then I had two kids to look after so I just q_uit working. But I ' d go back tomorrow if I could go back to the- way it was then. Q. Is there anything else about working at Canada Car you can tell me? I heard there was a woman president or manager, because she had been an ene;ineer of an aircraft - McGill I think was her name. A. I don ' t remember her at all. Thank-you very much. There probably was ..... � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Herstory Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herstory: Jean Forrester Description An account of the resource An oral history interview with Jean Forester in Fort William, Ontario on July 21, 1978. The interview was performed by Georgina Garrett as part of the Women's Decade Council Herstory project. During the interview, Jean Forester recalls her time working for Canada Car from 1941 to 1945. Jean reflects on the discrimination in men and women’s pay, the role of the union, the types of planes she worked on, her relationship with her co-workers, and her usual work schedule. She also reflects on her time working as a telephone operator at Fort William Telephone Exchange. The recording consists of one side of a cassette tape, available as one MP3 file. (Click on the speaker logo to play the file.) Text is available by clicking on the image thumbnail. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-07-21 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Fort William Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Release form was obtained by the Herstory project, allowing the recording to be shared and used. Subject The topic of the resource People Women's History https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/849bad08f25eaf67ea34a9e1fd3ae8b6.mp3 041fe7b05310e670d47f2ead744077be https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8673e186adf0d05f622da3aff97115b2.mp3 6b9839eb83d6f8785d27601b3cd7b274 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/7c230f580ca8894a1bf08a3d9b77905d.pdf 51f2125e6728db6754373a8bef79af6c PDF Text Text I \ HF,RSTORY I P10JECT Mrs. Helen Atkinson interviewed by Geore;ina Garrett and Karen Dubinsky G.G. You were going to tell a story about Mrs. Miller, the b~acksmith in Dorion. A. She wasn't really known as a blacksmith but she always had a lot of horses on her own farm, back in the valley, up in the Ouimet Canyon area. In the early '20's you had teams of horses, particularly heavy horses - this is what they used to haul pulp in the bush camps. Mrs. :Miller and the hired man, Alec Boisie, they both hired on to t he Provincial, I think that was in F.W. the Abitibi was a few years ago, was the Provincial Timber Co. - I don't think it was the Provincial Timber Co., I'm not sure whet it was really called. Anyway, they went back into camp and of course she took one teai~ and Alec took another team and the shacks they lived in in those days are a far cry from the type of things they live in today, in bush camps. It came time to go to bed and of course all the other men in that particular sleep schack were all a little wary about ~etting undressed because a woman was in the camp but she couldn't load her - I guess it would be sleighs because they did most of the hauling in the winter time on sleighs. Q. A. Did she hire herself to haul lumber? This wasn ' t lumber, this was pulp - ther's a difference. She had to load it and it was 4 foot sticks and you would load it from the piles the cutters had cut and they were all cut with ordinary saws in those days, not power saws. She turned around to the men and she said, "Look fellows, you might as well go to sleep .... " (she was already in bed) " .... all I came for was to haul pulp like the rest of you." And she turned over and went to sleep. I al- ways thought that was so 2.propos - women's lib. away back 58 years ago. She was g_uite the old girl, I just loved Mrs. Miller, she was really a darling person. Q. Where was her husband at this point? A. I don ' t know, I asked about this the other day because I thought of this story. I've got two or three of these, of these old stories, with these old time c:;als �with women's lib ideas. A lot of people nowad.ays figure that they went along with everything their husbands said. They did to a point but sometimes they could dig their toes in and make things pretty miserable, in a very subtle manner that a lot of girls nowadays don't do, can ' t do because once they had the training how to do it. But her husband, I don ' t !mow whether he died or she left him, I really don't know. Bill Holder might be able to tell you that. She stayed one winter with old Bill Holder down there, and she was an old lady when she died - she was way into her 90 ' s. She was the most beautiful cook and it used to be cute to go and visit her and old Alec Boisie, he had been the hired man, but by this time you're both getting old and he had his not his part of the house exactly, but he had a sort of sittinG room bedroom and it ·was quite large because it was a fairly large house - and she had her end of the house. I remember the last time I was there. They had no power back there yet, there wasn't sufficient population for the expense and they each had their radio and we were there one Saturday afternoon. We had gone out - my husband had to get something from Mrs. Miller - however ::he turned on the radio, this wasn ' t that many years ago, I don ' t think T.V. 'shad come up yet, we were johnny-come-lately's as far as T.V. reception was concerned, with Thunder Bay. So we had to listen to the radio and Alec, he comes to the door and he says, "If you think that is a good one, come and hear mine." Well, I wasn't going to say that this was better. It wasn ' t exactly a feud but it Has a sort of one-upmanship all the time. It was really charming. I don't think a lot of people were aware of it but it used to really tittilate me because my grandfather and grandmother were very much the same - always Q. one up on each other, but that pulp story I thought was beautiful. How did she get a reputation as a blacksmith? A. She did do her own blacksmithinB so far as I know. Long after I came out to Dorion she riould come out to the store, to Bratten ' s store, it used to be up on the side road, ana_ then they built the big new place and they sold it 3 or 4 years ago. She came out with a buggy - she was still coming out with one of them. Q. How did she survive financially? A. She farmed back there and that uas exactly why you go back in the bush with the horses in the Hinter time, because He used to have this cash, I don't know what they goi, but it shouldn't be that hard to find out. �Q. A. She'd cut her own wood? No, she wouldn't be cutting the pulpwood, she was just hauling from somewhere out to a landing which would usually be on a lake so they could raft it down in spring. Q. A. You must be from the east. No. If you've never seen them form a raft, they haven't been doing that for a A. long time. I've seen it in Lake Nipigon. Yes, you see the big rafts there. Q. too. Does she have descendants that are still living? Q. A. 'l. A. Not that I know of. She never had children then? I couldn't even tell you that. Used to raft down here on the Black Sturgeon Never heard it mentioned but I'm not saying .... when I first met her she was a woman in her 60's and you don ' t ..... When I first saw the house, and it was a log place that they had built, it was really nice, I always wished we had had it. It was a really beautiful place with a great Q. A. big lot - they are the "in" thing now. This is your husband's mother. Yes. But mousy places because mice could get in. Oh, boy, there were mice. They had come from England in 1910, Joe wasn't born until they got out here. They lived in F.W. for perhaps a year or two and then they got the place fixed, the farm. They bought the property down her, or homesteaded it. That's somethine; I'm not sure about, there is a difference. I think it was bought. They were in it together - Grandpa Atkinson and Grand.ma Atkinson who has been dead for years and years and her brother, Foster, was his last name. Anyway, when they got off the train, when they came from F. W. and they had everything loaded into one box car - they landed out her out on Station, so they had to walk up the track a mile from the station just beside the ____ to the ______ which is not too far from the track. It is right across the highway from where the track is and where the highway is now. The sister was about 4 when they got to this farm and the house was just rounded logs with the cracks because they don't fit smooth like timbers do. There were even the chips lying around - this is a family story told over the years although Joe was only a baby - about 3 months old - he wouldn 't remember but he has heard it often enough. It was just a rough building and this �is what you're supposed to live in with a 3 or 4 month baby and a 4 year old daughter. Bessie, the 4 year old - Elisabeth - she looked around the place and said to her mother, "Do we have to live in this woodshed?" I found out anyway by asking members of the family - Bessie in particular -.how you could get a place like that liveable. You can imagine walking int.o a rough log place, what would you do with it? She said they used mud and sawdust and anything you could get to chink it for the winter because it was about June when they came in. They got it all chinked up and then they used gunny sacks in which the animal feed came in and I think perhaps one cow·was all they had, and you would tack that to make a smooth finish, as smooth as you could 5et it and then you would, later on if you could afford a few rolls of wallpaper, then you made home-made flour paste and glued it on. It took several years to get tse place into something decent, when I first saw it in 1938, it was Q. A. really'a charming place but when you think of how it at first was. tlhat did they do for furniture? Theirs was with them, in fact there is a walnut rocking chair - it is really beautiful, I think it's called a Queen Anne style - I ' m not saying 1t's a real Queen Anne, I don't even Imow where the thing came from. I just gave Q. A. it to my daughter-in-law and my son because we used to use it in our summer cottage. There is quite a few things like that - the clock they brought with them was a wedding present from England. There was also china. Did they want to farm? Is that why they came here? In those days in England, if you owned 160 acres of property, they were always Q. relating it to what it was like in England. Where would you ever buy that property yourself? Anyone in a working class atmosphere, themselves would never be able to buy it in England - they can't yet I don ' t think. You 're a large gandowner if you own 100 acrs. A. Right - Grandpa owned more than that - he owned 320 acres, 160 anyway, that would be safe to say, and a grandson has it now. Q. We found that so many people when they came to the middle of the bush in Northern Ontario, would always bring something likecchina etc, to represent the good life. A. That's right because, they were perhaps a little different then all the settlers. Joe has pictures of when they were just kids ·- all of the pictures of Joe and the younger brother, Ben, who owns a garage over here and is living in a fantastic house, shows them with their white shirts on on Sunday with the ties on and always the white linen tablecloths on the table. So you brought your culture with you, even though your environment was a little crude like it would be in the bush at that time, but you did have a certain amount~ �of culture, especially the people from Britain. Q. Do you think they were disappointed? A. I don't think so, Joe's mother died 4..5 years ago and Grandpa Atkinson went back to England - the first time he went back - Joe and I 1xere already married and you used to hear these stor~es about England and you used to think you ' d never want to see the place because everything was super. I asked him how he found things and asked him if everything was better than Canada because this was how we always used to rib him. He said "Oh, Blast. They are so blind over there, some of the places don't even have electricity !" That shut him up, I never heard anymore about England. Q. ~Je talked to a woman - Catherine Stephenson. A. Oh, yes, she was a war bride. Q. No, she wasn't because she came over here as a young girls anddstayed with her aunt and lLY1cle. She has been here since 1924 and. she would say "home" meaning England. A. They do talk like that because my people are Scottish from Manitoba and it ,;•ms "home" and when you get to see those old Scottish people together. I remember not too long before Dad and r1other died there were a few Scottish people and they uould all go back to the brog11e like they had only come over a year ago and they'd been out here since ... Dad since he was 17 years old and that Has 60 years and they could go back into that easily. In fact my brother and I used to be able to do it too because you hear it for so long. ~. Do you knm-.r if there was any i:nvolvement here on the part of the Women's Institute in the suffrage movement? A. That I have never heard of. Ontario were johnny-come-lately ' s women-wise, as far as separtism was concerned. Manitoba was the loader in that. Q. It seems most of the rural communities were ......... . A. Have you any idea how many women it doesn't mean a damn thine: to as far as the vote is concerned now? You know what one woman told me at the last election? She said, "I'm not too sure who I'm going to vot for but ....... " I can rem- ember one girl telling me, "There was a big dance and I wanted to go and I didn't have a decent dress" so she dug out some flour sacks, nq sugar bags, and "I dyed them and I macle myself a dress. I cut buttons off old shirt·s that were in the ras bag until I had enough" and she had it buttoned all down the front 1--rith a belt to match. new to wear. I was 16 and you had to have something �told me how her mother would make dresses out of flour sacks - Q. they bleached them so that all the writing on them caJne off and then made A. dresses. And pants, underpants. I remember when I first came to Dorion - you were just getting out of the Depression in ' 39, I came that fall and the war started in September. I remember a friend that lived a mile from us, making kids' underwear - slips - but she put lace on them, little panties with lace, so Q. A. Q. A. there was this little bit of culture. It's funny, now they sell flour sack tops in stores and leave the writing on. You're kidding. Oh, yes - Robin Hood. I doubt if it is real flour sacks .... . ... That was 1904 .... but I do rememner that because 74 years ago I was even surprised when I read this, that they actually elected a woman a treasurer, when there were all the men, . . . .Nrs. S. Holder .... Q. A. I thought the pr~iries had long, severe winters. They do, but not as lonr as ours. You go out there in April and the grain is up all around, where you are not plantine; anything here at all. We just plaated our tomatoes this morning, and I think that has a lot to do with it. Also you were greatly dependant on your gardens for a lot of your vegetables, because those old girls used to can stuff and you had root cellars and that. If you had early frosts and frosts during the summer which are very prevalent in this part of the country, in Eastern Ontario. So if your earden is damagQ. ed to any extent ..... I remember reading about a pioneer and the first year everything was wiped out. A. It was all wiped out with frost. problem. Getting meals ready must have been a real Take your potatoe crop, suppose you had an extremel~· ~,;ret fall and you couldn ' t bet them picked up or harvested and you lost half of them. You ;-rere dependant upon your own potatoe crop because if yours was damaged with some of those diseases, 9 times ou:t; of 10 your neighbors would have the same problem. If you were lucky enough and you always had to save potatoes from last year's pla11ting for next year's seed in this part of the oountry because shipping Has pretty grim in those days too. one? Q. A. Doctors - how would you eet to A lot of children died uith diseases. Did you know any mid-wives in this area? Yes, Mrs. Watty was a midwife, and Joe's sister in the ' JO ' s. She was a e:-raduate nurse in St. Joseph's and she used to work in with the Department �of Agriculture - you've heard of their extension services - and she would go around giving home nursin:; courses which is the "in" thing now. Keep the penple·home and go and take care of them there because the hospitals are running on shortened money and the more severe cases go to the hospital. In those days, suppose you had a very ill child and you were living way back in the ______ area where we lived for JO years and the roads Here blocked in the winter, how would you get out? You had to depend on yourself and whatever medicines you had or old fashioned remedies. That pulled a lot of them through but a great many died too. Q. Do you think the women down here learned anythine; from the native women who A. had a lot of skills in living in this kind of "nvironment? Dorion? Perhaps no, because it wasn't a real bic_; Indian area, not for a long • time. In Hurkett there were a lot of Indian people. They interreacted in - the smoking of fish, now a lot of people did smoke fish, especially the suckers that ran heavily in spring and you could get loads of them. Q. for the winter. People ate suckers? That was fish In Th1mder 13ay they don ' t eat suckers - they are wormy fish. A. They are notaall wormy. cake out of them. I canned them too. You can make a beautiful fish And they learned a great many things about canning. The men were pretty fair hunters and even during the Depression in the offseason, there were loads of times that a moos or deer - that ' s where your meat came from. Q. Do. you think women developed the skills as they lived or did they come here with some kind of Imowledge of medicine etc? A, I think both of your suggestions are correct in some instances. Also a 0 reat many of the women did get their information from older women - learn things from neighbors like cooking - recipes go from first to last. In this area not too many ethnic groups came in from Europe until after the First World -rar so that a lot of those women wouldn't have too many of those skills unless they were rural women but rural women have always had a lot of these types because it is learnt from mother to daughter etc. I had an extremely good neighbor - Mrs. Reno - they were very early settlers in 1910 and she had slews of relatives left, sons and daughters and grandchildren. But mentioning the medical skills, in those days Mrs. Watty delivered several of Mrs. Reno's 1 �family. My oldest son was very sick with diarrehea and I had him into see a specialist in town and he gave this prescription but nothing worked so Mrs. Reno came over one day - she said she could sive mef something for, that. He was about 18 months and was he sick, he lost a lot of weight. She sent one of the daughters over with raspberry bushes - just the cane - and told me to cut them up and boil them and simmer for about 10 minutes. Strain it carefully through several layers of material so none of the thorns came through and bive it to him in a bottle or anyway he ' s going to drink it. In two days he was all cleared up. :She said her mother had told her that trick. I remember telling that to a child specialist and he said he wouldn't doubt it and that some of those old girls had marvellous treatments they think of. Q. Have you ever heard of lemon juice being used widely as a birth control method? A. You were talking to Bill, I ' ve got sheets of stuff that he sent me long ago. How about mountain ash berries, have you ever tried them? Q. I hear they're poisonous. A. No, they aren't. You've heard of Pete ____ from the Ministry of Natural Resources, well his wife asked me if I had mad it and I said I had twice. Jello from mountain ash because I read it was good. I don ' t doubt that it ' s loaded with Vitamin C but, it ' s just like wild plums, can ' t get enough sugar in to cut the sharpness out of it. Q. A. What about baking soda? Never. Do you know if that was a good ...... . Q. Fill capsules up with baking soda and lemon juice. A. That sounds like a placebo. Q. Do you think there is a lot of co-operation between women in Dorion and the Hurkett area? A. Q. There is some interaction but not really. Hhy didn't they mix? A. I don't know, I've often wondered. I can remember seeing that done as a placebo. They were always friendly and if anyone got burned out, now I ' m thinking of a long time ago, you'll find there are always more people in Dorion that settled as families than what there were down there. Old families as compared to what there is in Hurkett. Because a lot of people down there were ori,:inally, their families were from Dorion. There was an institute but with a little interractiion. Q. I don't mean between women of Hurkett and Dorion, I mean the women in Dorion itself. �' . A. Yes, there still 1s, to a great extent but a gr;eat extent of the people 1n Dorion have gone to school together which gives you a sort of - a great many of' the families are related through marriage. In fact i t took me three y8&'C'S to get it aJ.l strai~ened out when I first came. You didn't. say anything about anybody because i t could be a sister-in==law, a cousin or an aunt or an uncle etc., so you said nothing because after you'd get caught they'd say, "Oh• yes, that's my brother's wife or she's my aunt on my father's side." Get pretty leery about sqing anything. Q., What about in the older ~s? A. Just the sams.. there was just as much. whan they were Church that doesn •t stand anymore, the Anglican Church and the Baptist Ohurch had something also and then the 'l'he Anglicans perhaps would h:.e a _ _ _ _ an Fricuey building the Baptist had an annual. picnic Catholic Church too. ~ t and you could Q. depend on the same people being on that one as would be on the Catholic one because they intemixed. a great deal, no never ulnd as far as religion was concemed. Do you think ·the relationships bet-ween women overcame etlmic and religious boundaries? You've heard of the Intemational Da.y that the Institu·t.es have? Well, we had one ~t the haJ.l quite a f'ew years ago and i t made no nwer :nind he:re. I was really surprised when I first came to Dorion. I had been brought up that w~ m;rsel.£ because when I went to school we had the League of Nations. One thing I rsaember the first year I started public sohool, I was going on 9 and I didJ1't even know what the poor tea.chllr was talking about. She toldus we shollldn ~t eat garlic before we came to s~hool. Especially in the wint~ time when the roams would be just sick, these were first generation Canad1ana like JI\YSelf' and theyt'J. have strings around their 11eck. On old woman lived in Dorion and my sister-in-law, for the oldest boy, that was just what she tol'- rJ.m to use - you couldn'•t. get, near the poor little guy. Garlic was a cure all for everything even then, they used to put turpentine on brown paper and .put i t on your chest £or a <..~ or on the soles ot your feet. What your . feet had to do with your chest I don~t Imow. Was the Wamen•s Institute the only organizational format? Yes and 1.t did a tremendous amount o£ good. V e1.vy tiue of a lot of places. A. Almost ever.y-where. Q. A. Q. A. �Why do. you think that was? I Q, A. Q. A. You're too young to realize there were not too many women's organizations. Actually it is the largest one in the world ~th the grea.tes number of members, at last count.....it was about 7 million. The ~icanadian Women's Club was an old club but it was, ~trlct~y urban und th~ sam.e with the Canadian W(>Dlen•s Press Club but it •s called Median Club now. It is also old but- strictly urban. There was .not~ in th~ rural areas - II183'be the famer•s Association and the _women were invited especially a £aw times in Ea.stern Ontario. You m..,an the United _F armers Part,y tha.t won the election? l'lo. Mrs. Ho?d.less - Izvine Lee is the man I was thinking of. He was responsible for get.ting it started. He invited. her to go a..1:oim.d with him and do the first speaking at this fa.1.111ar's meeting and ·t;he women had been invited. I oan•·t remember what it was C"~cl. I've aJ.wqs heard va.n~e things about it over t.ha yeaxs and nEJV'er could pin anyb~ dmmo There were the Junior Famers and there was alweya the Woodlands ~ch groups. I don•t think there was a Catholic Womens• Leac,~e but I think there is now in Hurkett, Dorion and Pearl but that is very contampera.ry_. Where do ~.QU think that 1 t wa..'3 the Women •s Institute that too!t off? Why is it so extensive? When i·t first stuted. in Ca..?lada. - and it is ver:, big 1n a ,l ot of oth~ countries where a lot of what we have leaJ;ned 1n t,he :N.rst 25 to 30 years of it ,s being o:r6dnized. in Canada - food production and preparations and preserving food etc. _,. -they are just wor~ on that in a lot or areas now. In the developing countries - and some develop but there is a very great dif;l'erence between - beca.1.tse most of those countries don tt µave a midc!le cl~s such a~ t-1e .do,. They have the very rich or the very poor - there is .1 very thin line of' in-between where t'1.e masses of Canada and t~e U.s, . and even J3%'1ta1n are ma.de .up of the middle class. Fduca.tion had never ~een too big in some of th, .. countries. Ou.r's was the one that ssid women should be educated and they did the best to educating tlte women - maybe mor~ in the line of housekeeping skills, cleanliness and things people take for granted. no~. Pasteurizing milk,. public hea1th service, educattn~ women - if you read any of those stories about the first woman doctor .. sh~ ~ ter.r:1ble times getting t:t,eough tmiverei.;.y because they didn •t feel she wo~d have the a.bllity, the brains, etc.. You were al.wB.¥S class.e a a.s a second-cl3Ss citizen 1t· not fourth-class �,. after the animals if they came off a farm. I think that's what it was and Q. the women were aw:.i., of j t • We looked at the Le~~~ b<;'ok from ~ - Hymer's area 1·Jomen 's Institute and it is really good. It gave outlines of some of the topics discussed at meet- A. ings. Some of them are very interesting. Laws pertaining to Ontario women - and that is a contemparary issue - was in Q. 1913 discussed. A. It's like everything else you get - you oute;row things. But there have been a ,ireat many things that have been brought into law as far as women and children are concerned. One of the big deals here is the family laws. four years ago a_nd still is, Some of the women had been cut off 1-:ithout a dime. The husband diecl and left half of it to the church or J/4 of the women worked Q. like dogs. Mrs. Hymers, my neighbor, considered herself to be a very independanrfi, strong woman - do you think their husbands treated them as equals because they worked so hard on the farm and work in the bush etc., or do you think that even though they had these skills they weren't ... A. It depends entirely on the man-woman relationship. My mother was a very independant woman, she and dad got along very well. I think it depends on the people themselves. Fith all the talk etc., it takes two if you're going to be married - it takes a certain relationship but it depends on you as much as your husband. Q. A. What was the attitude of the men here, to the Women's Instutute? I'm a fairly new member compared to others because it had been operating for years before I ever heard of it, although my grandmother belonged in Manitoba. I think they kind of made fun because you actually do get that attitude even yet with a lot of women's groups. so. Chatter and stitch type of thing but not I think women do a lot of talking but men do too, all you have to do is go to conferences these days - they talk and talk. Maybe not so much modern vromen - the use of the husband in your family came first even though you worked outside, and loads of them did, held down a full-time job. interested in your family first and then the job. You were First you have to be an individual yourself and an independa.nt type of person. You can't do a good job on those two, I don't care Hho you are. If you can't carry on a good relationship Hith yourself. If you can't be happy with yourself you won't be LI �happy with anybody. I think a lot of pioneer women learned how to live with themselves first ru1d then the rest comes easy. I ' m thinking of all the women I knew who had been active all their lives, have done.all those things, have been married and are still married to the same person. I ' m not counting the friends who have been divorced two or three times because they could be married 49 times and they ' d go and do the same thing everytime. First you learn about yourselves, I think that is something a lot of younger women aren ' t aware of. This finding yourself that you're always talking about is not a thin~ to talk about, it ' s a thing to do because no one can do it but you and it comes from inside not from all the blah blah. I don ' t care who you are . . . . . . . Invariably you take lunch with them, so they served coffee and sandwiches. Q. But women never did the firefighting themselves. A. No, but some of the younger women now, because women have been incorporating Hith some of the fire departments, especially the volunteer groups because of the men beini:;; away all day. I think i:aka beka - they had the first women who actually drove the truck, they are trying to do that now here. But there is al Hays enough men around here that work right in within the community . . . . . . . we didn ' t 3et any grants or anything - they did the whole thing themselves. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Herstory Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herstory: Helen Atkinson Description An account of the resource An oral history interview with Mrs. Helen Atkinson in Dorion, Ontario on June 20, 1978. The interview was performed by Georgina Garrett and Karen Dubinsky as part of the Women's Decade Council Herstory project. During the interview, Mrs. Atkinson recalls the social, material, and working conditions of Northern Ontario in the early 20th century, including housing, farming, furniture, pulp hauling, clothing, medicine, community and personal relationships, and the activity of women. Halfway through the second audio file, Mrs. Atkinson speaks about the Women's Institute and other women's organizations of the early 20th century. The recording consists of two sides of a cassette tape, available as two MP3 files. (Click on the speaker logo to play each file.) The transcript is available by clicking on the image thumbnail. Please note that there is brief mention of Indigenous peoples in the area of Dorion, Ontario that make use of language no longer considered appropriate. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-06-20 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Dorion Canada - Ontario - Fort William Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Release form was obtained by the Herstory project, allowing the recording to be shared and used. Subject The topic of the resource People Women's History https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/79630ad785398a7e59b9e383198bf04a.mp3 cdd2e0ebe12d13522e5d5261409b8682 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/7b179231a7fefa86caffcf00447fd13b.mp3 0455cc167b52cfe671307d8395e7a5c4 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/576834165824b3246194eaefd851dd83.pdf 202dd21a22ed240f6233e34f99926306 PDF Text Text / ! / (-~ This is , Kanen Graves(?) talking with Mrs. Almos in Port Arthuro G: At G: A: G: A: Could we start by telling me what year you were born? 1913 And where were you born? I was born in a little CPR siding, called Melgand. Where is that? Now this would be, Oh, I don't know, past, well half way between here and White River, I think, on the CPR Mainline. My dad was a CPR pumpero This was when they had the steam etiginjs, and they had to take water, you know,every so manyo And¼::here we moved to Cauldwell; he was a pumper there, and then from there, when I was about four, we moved to Jackfish, and he was a stationary fireman there. They took coal in for the docks, the CPR dock there,for the trains, and he worked there till the deasel came in, and then they' did away with the coal, natµrally,then he was.o. No I'm wrong. They did away w~+h bringing it in from the States ~ by _boat, and brought it from, from the eh, provinces, somewhere, by CPR boxcar, and it had to be unloaded by boxcar, so they didn't need anymore fireman or anything li like this, see, to keep things going,to unload the coal, so he was transfered to a place called Britto G: That sounds familiar. A~ - That's down, oh, around Perry Sound, and there he stayed until he retired. G: Did you move with him? A: No, I married, and stayed in Jackfish. G: Had your parents been born in Canada, or were they immigrants? A: No. My grandparents came from Scotland as Hudson's Bay factors, up to Moosonee, and my Dad's family was all born there. And they came down to, by canoe, to, where is it now, the CPR anywayo And then just scattered around. My grandfather on my mother's s.ide had a store in Heron Bay. And the rest of the family fished; on~ uncle had a fishing and tourist business in McDermod. And the others were mostly railroaderso G: What do you remember as a child growing up in a small town? A: Well, I don't know. We weren~t very rich, we were a big family; eleven of us, twelve of us. G: Twelve kids? A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: Uhm uhm. Really! Eleven, and adopted my mother's, be more like a nephew to me, but he was adopted, because his mother and dad had passed away. And I don't know, we just seemed to have enough of what we needed. We never had to go without anything~but we didn't have any frills, that's for sure. But I think we were much happier then, than the children these dayso You appreciated things I guess. Everything just handed to them, ayh? ' What we got we really appreciated. An~ we had to work, you knowp I worked from the time I was~urteen, for, ten dollars a month, I thinko Doing what? Well, I went to help this, he was, Mr. ~ Nichol was the station agent, the gas station agent, there. And she needed 6: \. ~~ somebody in the sunnner, because she had so much company an~1/~0 ~VV that. So I just went and, as a cl-, like a girlc;-~ a y h o ~ . And, that's about all. Went to school until graoeeight, J and How big a school was it? Pardon me? How big a school was it? It was •:up to grade eight. It was from one, there was no kindergarten, ~ rom one to eight ayho And there was just the one teach~r~~ ;.._b,.we had very many happy memories there, because there wasl concerts, and field days, that kids have never heard of, these dayso Arbor d~y, I asked the kids if they had Arbor day. "What's that Nanny?" And, I don't know ._~ This was the centre of activity, the school and the church, ayh. The c~urch, once a month, there was two churcheso So everybody ~fo the, and the Salvation Army cam~ probably once every two months. And strange, I do quite a bit of volunteer �-2- ""~ work, and I do a lot for Home League, or~with them alot. And they knew all these Captains, and that, that came to Jackfish, like 60 years ago. G: What would they have come for? A: The Salvation Army? G: Yes, this is the first I've heard of this. A; Oh, well, just for a service. G: Counselling type? A: No, just a church -- o., meeting at night, you know. And, everybody would bring a lunch, and we'd have a little gathering after. This one chap, especially. He came from the Yukon, and I just heard recently, through a ~ Home League here, that he died in Californiao OThese are just the little things that we'd look forward to. We were fortunate enough that we had a pass, and relatives, that we could travel. Where a lot of the other children didn't ayh, we could go free, we had relatives in Saskatchewan and Manitoba and that. So we were able to goo•• My dad took us pretty often for a trip to Toronto and Montreal if we could afford it. But then I married, and we lived there, it was ,,, I was just saying, some girl came here the other day, said she was tired because she washed the clothes. I said oh, what kind of machine do you have? Well, an automatic, ahy. I said''what if you do like me when Don was, we had one boy, and one still-born child. When ~,Don was small, my husband was a railroader too, so he had to go out and relieve on the different jobso And in the winter I had to snowshoe down a hill like about Hillcrest Park, and snowshoe back up with the water to wash clothes. And I said, "And you push a button, and you're tired? And when my brother-in-law wasn't home, I had to chop the ice, to make a hole in the water,ayho Sometimes it was pretty thick in that bay. And then I'd come up and wash clothes on a board. So, when I look back now, I think, 0 dear, I woT\der how you ... My neighbour across here, she was raised on -Me. farm too. She said I wonder how weJ<l.id it ayh. We sit back~ nd wonder and really, you know, Jhat .. o But like I say, I think we were much happier then than now that you could ... I know when I go down town now and, we were married during the depression, and when I go down town now and think "Gee I wonder if I should, maybe I'll buy this. Do I need it?" That's a throw back from the depression. So it seems strange that life goes on s·o • G: What kind of social things did you do, say in your m_a_r_r~i_e_d_ years? Community dances, and things like this? A: Oh yes. We used to have pie socials,to raise money for the Christmas fund. And bingos, later on we had bingos. But mostly it was, oh, teas, church teas, and pie socials, and cake socials. And what else now, ohJ then we used to have snowshoe parties. We'd all get together to snowshoe out to a certain, everybody had a little, tracking camps, like, you know, and you'd make beans out there, have beans and that. Like I say, I was one of the more fortunate ones, Art always had a job, and we had a free pass, so every year of our life we've always had a holiday. Even if it was, I know !'! come back often, with just enough to tip t~e porter ayh. Or maybe not even that, but we had our pass, and we knew we could get home without any money ayh. But every month, I'd put away maybe even sometimes 50 cents to a travelling fundo And when our holiday came, well that was our money, and when that was spent, we came home. G: That's an interesting way to travel. A: But other than that, like, and ... I think the teacher was the head of the social, like you know, she put on the Halloween dances and ... G: Would these all be held in the school? A: Yes. At one time we had no ibasement in the school, so it was quite a chore to, our seats were on two by fours, and we had to pull them all out, you know. So the, I can't remember, they must have got a grant or something, and they ... I was married then, when they put the basement in the school, and this was were we held all our socials, such as our ... G: How large a community? A: Pardon me? G: How large a community? A: I would say about 35 families. And of course, during the summer the Patterso, you know, these freighter folks, they �-3would come in with coal for th~ ... It was the only industry there, was the coal industry, for the CPR, for the engine'S. And it seems every time a boat came in, they'd put on a dance of some kind,and they'd let us know, and we'd put a sig~ up, and the ladies would bring a lunch, or the boat would bring Q 'lunch. So, pretty nearly every week we' d have a danc·e. G: Then this would be with the people who worked on the boat. A: This was with the, yes, with the Captain and the mates would put it on, like, you see, and everybody that was free~.Rn the boat would come. I guess they'd been out on th~i ~~e~a week, ten, twelve days, and they were happy to get some~recreation. At one time we had a pool room there, and that was part of the, you know, they played pool. But that closed down, too. wheA we built our own skating rink and looked after it. We played hockey between Rossport,and Schreiber, and Jackfish. G: Did you seem to have been a lot more sports minded, a little more active1 A: Yes. There didn't seem to be any cliques. Everybody seemed to get together. Then we bou•ght, there was a general store and the Post Office, and Immigration Department thereo And we had that, we looked after that, til the placed closed up. G: So that would be an office to receive benefits? A: Well, no. The officer had to come here to clear the American ships. You see, the American ships came in, and they had a clearance before they go out. So that office was in the store too, the general store, and the Post Office. So then when that closed down, when Jackfish closed down, my husband got a job as a, went out on the road as, he was 7 of course he's an engineer, this was what he did in Jackfisho But it was more like a~_ ~mergency; he was sent anywhere from Fort William to, oh~~~crwthe Sioux, to Ottawa, to Mattawa, and anyplace that they needed him, ayh. So we lived, we had our own car on the railroad, and we lived there for seventeen years.before we retired. So that was an interesting way to live. I know one weekend,one middle of the week, we were in Rossport, or just out of Rossport, and (interrupted by phone) So whatf was I saying? G: You were talking about living on the rail A: Oh yeah. We were up near Rossport, about Tuesday, and they said to Bart, "Get ready, there's a train picking you up, and they're going to stop at White River, and get your groceries, and you've got to keep going til you get to Mattawa, for the weekend." Because they were building an overhead bridge, and you can only do it on a weekend. It was things like this that made it so interesting ... G: So you just took up your car and,.o A: Well, the train picks us up, ayh. We were on the railroad, like a, like a trailor ayh. And a train would pick us up and the machine that Bart worked with, ayh, and take us all the way down along. And wherever we were, like if we came into a divisional point, where there's a train waiting for us to take us out, so we'd get there in time~ So you never knew what the next job was going to be. G: I guess, you said you just had the one son? A: Yes, and when Bart took this job out on the railroad, he had just started high school here, so he was up here like,you see. And when we were close to home, close around here, he'd come there for the weekend, and if we weren't home, he'd go to Jackfish to his grandmother'so So we were there for eighteen years. G·: You said you were married during the depression. How did the depression affect you? ~ ------- r , I think we were very fortunate because on the job that tiart was, a hoisting engineer's job. In the winter they just had , maybe eight or ten staff, or twelve. And they had .\o ~<.,'-le. time keeper. And none of them could do office work. None of thot+older men, even if they had more seniority than Bart, they couldn't do the office work, with the result that he was never out of a job. As small wages as he had,we were fortunate; we never lost our insurance, or our house or anything like that. So many of our friends did ayh. Other than having to be very careful,you know, make sure that you didn't go off on a buying spree, or somethingo ~d (}.. �-4- G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: - G: A: Did it affect Jackfish, particularly bad? Not too much. Most of the people there were, I would say have permanent positions, they would be, like section men, and in the wint~er, like section men, and then th~v had to keep this plant going, because they had to keep a. coal shute going to keep the coal eh, ready to coal all these trains, all these ... So it was more of a steady thing, except in the stnnmer they brought in these extra men to help with the unloading of the coal for the winter. But we were very fortuna..te. • -~ There was nobody, I ~~bink, out ot work in Jacktisn ouxing the depression, because of this CPR coaling station, see. Maybe the junior fellas on the way, like on the track were laid off, but pretty well it didn't affect them at all. But all around us, terrible. I know friends of ours that had lost their homes and their insurances, and things like this. Did you get a lot of people travelling through on the railway? Oh yes. men in the box ... Boxcars, yes, yeah. In fact there was some of that still when we went on the roado Cause they warned me, I was often alone, you k~ow, out on the siding,and they said not to let anybody in. ~~ t ~is was not like the depression,! think it was just those who were travelling more just to see the, the, cause it was during the war when we were out there, so there was lots of work. How did the war affect you? Pardon me? How did the war years affect you? Ahh, not ... I guess things became a little more prosperous? Yes, yes. Well I know when uhm, when Bart went out on the railroad, when we were in Jackfish, there was no union. So he would have to go, he went to work at seven every morning. And if that company, boat company, wanted that boat unloaded for a certain hour, he would have to work, all those hours, maybe sometimes up for 5 o'clock the next morning. And he never got paid for more than eight hours, ayh. So as soon as he went out on the railroad, on the, on the mainline, he was able to join a union, and he did, and I could never get over him being paid, in fact, this was how we bought this house. All the overtime that he made, I put it aside, because I said "If we, you know, this is just money found, because you'd never have it, if you didn't have this job." So this is how we put money away to buy this house. Because if you travelled, at night, with the crane, then he had to look after it, and he was paid for it. And if there was a mainlinefl and the mainline was busy, then they would have to wait maybe til after 5 o'clock, or 6 o'clock, til the trains were all gone, then go out, and he was still paid. And I can remember my son was, it was during the war, they couldn't get a helper, so the boss asked Bart if he didn't know anybody. So Don said he'd go out. And I can remember the first day Don worked, he had to go out an hour ahead, at six, to get the crane ready, and they couldn't go out til 8 o'clock that night to work, cause the passengers were late (?), it was a mainline job. He made 42.50 that one day. I can remember his dad saying, "This was what I made in a month when I started to work". So it was quite a, it was quite a thing to be able to get paid for what you did. But, and that job in Jackfish, we were paid for eight hours only, no matter how, and you couldn't refuse, ayh. Especially Bart. He was the only who could do this certain job. He had a helper, but he couldn't work when there was men, they emptied these boats of coal, well when they got near the bottom, there had to go men in there to scrape it up and -•~~ put it irlZ0 the bucket so they could get it upo Well the (ljfa"'. _ ~ helper couldn't do that, because they were scared th~-'-=d-- ~ ✓0 swing the bucket maybe, and kill someone o So Owhei:l there was a cleaning job, Bart had to do it all. There was two of them, like two cranes, but they had to do all that worko Was there any talk there of organizing a union? They tried. But, this was the way they got around it. There wasn't enough, uhm, steady members, like. I think �-5there had to be ten or~welve. And the CPR made sure that _ they, (joke and laughter), but the company made sure that they got, you know, that they were kept below that. The steady ones, like, you know. They could have in the SUllllller, but then these were just men that came in for, maybe three or four rr. Jnths, so that didn't count. This is how I think I, I have never voted anything else but social, NDP or, please be careful whatever you ~all it. Because this was when you heard all about it during the depression, ayho And I can remember, uhm, Jack MacEvett, he was organizing, ayh, in Schreiber. He said"I've gone out in the country and preached", and he said "I had to be in a truck, because they'd throw tomatoes at me", ayh, or eggs or anything, if they didn't like him. And I can remember the first, uh, convention I went to in Regina I said to Mrs. Jacobson, " I never thought I'd ever see the day when I'd be coming to Regina, in a hotel for an NDP convention, ayh, the way it started out, because I know many a time I did without things to, to help <-·calm down there, like, you know, the people that came in _e,v~ ) they always came to our place to sleep, or eat or anythi11g. Mr. uhm, what's his name (\t,~Tate, he's an old timer, Jim Caullie, I was just reading about him the other day, and Jack MacEvett, of course, he was from Schreiber, and uhm, there sure was a lot of talk of; you know, political talk during the depression, and I think this was for, because, uhm, when yo,, looked around and saw what was going on, these guys working for five dollars a month, I think,on the highway. So, uh ... Oh yes, I think the whole of Jackfish was, was CCF then. G: I've been studying Dorion and Hurkett a lot, and that was a really progressive ....... town during the depression too. A: Yeso I think all these little towns, you know, that really uh, it hit them quite hard. G: I guess soo Uhm, I wanted to ask you about the early days of CCF. Did you ever think that it would become sort of a credible third party at the time? 11 A: G: A: G: A: G: A: A: A: N .• Did it start off really really small? I Uh ... See I don't ... Oh yes, like I say, I can remember, especially down our way, because uh, oh there was so many other factions against it, ayh. Strong factions, that people were afraid to, to even talk about it, in lots of places, ayh. Uh, and I really can't remember how it, that was overcome, because, like in Jackfish, nearly everybody w~s a CCF, ayho There was the odd one, but uh, they didn't do to much about it, so uh,.o• But they had no problem there. I think Jackfish was CCF ever since I can remember. And uh, everybody worked, helped, and eh, you know, ... Were the women just as active as the men, would you say? Uh, Yes, I think so, uh, 'cause I know I waso And uh, and any of my friends, there was, oh yes. Did you feel that you were, I don't know, taken seriously, that's not quite what I want to say, but you know what I mean ... You were as respected, in the Party1 Oh yes. Uhm Uhm. Oh y~s. ' · Yes, because, uh, what I found, we had so many gooa arguements, that these, the was arguing against us, You know, they couldn't find anything uh,'- come back wi ·:th, really. When we say, "Well, look-et, what's this government doing; five dollars a month, ayho And all, well Canada was, it's a rich country, and, you know, these are the arguements~LJe used to get literature~ t, and study it, you know, and have study session, and that, and uhm, and we really ... No I don't, we never had any problems down there. It was always, uh, it was always, as far as I can remember ... Of course, now, the earlier years I don't know ... 'cause I wasn't old enough to vote, ando•• But uh, ... it was alwasys strong, the CCF, ever since I can remember. 0 �-6G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: Do you, I doo., I think you're probably to young for, to remember women getting the vote. No, not really, no. twenties. Yeah, no, no. It's ahh ... You know, I can remember something about i t , all right, because I remember aguements,,, I can remember ministers come and arguing, and you knowj about ... My dad was very religiouso Uh; I don't know whether really religious, but he, uh,'cause people were very religious, and apparently always had to study the Bible very .. And they used to argue these things forth and back, and uh, and uh .. o This was what he used to, uh, argue mostly with, was because he was figuring that this Bible wasn't quite right., from the things that was said, and then some of the things that was preached, ayh. But like I say, when there's a large family, we all had to get up and do our own chores, and that; there wasn't much to, to, uhm, like ehh, there was chor~s, .and, and then schoolwork, and different things ~that. We never got much into political, uh, arguements at home. But I really took interest in it when Jack MacEvett started to come down. Of course I was married then. I was nineteen when I was married, and of course you couldn't vote until you were twenty-one, theno But I was really into--My husband has always been, 'cause he said that, uh, his dad was from Norwayo And he used to tell them how the big shots took everything there, from the fishermean, no matter how hard you'd worked, you had to ... And uh, And so, he was always socialist, if you'd like to call him that. And I haven ... I've never voted anywhere else ... anything else. So, .. o How about transportation in these days1 How did you get around? ~ Oh you know, this is uh, the strange thin oo ... We have never had a car. We have never had a car. Really? And uh, for the simple reason, that in Jackfish there was no highwe y, when we lived there. Now, uh, the highway came through after we went out o~ ~he road, oh maybe a year or so before. And we had totuhm, I don't understand too much about it, but everybody had to pay so much, then and do . .. If you didn't pay, you had to work so many days on the road that they had cut in, like. I guess the town id it, ayh. Well then, the car was no good to us then, because we were away all the timeo My son had a car right away, of course. But we always travelled by rail, or ship. How about within the community, though. I guess if.tbings.o. Oh. It was all railway, all rail. But the community was, uh, You've never down past Jackfish? No, I don't think I have. Well there's, there's just the railwasy, in the middle, then the lake on one side, and the mountains on the other. So with the result that the, that the cut-in from the main highway was very hard to put in,because it had to come down through this plane, and then over a mountain, and then (cut back to?) And there was no place you cou--There was no place in the town where you could drive a caro You had to drive just to the railway, and leave it there. So it was all railroad travel, when we were thereo And you'd just walk ............. . And just walk,~ yeaho It was av ery small village, somethin' likeo•• Oh, it wouldn't have as much walking space as Rossport, if you've been there. Uhm uhm. Rossport's really small. Yeah. But, see Rossport is, is kind of flat, ayh, and at least you can drive into there. In Jackfish you could just come in behind this mountain, there was just a valley in between this mountain, behind the church, and then right down to the railroado And that's where you had to stop. Oh some people, uh, p~t planks across there, and went across. But you couldn't go anywhere, so there was no point, ayho So, ah, everything was by car, by railroad, and it was so small that you didn't need a car,anyway, to get around. I've been thinking of Thunder Bay standards. �-7A: G: A: Yeal.. Oh, no. I know my aunt, she came from the west, she used to say "I can't breatrehere, like, 'cause she lived in the prairie, ayh. And she said she just seemed like she was closed in because there was just this little place to walk, ayh. Mountains on one side, and the lake on the other, and the railway in the middleo It sounds like it would be really beautiful. Yes, it was, it was a lovely spot. Uh, a very busy spot bsecause, uhm, in the summer they had, uhm,uhm-a, a pulpwood, the pulp boats used to, uhm, how. can I say this? The boats used to come into Slate Island, l that was out quite a way) and load the pulp there, so we had th~, uh, men come in then to, they stayed out there all summer and worked on this pulp business. So it was always a very busy spot, in the summer, very quiet in the winter. But and a good, we had quite a good tourist business when we had the store too--we had a lot of Americans come in there, because beautiful lakes lac~ in there, very, uh, untouched, ayh .. good fishing, and so we haa "')"->.ri. £k C?) quite a good tourist business.there, too. The Americans used to like to come in. But, uh, there certainly wasn't any cars around there was no place to drive them, Everything was done by wheelbarrow, if you had to, uh, .. Move things . Move anything; wheelbarrow in, in the summer, or toboggan or, or sleigh in the wint er,ayh. I know we used to have to, we burnt coal, naturally,-we were on a coal depot, and they used to bring it in bags home, on the toboggan. So, everything had to be moved by hand, wheelbarrow or, that old wheelbarrow outside, that was what we used in Jackfish. An antique wheelbarrow. Yeah. What was life like for your mother, with so many children? Well, you know, we all had our own job, ayh. The older had to look after the younger, and ah, as many as us, there was of us, she has b~ ders beside. Men that used to come and work in the summer, ayh, would come board with us, which she always used to say it doesn't make much difference putting a few more potatoes in the pot, ayh. But we all had our own jobs, and we all had to look after our own clothes, and things seemed very well organized. I don't know, I can't remember tha t;here was, uh, we all had to look after our own rooms, ana beds, and, and uh, we all had our turn to do dishes, and uh, .. o You had to be a lot more responsible. Oh yes, oh my gosh, yes. You know, if we ever got up and we I think there was only two of us that was born in Schreiber. The rest were all born at home with a midwife. Was there a local woman, who acted as one? Yes, uhm uhm. Bart's mom--my mother and I used to do most of it. And before that there was an Italian lady that used to do it. And uh, it was just, one other thing, just another ..... I can remember my last two brothers, they were born in Schreiber, because these women were getting older then, ayh. And uhm, so they, my aunt, she was kind of a midwife in Schreiber, too. So she went there, and had it there. But uh, but uh, I can't remember any, uh, I think today they'd, when I see children, the way they, I think it's just uh, oh, I think it's partly parents fault, today. Because they take the line of~ east resistance, they say you can't do that, and they do it anyway, and they don't do anything about it. I can't understand that. I know with my grandchildren here, I say \\ you do it; and they look at me, and I say "and fast ;; Don't sit and look at me o'r And 63, ayh. You've got a lot of nerve. I said "You justo .. o" Of course I do a lot of kidding, but uh, I, I just couldn't take that. When I said somethin to Don, I said "I want that done", and he went 0ndJ done it, ayh. And if he didn't do it, he just had his privileges taken away from him. And I think this is half the battle. Because they just, just don't seem to 0. G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: �-8bother, I don't know. I can never forget one woman said "I'll be so lad when they're married, when they're out of my way." Oh.9 I couldn't understand that. I said "don't you enjoy them?" And then when I saw the way they acted, I thought, "no wonder", but I thought "lady, it's eour fault" . . I think television has a lot to do with ito A: Oh yes, terribleo Just want and sit and look at that uhm, My little chtm1 was sittin' there yesterday and put the, and put it on for some x sports, and I thought, "I bet you ten years for G: Is this why you workEi_d? A: since we move'l_1ere. We moved, Bart took an early retirement~ e've been here about seventeen years. And he still worked two years, like we bought this house, oh maybe, ten or twelve years before we moved up, ayho We knew that we couldn't go back to Jackfish, we had a house there, but there was nothing there, ayho So l ike I say, we had to buy somewhere, so we , everything_J--;t~~"' got overtime, I put away to put a payment do~house, . Well then we bought it, and we rented it for about twelve years. Well then, the people who rented i~were going to move away, so I said to Bart, "Well whf} t -.f taki n' an early, he, this was how we started~fto Mex. i~ o, in '57, He had an arthritic hip, and they said that, like the winter's a slack time, ayh, 'cause there's no building or anything like that. So, uh, I started looking into going to Mexicoo So we went down there, and then, uh, the . nP.xt winter they'd, the people said they were going to move, so we moved down then, and we didn't go anywhere that winter. Just So we've been here eighteen years, and ah, Like I say, we never stary in the winter, except the, the two years since I've been sick. But ah, we've never had a car either, so we've just ... Like I say, then, but he came up, he worked, he still worked two years, at, summers, while we were here. So I, I just couldn't sit here and do nothing, so I started to babysit first. Babysat for all the doctors, and that, thereo And ~ then ah, this little, this little store down by ah, the clinic, McKay's, they looked, they were looking for a clerk, so I worked there, for ah, five years. Then we were, every winter we ~ .~ away, she'd have to get someone else, so ... This year we're goin'to, summer we're goin up to Alaska, so I said "I'm oing to quit", I said "You911 have to get someone else", 9cause it's not fair to her either, ayh. So we came back in October, and then I knew the woman that was working in, in the uh, what do you call the office down there, employment office, and she phones, and "Would you like to go and work at Burk's ~ itts. I said "What?" So she said "They're looking for someone for Christmas rush',' so I said "Okay, I' 11 go down and try it". So I went down and then I worked every summer then, for ten years. I really enjoyed ito • G: Did you work, uhm, in your early_..y,ears of marriage? A: No, except for our own . bus flies s, when we had, had our own store, like, you·-know; in, in the country. But when we were on the road, we were never anywhere maybe sometimes .two weeks, and then maybe sometimes two days, ayh. So !~ just ah, G: Are this, I that there are3/many opportunities for women to work, in small towns, small ~industry towns. A: Small--No, no,no. Uhm, what there was an :~ an hotel in Jackfish, during uhm, now let's see, that started during the war. But, there had been previously, a hotel before, and it, people died, and they just closed it down. Well then, this family, Spidoni brothers, you've heard of them in Schreiber, I guesso They bought the hotel, and they opened it up, so this was the,really the only place to work, ayh. Cook, or or, ah, upstairs girl, and bartenders. But I never did, I never worked there, 'cause we had our own store, then. G: You had the general store? A: Yes, l the post offic~ and this, uh, other office, that the �--9- G: A: Immigration guys So I worked there., most of the time. But uh, other than that there wasn't, there was nothing in, in smaller places. Do you remember any people, I'm thinking particularly of women, being really lonely, really sort of cabin-crazy? No. No, I don't think so. Not that I can remember. Everybody was too busy. You knowo Like the men worked steady, ayh, and the women just had to do, take over for the men laid off when they had to work,ayh. And like uh, you just didn't come in and turn a button on, and a stove go, you had to keep your stove up and carry your water in. Heat your water on the stove to wash clothes, and it, and iron ) the iron's on the stove, and this all, you know, it took so much more time than it does these days. So I say laugh. · when that girl said she was tired, pushing a button on an automatic washing machine. Ahh, no I can't ... Oh there was lot's around eh, you know, in the 1 . .m re the farming district, I thinko Yeah, I guess women really isolated, in the country. Yes, but we were never really isolated, because we had mail twice a day,ayh, which is something, because the mainline went right through it, and the railroad carried the mail then. And ah, so we had mail twice a day, and we had, uh, we got fresh fruit and vegetables twice a week. From town her~,they'd come down, on the train. And fresh milk every morning, 'cause it came on the train, too. At one time there was seven trains going by there, ayh, passengers. And uh, So we really weren't~ where we were, we weren't isolated at all because we, ~ other than that we didn't get out too much,. Like I say we made our own fun, and, and we uh, oh we were never without anything. And like, there was a doctor in Schreiber, which is, was nineteen miles awayo And if we needed him, we just phoned through the CPR phone, to the station in Schreiber, and he came down on the first freight. So we really were better off than a lot of places that didn't even, when they didn't have a highway~ ayh. We at least had the mainline going right ~ through. And anything happened, well, they were always kind enough to stop a train and pick anybody up that was hurt, and bring them in to whereever was, to Schreiber, or anywhere. I know all the uh, sick people that had to come to town, they just stopped them, put them on a stretcher, put them in the baggage car. And then we came up with them on the baggage car. So uh, and we'd phone the doctor in Schreiber, and say so and so was on the baggage car, and he'd come in and see if they needed a needle or something. He was a CPR doctor then--and a town doctor too. And if they needed help before we got to town, well he'd give them a needle of some kind, like, you know. And we just stopped in time to expect a train here, and took us to the hospital.The, uh, only thing that we found, the younger ones wouldn't stay there to have their babies,ayh. Like, before the babies were born they came up to town here, or to Schreiber and waited. But the old timers used to have them right in town at home. But no, we were, we were very fortunate there, because, like I say, we were just like on the mainline of ah, uhm, lots of places that's all they, the only thing that was, you know, there was no highways in a lot of those places. So uh, we were, we were, I guess, we never thought of it then, but now I realize that we were lucky, much luckier than most people, where they were isolated away back in the bush. What did~ ~u say, that there was a school in Jackfish? Uhm uhmJ_~ rade one to grade eight. And how ~ Mdid many people go on to high school? Yes, quite a few. And they'd have to go to Schreiber? They'd have to come to town hereo Oh, to here? Uhm uhm, Really? Uhm uhm. There was no high schools i ny of the ~~ 0 G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: 0 ± There was high schools in Sc reiber, but, now, I don't �-10- G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: G: A: understand what the ruling was there, I guess you could have gone there, but it, uh, no, I don't think so. 'Cause nobody ever went into Schreiber too. My son took music lessons, and he had to leave, Like he'd leave ot night at seven o'clock to go to Schreiber, which is nineteen miles away,stay overnight, have his lesson, music lesson in the morning, and come back at noon the next day. But he didn't mind that at all. And first he, the first time he went to White River. He started in White River, but then the music teacher died, there, and eh, I thought "well gees it's much easier to go to Schreiber, because I, that was two days to go to White River, ayh. You went down in the morning, and then you couldn't go back until the next nighto So that was the whole weekend, and he, he used to love to fish, ayh, so uhm, this way he went in at night and he was back in the morning. But eh, no, everybody there, I don't know what the reasono You know, I never thought about thato I think that most of them that came up to high school, wanted uhm, to go to technical school, they didn't just want high school. They did their first year, and then they chose their, what they wanted to do, ayh. I think th¾_s was why they mostly all came up here. 'Cause I know Doqhad to come up here. And anybody that came, eh, it was out p, unless they wanted to go to, eh, to be a teacher, then they had to go to North Bay. There was no teacher's college here then eithero And-a, nursing, they mostly all came here,because at that time there was a residence~fhat they could stay in, ayh,o Now it's all, isn't it alJJJniversity and just ... The college, stays there, yeah. Yeah, uhm uhm. And, 'cause quite a few nurses, quite a few pupils come out, ayh, quite a few pupils came up. Do you recall the, uhm, it would be mostly boys who continued on to high school? Or was it sort of half and half? ~~) No,no, no. Half and half--a lot of~girls, nursing, teaching. Like I say, I know they had to go to North Bay to teach, because when we wer on the road, we were in North Bay,working, and this young girl was in college there, and she used to come down to visit us, ayh. And this is how I know they had to go to school,into North Bay to go to school, Oh no, the, the, girls had uh, came out, there was ai many go , as boys. having more, uh, they were, should go first, were the, uh, foreigners . You know, they thought the boys were, should go, and the girls should stay home. But in among our, we, that was never, .uh, prevalent were we, you know, girls, if they wanted to gOf'\iad the same chance as boys, whereas with some of the foreigners,the boys had to go first. Even if they're dumber. You know. They were the, they were the misters. You mean there were. ~~-_·,:~a:.,~~,.. a lot of foreign families? Yes, there waso Uhm Uhm. What nationality would be ,,.,, ----7. (~) Uhh, uho Mostly Italians, there was ah, a couple of Ukrainian families, but they were mostly *alians down thereo And ah, then all, men that came i o work in the st.mnner, brought their families, in Sudbury ?)o But ah, Did the connnunity, uh, did they reach together? Oh yeso Uhm , uhm, uhm uhm. Like I say, there were so few, ayh, that it took everybody to, to get anything going. But as I can remember, we had some good times. We used to ha ve big picnics, you know, in the summer. And ah, pie socials, kids didn't even know what a pie social was. What's a pie social? It's a box social, where you make this fanc, oh no, fancy, and there was at this, uh, most of the time there was such a competition on who would make the best, the nicest box, ayh. And uh, then you'd have to have it auctioned off, and ... You know, you never hear of those things any moreo That was just something you do for ... I must, I must suggest that to Home League sometime, just for fun. 'Cause their always looking for something different to do, you know. We have teas and, and~things, but that\/ was J1~fent:_ ~-~t\\~ ~\) 5~ �' -11- G: A: And they always said they could tell the teachers ' box, 'cause it was always so much fancier, she had so much to work with, ayh. And I can remember this one guy had quite a crush on this teacher, and ah, this, she just put it in a, in a plain brown box with a bow on it, ayho And this great big fancy box came up, and he thought it was hers, and he bid, bid so way up high. And here it was ~ married woman, she had about six kids. And here comes this box, and he didn't bother, and here it was the teacher'so It went for about a dollar, ayh. But, like I say, everybody had to, to chip in, ayh,because it was, but we had, we made our own mi , we had to go and build our own mi shack, put a stove in, to, to change our shoeso We used to do it in the station, and then the officials got mad and kicked us out of there, so ... But everything seemed to, I don't know, everybody seemed to pitch in and, •o• I guess smaller cotm:Ilunities are like that. I don't know, they always like the ... Like I was telling the kids, I think we had just as much fun then--there wasn't G!.any money, but, but we were fortunate enough that nobody was hard up. And, like I say, if anybody had a problem, everybody was there to help them. .c~1:r --\. Yeah, I've also found that places that women~didn't have so many social service agencies as we do now, there was a whole sort of, policing force within the, in the region. If someone was mistreating his wife, or those kind of prob 1 ems . ~ ere.'s· Yes, yes. Oh yeaho I think A far too much hand-outs these days. I know I did volunteer work and I do meals on wheels, too,ayh. But boy, oh boy, there's some funny things going on there too. I know I used to go � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Herstory Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herstory: Elizabeth Almos Description An account of the resource An oral history interview with Mrs. Elizabeth Almos in Port Arthur, Ontario. The interview was performed by Karen Graves as part of the Women's Decade Council Herstory project. During the interview, Mrs. Almos recalls the social and working conditions of Northern Ontario, primarily focussing on Jackfish, Ontario, in the early 20th century, with topics including housing, mining, railways, unions, the Canadian Pacific Railway, community and personal relationships, and the activity of women. Mrs. Almos also highlights the presence of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and its eventual successor, the New Democratic Party (NDP), in small towns in Northwestern Ontario, specifically Jackfish, Schreiber, Dorion, and Hurkett . The recording consists of two sides of a cassette tape, available here as two MP3 files. (Click on the speaker logo to play each file.) The transcript is available by clicking on the image thumbnail. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Release form was obtained by the Herstory project, allowing the recording to be shared and used. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Text Subject The topic of the resource People Women's History Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Port Arthur Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/dbd9f7654e23589b1391af4c2f2355cb.mp3 d0fbea1fa429f42bd0aa3d367c6988bb https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/af859eb01913e169fa0d4d2aa1312c25.mp3 edc72996619376e70addd6a0f0d530f1 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/3eaa8a6235fe57fbc4d488e1eb849729.mp3 b0e4f06bd4050bfb2fdf6f75979cde65 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/c032fea0855f4d81c3b59d9a4ef3eef9.mp3 3707aaed138524bc0a81d915abb73875 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/58cb742b6db3bc67d1c7fe638f05929b.pdf 815399a90a0a8a7471dc9c2e3b018bb6 PDF Text Text /)Jo. ~~ ~~/4 ., /}fl~ ~~ ~ ~~v ~ - :;;~ ~~-~p 2:{) ,~()/t/3-t ,I read your bookletoon Silver Islet history and you indicate on !" 'µ\,, ,~ . VQ IM..i...... the label set but I don't want to leave XH anything in that area but what I would like to do is to go back into your own life in the early ~ part of your childhood and talk about as you remember growing up, ~hat i~ ~our personal life story. -A Well among the first things that I remember of course living in Port Arthur, there were board sidewalks all over the place. I imagine they were made of good white pine planks, all over the place, there was no cement at all, and there were cracks and if you happen to drop a nickmm or a penny why you could see them through the light of the crack but then it was to get an older brother with a not~s ~itx and get it out. p= a pick or something to hook up this plank, you see, It was quite something that all the young people did as they walked along to see if there be a glint, and if there were xexx why then finders xsssexs is keepin you see, aM ~f course there was just one public school. Now the first public school mind you there were two or more that were run by xke just Miss somebody or other that would gather a group of children but finally there was a school set up and was two rooms and it was divided, I don't know ex~~ii¥ what grades went into which rooms but anyway that's all there was. Q. What year was this? A. It was before my time because that school is now a double house or else four suites next to the Baptist Church in Port Arthur, but when it got too small then a front was put on and that's the front of the Central School over in Port Arthur up on by Gore Park. Well then when the ... and the two rooms were at the back of it joined on and when that became too small th~setwo rooms were moved over by the back of the church somebody bought it and made into two or four suites or a double house and then the �present addition I think 8 rooms was put on the back of it and that was the only school there except the Catholic school. Well then about 65 years or more ago there was a new Methodist church being built which is Trinity and the old church was moved down the hill and down Bay Street now Algoma Street to where Secord School is and it made two rooms and that was the first school, what do you call those schools not the central school (primary) anyway it was the first school other than the central school in the city and everybody,everybody had to go to Central school first and then the people that crowded in and built up the south end of Street Port Arthur had this Secord/School to go to. Then I think the next school that was built St. James Street school way down Court Street. Q. Of all first, Thunder Bay North, Port Arthur, preceded Fort William development? A. Oh no, Port Arthur was or Fort William was first, it was the fourth. xxxsx Q. What we call the East end now must have developed then was what was called Fort William then, near the old Fort? A. Yes, that's why down in the East End there are McLaughlin Street, McTavish and all those Scots names, named after the Hudson Bay men, the whole place most of it has Scots names because most of the Hudson Bay men were Scots. Port Arthur you walked to school of course. then, in what area? In Q. Where was your home A. Well the first home was at this end of Court Street before Bay, there was nothing from Bay Street on (just wilderness) Yes, just wilderness, just swamp, cranberries. Q. Even in the 40's when Jix moved up here that was still swamp Intercity was largely swamp there? A. Oh yes, well you see in prehistoric time this was a great bay than rairup as far as XR&HEekH Kakebeka Falls and then they claim that there was a Afpping and the water drained here and piled up over on the south shore of Lake Superior but however, it drained out and only wiggling Kaministiqua �River was left to drain it and x it was all swamp right from the height of land at Port Arthur to the mountain, it was all swamp and they declared they could never build a town or a city here because it was, they called it"Frog Town" it was full of frogs, it was a real swamp. lands and of Well they started in to build course the draining just kept on in some part down in the coal dock they pumped the sewage and the ... Q. All of waste that has to be A. Up and out you see EHRKHSe but of pumped because of course Port Arthur is on the hillside so they had to around as well there but Port Arthur was wooden sidewalks and mud or gravel ~ or earth t.hrowed. Q. When you were very young some of the 11e1x very well established society in the Lakehead Thunder Bay was very elegant in comparison to the outliffing areas? A. Well you see all the settlers came from the east and most-of them came from good homes down there and they E~H~ brought some very nice furniture with them and as they could they built their own homes. At first there was just the peek-through wooden houses everywhere 7well then nice homes were built on what they called the Court Street ridge that is from made by the hillside there and the Court Street and very nice homes were there. It was many, many years afterwards, I IVl. {,U-u,(~ suppose, ~ow 60 years or so, when they began to build up in Maragay and those parts they were operft-y men that would buy great space and of course up in Mar~y it was swampy~ it was a great blueberryppatch up there. Q. This area here out in McIntyre River and out towards Chippewa Park was designed to develop originally as the in? ~ area of the Twin Cities. Industry has crept A. I guess those sections outs there were finally left to the mosquitoes and roads and they had to think of the centre of the little town or village because after-all the stores were there. d �So they just kept building houses. Q. Yet there were streetcar tracks moving out to Chippewa Park and streetcar tracks right ijtx~ 0 Rosslyn? A. Well the idea was that they would take them out to Rosslyn and you know that bridge that goes xx~kx over the Kam River has an upper structure. y ou drive through in the lower part, well that was built meaning to have the streetcars go right out through there the and if the top deck is on a level with/hills on each side. There was to be a high level xa ~ and go over the bridge right through and span the immediate valley but then trucks came in and the farmers didn't need the/railway to BHiX~ bring their produce in and in fact there wasn't such a tremendous population to encourage large farms with the selling of produce in the town, ...s.Q i understand it .tfo be ~laced before very long but that bridge must be oh I suppose that's 70 years old or more. Q. There's a story that a woman designed the first bridge across the Kam River~ so far its only a myth, I haven't been able to track it down? A. No, I couldn't tell you of that. Near that bridge, the first bridge that went across and into Flint River Valley and all was there. You turned lQ~scorner and go across the bttdge and you went straight on and it was a level on a river level bridge. Q. Bigger families ~ llectio~ ~J here's ~ I ) -- ~ - - U ~ IJ..R.Arff)-4p i ct ure S of 80for 9~t.Q Oeta5ie 1golhg to Silver Islet for Sunday picnic and very elegant thing5 ~~each other packed and so on. ever a part of the excursion for Sunday afternoon? Were you A. No, we strictly went to church and Sunday school, we wouldn't go on excursions on Sunday but when we first were out there, Capt. Malloney xaxke~ would leave the Port Arthur dock at 10:00 on Saturday night and the men would scramble to be shut up their stores and get it, and XHB¥X tgen they would reach Silver Islet by midnight and the wives would meet them there, and help them carry home the basket of fresh meat and so forth. The men would stay then until 8:00 o'clock Sunday night ~ the �tugs would leave and get into town around 10:00 o'clock Sunday night. It was oh some time after that I suppose what 65 years ago anyway it became a grand spot, Silver Islet. It was theonly place where there was a dock ax decent dock and there was no highway, no #17 I either way, you couldn't get out of town except by water and so these sailing boats w~re old boats that were bought down east and brought up here one at a t i m e - /44ien it was wrecked or scrapped another one would be bought. There were daily excursions Ji Silver Islet because that was the only place you could go and the old carpenter shop was fixed up and a hardwood floor put in it and they had dances and then for picnicing why they picniced all over the place whexerever they wanted to open their basket. picnic consist of in those days? Q. What sort of food would the A. potato salad, cabbage salad, but not any of the frillies pretty baking now-a-days, sandwiches, cake and pie in the original baking dishes. you have a bottle of wine? Q. Would A. Oh, I never heard of that, I suppose some of them might have, it wasn't the outside drinking that there is now. changed Q. Has the attitude xx~a towards d~I½ in Fort William in these past fifty years? IA,M/' A. Oh ~ea~ ~~,,(~ ya, you see in the olden days t h e r e ~ they tell a saloon on every corner of Cumberland Street, four corners and four saloons and right from Arthur Street down to well Pearl Street~•- cnrd"J:t was a different type of person that drank, drank abundantly, it was the men that came and worked in the bush and then they would come in and they would spend a good part if not all axx of their winter's earnings on just getting drunk, and what they haven't spent somebody would relieve them of. Oh it was terrible, and a lot of drunkeness but not educated people, not the kind now,well then when how many years ago, Lt-'1v7 ~alcohol was entirely outlawed and then it got to be considered smart to find a .-----blind keg or be able to sneak in and then the �/. ,. educated people they should have had more sense t ~ n'- 1' -.le 1,,. ~~ and it§ continued, I hear so many well educated people that could ,. be fine citizens and therjust alcoholics and the poor people, well I guess there's a good deal of drinking of there.& beer, but you don't hear so much about that, except in the way of crime0 J tk generally drinking RH~ that brin~s on the crime. So it would look as if were headxH~ed for many years that it would be outlawed again. In catalogues see all of the paraphanalia xf~ making wine and beer. b �J Q. A. Well the important point is love, but then people their own home have inner thoughts and in and they save the dining room, the living room has an arch way between where the is wooden why because of taste and some people had quite large living uh dining room. This is you know and across the hall from MRS there large I think a comedy thing and they would send to Toronto would have a first in those days and they would send I think it was coal that was food sent up by Train and coal into the cubic form and Mrs. Mccullen showed me a big form that just looked like a big piece of wood, but that's what she said it just was sent up the other way the coal would be boned at KxxkxaHa and separatea with a fontth meatand put a jelly in XH sthis form and have H some radishes and different things imbedded in the jelly and then they cook and then the whole this was xke a coal you see this was thin~ was sort of levelled itself and that's what turned up here by train and then the night of the diner party I suppose and it was turned out onto it would be dipped into a R plack oh huge one HHa no Houbt, and then Mxss Mr. i great there was no bone in it, and he would just slice right down and leave the outside room with jelly and be ice cream and 70 years ago. This was a terrific maid or maids maae/and others borrowed Then there would before cherries that's about and we had axxxs girl and they had all this cleared away and after the ice cream, and the �cake and the cheese cake, and pie oh the cooking would be tremendous Graham and then there's a dance. Well George Rxa~ now they and the McTabish were the leading socialites in Fort William and this George Graham's first home was down on the river like the McKellar home just way down here out straight down and they had lawns and a lovely that goes home ~xase down to the river and they had beautiful and they were very nice. When the~ the railway tracks were moved from down in the East end up here, all those houses were either raised or moved and her's was moved out to the corner of Archibald and Metcalfe? ? and on the south corner of Archibald and quite a large house well there's after he built everything on this side and he built a great big park and when the other of the old house there's a garden decorated with big parlour and then Peter had an office there interested and Died off and I was no longer xx he came down just a meeting about once a year or once every two years or so, and when he and there's all the papers were brought to me one time to digest and write but I was ill and I was ill for a long time but I happened for whatever I could be any worth on my bed the box could be geared over and Mr. Langley had brought so this here to skaH when I was so he took the one day when he was home and gave it to Bill Langley in his office. They had them kept in a trunk in the basement of the library, the old library, well it got to be oh not many years ago somebody wanted to know where those papers were, so I told them in the libaary. Well they hunted in the library and then thing.insi'd e out cou ld n I t f'in d t h e turned thexaaxxH~ trunk and in the mean time Mr. Langley had just died and one of I �daughters oh was I thrilled because I did my part xax~ex he ~~x gave them right back to me because he had brought thmmx to me and I couldn't tell John go xi~kx &Hgk find whoever had the key to this trunk and whoever finds xxwa ix the key I would do my part. Oh that's what happened. Well the older people those thatw were left, when those older people had joined to form what we call ..... they would alternate the meetings but would be very well attended because there xaliieae more people wka maxe« and there were some in Port Arthur really new comers although they were elderly and then they progressed to having a building and my mind simply thought well at xeHxx these meetings were over the library and this is why the ... and then you see these new people which was all revitalize the wanted to and do the museum and have about up and coming things was in my surprise I said would become of these Port Arthur people where very impressed, they outside and I said well my goodness are you going to do it? its wonderful to have some a~iside that are going to revitalize it, they didn't even sayH anything, however, but you see the end of these between these two towns, but of course they're one now but I mean in the west xi«e end isn't died off, it takes a generation of folks to die off. Mind you in the olden days it was a «ixxiii~x thing because they MaHx« were quite isolated in the winter, cut off, entirely isolated cut off still and they had good fights just tremendous fights that brought often HH« xkex any other day and this kept them alive. Q. weren't enough. A. Oh yes, because there Q. There wasn't enough A. Yes ae~HHXe if they want they could have it, you were �/0 in Port Arthur and they were very friendly, those people ? A. Yes, you see Q. Do things like that their grandfather came to Ontario when everything a long time ago to the land if you took the land and you were told that only mining was sss xke ~~xsxKHsx~~HXkKs KHSX~~HxkKsxx~ x~ took a fold and you had to hope cariboo and also to the California gold and therefore be something a miner and you just sent by the Allie Mining Co. who their representative here and they kKs have prospectors all through the bush. I would expect there would be a thousand prospectors all through the bush, mind you it would be so many miles out where they were and I suppose they were out about xke all the substance where they win but .... Q. A. Yes, maybe forty years ago, a long time ago, ... Q. Would A. Well they, yes, that was established by a :f:xxm called a i~~, they had six xliii and the grandmother and he and my aunt they then had six sons KHs, then there was and/they had three daughters. Then grandmother and grandfather and the girls at that why the sons were all fixed with tradeaown east machinist and father was a IIXKHSX and they weren't just ordinary tradesmen time were they were really sHpex supper, I guess all of them had two trades before they were a handyman. , and of course in those days you were There was a University in Toronto father wanted to us and back home there was what we found in Toronto. So father from and my mother and brothers like a another one has a foundry now and also coal mine next to the one �II who has a foundry and something else, and the oldest brother has something call RH~ end of an old building ~ln'.HXXH not an archway, oh my goodness that was very long ago, but only he would he would be back and also with a potter maker and that's very still Well they had all these things, the brothers, and m¥ grandmother thought that this was going to be arain city • a ~xeax an d t h ere way you h a d to come h ere an d th e west wou ld come here and they coming into this they would set now but she just told the boys up and they would all go inx~ =together, so the day came when they guilt the Port Arthur Iron Ore all under one roof, and they were BR ? and it was A. The year, well 92 years ago, 1873, and father was married/before Eva lffRthe first child was born so he stayed down east and he knew the Q. What year did Indians? He bought them food and came up in July of that year and the Crothers had been here putting up buildings. there~was The CPR was coming through and it was going through RR ~x~ no foundry between Toronto and Winnipeg and there was so many being done so father would that they would be working night and day to settp the and get the He had this xi~ little engine that they had set up a boiler to give them the power to run the little engine, it would run all over in the machine shop. to put up a Now in the foundry they had and all kinds of things there and in the blacksmith's shop fordge and all this. Well iMewas the machine shop that was taking xkeixx~x~exs the longest and they were trying to get this boiler to get it started but in the meantime . as it was hard for them to get the material so they set them up XR a line and if you know anything about a steam shaft why they or electricaR~&they had a ~zezz¥ great �overhead and they had leather belts over those between downhill heal on their and they would sew the machine belt,,would be to turn the machine this rubber thing would be on. and and then he put extended So they set them up and he put a great big candle and would .... the long enough for two or three men to stand, but those men could and turn it was a the handle of this forget the word, anyway they came back then they could release the strap came on from a small wheel to a large wheel the large whe~l and then back again and they could turn, I don't know how many men, they could turn the and then before you have the boilerJ~He engine boiler they then you have the cooler working and then ¥~H would matter i~rkx~most of the night to fill th e then r-X ~-xH /boiler and that was no easy they got the little engine going and its a kooky engine but you and but it was an old man who know the staff/they were well would start as long as I could remember but it was a grave price so much noise, so much going on after shop blacksmith/ around school there were always boys who town that would need men well the blacksmith would RH ask him to help with the fordge you know this sort of A. Yes, and X Q. KR I ix was awful after school and on Saturdays this nice old boy and I found out that he was one of the men he worked I guess he kept track of everything and like the handyman � https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/d879455e6691b905a588f780a4c40db1.pdf b8d9aa7b2c6d2f103b99d16600f8879b PDF Text Text .·, 1 MRS. GER~RUDE DYKE~-Norah Street The first thing she remenbers is living in Port Arthur and that there were board sidewalks all over. She thinks they were made of white pine planks, there w s no cement at all. The boards had cracks in them and for fun they used to try and get money that was dropped between the cracks out they used pliers or a pie or anything to hook the board so the \ 0 could get the money out. There was just one public school and she doesn't know the date this was. It had just two roans and they were divided. It is now a do 1ble house next to the Baptist Ghurch in Port Arthur, this is the ori r. inal building they did build on to it and it is now the front of the Central School near Gore Park. About 65 years a g o there was~ new Metho ~ist Church being built and the dld one wa s moved down the hill and down Bay 0treet to where the Secord Schoo1 is and that was the first school besides the Central uchool, the next school was on St James Street. Port Arthur and Fort Nilliam were built fourth the first to be built up was the East End were l 1cLau ·· hlin and McTavish Streets are. The first home w·s at this end of Court Street before Bay from there on there was just wilderness. In the forties inter~ci ty was still swamp area. The} s~id they could never build anything on it, it was full of frogs and when the~ did try to build the sand just sunk and it dr2.ined. When people settled here they broucht t _e best furniture as they did come from good families ~own East. The nicehomes were built on Court Ridge and many ~, ears later they started to build in Mariday and it was swampy this was out towards Ghippewa Park this was suppose to be the residential area but industry crept in. When she was young she was never part of the e~cursion that went to Silver Islet for Sunday picnics. There was no hi 6 hway or any other way to get out of town so they had to use old boats that were sold down East and brought her~. The picnics used to consist of potato salad, cabbage salad, sandwiches, cakes and pie. In her day there was the usual drinking, there were four �saloons, and it was men that worked in the bush that used to drink all their wages up in one ni c ht of drinking. Ste said it was outlawed to drink and it wasn ' t educated people who drank then but she thinks there would be better people if they didn't all drink so much, crime wouldn't be as bad if there was no drinking. Around the year 1875 0PR was coming thro ugh. � https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/3f780398215efb8d448801dfa135afb2.pdf 4e8efdff911365f2c76e9e145e0d7dd5 PDF Text Text 7/ J..~ lI ✓ •! I ' I. \ HERSTORY PROJECT Mrs. G. Dyke interviewed by Helen Lovekin Mrs. Dyke: Q. Now what do you want to know about? First I would like to ask you some general questions and then some specific ones that we have come across in our research. How long have you been in Thunder Bay? A. All my life. Q. Uhat did your family do? A. My grandfather came 130 years ago and at that time his mail was addressed to Thunder Bay. I was born in Port Arthur. He came to Thunder Bay as representative of a mining company, he had gone to the California Gold Rush and to the Caribou (Canadian Gold Rush), so he knew quite a bit about minerals. His sons all lean1ed trades so four of therncombined and came to Port Arthur and built Woodside Iron ~1 orks. The company still exists in P.A. . It is 9.5 years ago, this July since my father and mother came because the boys stayed down east when their father and mother came he.:ie, and they learned their trades. Then there was the black- smith and the machinist and the pattern maker and one was a carriage maker an:i painter. They all seemed to have two trades and they were all master mech- anics in whatever they undertook. So their mother thought that the Lakehead would be the Chicago of the north, before there was any C.P.R. running through, So they came up - four of the six boys - to the Lakehead and with their father they built the first building and had that all ready and father was buying the machineT"J down east and making it because he made the first engine that was used in the shop, and it was 8.5 yars ago, the 19th of July. I don't remember dates but my oldest sister was 6 weeks old when they came up; they crossed the lake in a sidewheeler and one of father's oldest brothers was settled in Port Arthur and so they started up right away. inery in rie;ht away, as soon as it came up with father. ing towards P.A. 9.5 years ago bu£.\ is wasn't up to P.A.. and so they could cast iron things. I They put the mach- The C.P.R. uas buildThey hall a foundry The C.P.R. was desperately in need of foundry and ma<:!hine work sas well as blacksmiths. The blacksmith Hasn't so bad because you can move a blacksmith and a foree and an anvil, but you can't / �move a machine shop and a foundry. work at once. So they set it all up and commenced to Father was tryine; to get the boiler in place and get the engine so it would do the work and there is a shaft overhead. with the machines underneath and you pull a lever and the belt that is up top will turn the machine you are working on. This one shaft will turn all the machines, if there is two rous, then there are two rows of shafts. Well, father couldn't get it up at once and there was such a need for it that father put a great big iron thing which could fit 3 or 4 men and put it at the end of the shaft. These men turned the shaft by hand to run these different machines. Uhen one was winded he would step out and another would take his place - and they worked until all hours of the night because there was such a demand for their work. There was an old man in the shop and I remembered old Ned Hill and he was always kept on and when I knew him he was old but he had the job of just Imowing where everything was and he also turned the crank and a man that endured that, father kept him on. The other men had gone of their own free will but Ned had a family and he stayed. Woodside Iron Works. That was the beginning of There is really a great story of the beginning of the shop, when they had the place set up, men uere married and had their homes the brothers, and then there was grand.mother and there was the three girls that Here 13 yea.rs younger than the 6 boys. So there were a lot of women and they decided they would have a pink tea dmm at the shop to celebrate the opening. Q. What is a pink tea? A. It was called a pink tea in those days just for a little decoration I guess. But the women had pink teas at church - we say they had teas nowadays - wHl they added pink and gave it an air. So they had a pink tea, they brought cups and saucers and the baJdng and all arid the work stopped for a half hour and they had pink tea to celebrate. This brother who was in the other molding room or shop as was the case, had cast a horseshoe, a little horseshoe. There was a patten1 made of it in the pattern shop and then you put it in sand - you have to see a foundry to know how it's done. shoe for every woman there. And he cast a horse- As a child I remember that every kitchen had a horseshoe with a li ttl e bit of - not canvas but anyway, yuu put a piece of cloth on the back and you made this little pouch and it was a matchfolder. I don't know where our's went, I don't know if my brother keeps it or not. Anyuay, that was a souvenir of the opening of it and they had a lot of things �like that, and they a.re really a story nowadays. Q. Could you tell me a little bit about your education? A. In p. A. we had the Central School which was the only school in the whole city and then we had the high school which was the only school in the whole district. They came from Fort Frances a.rid Murillo if any of them wanted to - I don ' t remember that any of them did though - and Fort William and Westfort. They came to this four roomed high school. Q. Where i-ras it? A. It was where the gym is at the high school on the hill - P.A. C. I. Q. So they were quite close - the two schools. A. Yes and the high school was torn dmm and the big one built then, they added the gym. It was just four rooms and two teachers and finally they got a woman teacher which meant three. Q. Do you recall what yea.:r that was? A. I don 't Imow. Q. But you were at school at that time? A. Yes. Q. Did that cause any sensation? A. Of course most of the teachers were women but in the high school there had just been the two men always. That a woman was teaching? Then I think this woman was buffeted around by the two men but she stuck with it. from the east. Niss Achison was her name, she came We had a e;reat many teachers who came from around Sarnia because they could come direct by boat. Q. Has she a young woman when she came? A. She seemed young to me - she may have been JO. And I think she taught history and geography and the principal was a Scotchman who had taught boys ' school in Scotland and why he came out here, I don't know. Except that he drank once in a while. Q. Perhaps he was just another black sheep that was shipped off? A. I don ' t lmow, but he was a very superior teacher. The other man was l\'Ir. Morgan and he taught physics and chemistry but he had learned German and at the most unexpected time we would have a little lesson in German just when the principal wouldn't know anything about it. Everybody picked up a few German words. Q. So you feel you got a ue2..l rounded education? A. Yes - . and a great many Hent to Toronto University which was something. • It 1 �would take on the part of the teacher, a lot of real teaching to get them so ambitious as to go on. Q. Did you finish hieh school at all? A. In P. A . ? Q. Did they have Grade 13 at that time? A. T-J ell, Yes . they didn't have grades - in the public school it was the book - Junior and Senior 1,2,3 and 4 and then in high school, I guess it was the year, 1, 2 and Q. J. There was just the three years? Hm1 old would you be if you graduated each year you passed? A. I started school 1-1hen I was 4. My father was chairman of the Board of Educ- ation or a member of it, years and years. This time they were short one pupil to get the goverrrn1ent grant so they said, "Tom, you have lots of children, you can just spare one." Well, I Has tall and big for 4 and so I was sent to school and my aunt Ann, his sister, was the kindergarten teacher. And she taught up to the end ofthe first book I guess. So I was strorg and nell and I uas just 10 or 11 uhen I Has in high school and I got through high school and we had teachers college in P.A. Q. You became a teacher? A. Yes, for L~ yea.rs. 1h . So I went through that and when I graduated I wasn ' t quite And they couldn't Grant me a certificate, I was too young . Q. You had to lJe 21? A. You had to be 18, however they grru.1ted me a special dispensation and I went down east to mother ' s old hqme ru.1d taught there for a year. Q. ~Jhich town would this be? A, Out of l'ieai'ord, near Owen Sound. Then I came back and because they bad done this, allowing ne to teach, I was obliged to teach one year here, so I supplied in the different schools in P.A. -well, there was just the Central School. Then they built the south ward and I took the principals place, she was sick or uent on a trip and I think that was when I was 16 that principal of a south ward school. But I was 5' 10½" I .was so they didn't argue :'1ith me. a. Q. This was A. Yes. Q. A. Q. Because you went through teacher ' s college rather than normal school? secondary school? Yes - because they didn't have a normal school/ And you taught, married, raised your family - how did you become interested �in becoming an historian? ~: If you grew up here, naturally you saw it all happen so you couldn't ~elp but be interested. You might say I just stumbled onto it or grew into it. Q. It has become for you a career? A. No. Q. Do you look at it as more of a hobby? A. Hobby, yes. Goodness, I hadn ' t time. You raise a family - these women that work and raise a family are braver than I. Q. How many children did you have? A. ; I raised 3 children, but I had a lot of company. Q. Company with friends or with your children? A. Both, and relatives - we had relatives all the way from Halifax to Dawson City, and they all stayed on, on trips. Q. Hith both your career as a teacher and a historian, did you find any discrimination? You mentioned that Miss Achison had a bit of trouble with the men but you were able to hold your A. 01-m? Yes , but it was the first lady teach er and if any pupil had to stay aft er 4 she was delegated to stay too. Q. But you were the principal in the south ward - how many teachers were under you? A. Just one - of course don ' t mention that - I was principal at 16. That ' s why I was young when I was teaching, because I started at 4. Q. Was this a lady teacher as well? A. Yes. Q. You would have had no experience between wage differential? A. My goodness, I think the teacher got $32 a month or so. Q. Regardless of whether you were a man or a woman? A. No, I guess the men got more because they were the principals and sub-principals and they had families - they would have to have more - but $32 and $35, There were some of the girls that had a special permit and taught, that saved money and went on to university. Q. Was a teacher paid according to whether he was married or not? A. I think there was a set wage. Q. For a man or for a woman. A. Yes, but the man was al ways married and the woman wasn't. Q. This was before women were allowed to have a career after marriage. A. You didn ' t dream of anything after marriage, other than scrub bare floors and scrub clothes - you hadn't time for ... Q. No married ladies taught, even if they didn't have children? s �A. I don't think so. They didn't here anyways. There were widows - that was Q. different. As a historian, I have come across some of your works which are extremely competant and have you ever had any trouble with the - there is quite a few male historians about kn-ocking anything you might have to say. A. I have never had any trouble because whatever I wrote I had printed myself and they didn't consider me a full scale historian - I was just a woman that was writing down a few things. I don't know whether anybody wanted to have any trouble with me or not but I never did. Q. A. I wrote 3 booklets and I have the .. ........... . lfaat about the organizations and co-operation between women and their org- anizations? I really can't recall any dirty work, they seemed to have - well you can't say they have worked together always because they haven't always. There have been women - some girl teachers who came from down east who were stirring the teachers up to go on strike, years ago. Such things had never been heard of - teachers going on strike - too bad because teachers have a wonderful influence on their pupils and they don't have an influence through It sets them down a bit I think - for the pupils. :Bu:-:t I think that this one that was the leader in all this, wasn't hired _in the second year and things were done gently, they did.~'t have a fist fight. What was her proposition? Hhat was she upset about? Wages, and she was principally upset about it, everything that a strike would ... So you felt your wages were high enough? No, the wages were always low. And yet, you would not consider strike action as the course to take? Not ... She was upset about wages, she was upset about what else, hours? One thing they were upset about was that we weren't pr0ducing teachers of our own and these teachers had to come from down east and of course, in those days, the girls were very glad to get a position and so they came from Petrolia and Sarnia because it was close to the boat. So, one thing she was going to strike for was that the Board of Education would pay their boat fare here. There were people in the town who boarded teachers - they were well cared for and were honored citizens in the churches and all were fine strike. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. Q. A. �women. Some of the finest women we ever had are teachers, ~: Can you recall, as a young girl, the suffragette movement being discussed? A. Yes, Q. Was there a suffragette organization withing Thunder Bay? A. Of sorts. It wasn ' t very strong but of sorts. The suffragettes had many cartoons in papers of the suffragettes and I think some of them were accused of wearing pants and you could be run in, you could serve a term if you appeared in pants. It is not many years ago since my husband told me that I could~..go to his tailor and order a tailored suit with pants - any material or any cut - and he would pay for it. He knew perfectly well that I would never wear pants and out here it is just the kind of thing because it's cold and keeps your ankles warm. It's not so many years and now we don't think anything of it at all. Q. Must have been auful hard washing long dresses and ... A. Yes , washed by hand. Q. After the suffragette movement of sorts, do you recall the organization that also had something to do with that movement? A. Miss Black who was one of the first librarians in Fort William wasn ' t a fighting suffragette but she was quite in favor of that. Mary J. Black, Q, Unfortunately, all her people were lost when she went out to B.C. A. Yes, she had a brother that she went to when she was sick - before she died, and I suppose like. so many people, they cleaned up everything thoroughly. Q, Too bad that she hadn't given evecy ... A. I suppose, like many people she was going to write it up herself. Q, I believe th?.,t the Homen 's Christian Temperance Union supported suffrage? A. Yes, they weren't fighting about it but ... Q. They gave support. A. Yes. Q. They sent petitions and endorsements. A. Mother believed and belong ea~ to the WCTU for years. We were a big family but mother always had help - always had a maid and hadra washwoman, that came Monday all day and Hednesday for a half a day. That was the day when our dresses and our underwear were washed but not the sheets or pillowcases. That was once a week. She was president of the Ladies Aid and a member of the Mission Circle and the Miss WCTU and the Mother's____ Anyway, mother went to that and the one thing I remember abo~t it - she came home �and mother was the kind that she never looked for an argument, she was a very wise, sw~et uoman, but this night ~he came home and we sat down .... had not experience keeping house for a man and had no family and never did but she undertook to tell the mothers how to bring up their families and Mrs. Dr. Smelly had 8 and Mrs .. Neelan had 7 and they had big families and here(wRet was this woman telling them how. Q. What sort of things was she recommending? A. How to dress your children and how you fed them an.d what you taught them and everything - ;gh'e knew how. answers. These women with no children who knew all the Mother and Mrs. Smelly talked it over and they agreed that they did the best they could at the time. Q. To get back to the WCTU - you mentioned it in your book so I wonder - you have never heard what happened to Ricobs or anything - nobody seems to know. A. Young fQlks organization - The White River Band - and we had the record books for them but Dr. John Ritchie of Regina - he was a surgeon· there for years he is an uncle of Ken Ritchie the doctor in P.A.. A very fine man - well he was secretar-J for years and years and he was a pure wit and his minutes you got there early so you wo:i.aldn 1 t miss John B's minutes, it was lovely. So we had them - it had closed dmm for years and finally my sister sent them to him and of course he wrote back - he was delighted - he said many of the words he didn't know what· they meant but he had used them. So that is were that ·went, and as for the rest I don't know but Mrs. Hamlet - Q. I found several books in the library that were minutes. One of the more notable was a report of a social survey by the Department of Temperance and Moral Reform in the Methodist Church. a great amount of detail with it. It is rather complete, they went into TJas that a woman's organization or was it just church members? A. I don't know for sure but I would say it was an organization within·__. the church not necessarily all church officers. Q. What was it called? The report was called the Preliminary and General Social Survey of Port Arthur, March 1913, Directed by the Department of Temperance and Moral Reform in the Methodist Church and the Board of Social Service and Evangelism of the Presbyterian Church. A. So, you can take your pick there. Q. Yes, it is rather - so detailed, I was wondering if it had been a notable organization. �A. Q. A. Well, I think it was like so many organizations that just are born and flourish for a while and then go. They were doing good work in getting that written down. The statistics were very good. In my letter I told you to contact Mrs. Hamlet who lives in Waverly Towers. She is still there is a little nuclei of the WCTU - she and her sister, who is now in Westmount or Grandview in Fort William. Let me see, did she die just lately? Anyway, Mrs. Hamlet will know - she•s a little birdie woman Q. a very nice woman, a widow. I have noted on my studies of the English suffragettes - they were the prime movers~ that they allied themselves with temperance movements, for the rather obvious reasons. Nellie McClung was very closely allied with the temperance movement. Although it wasn't a militant movement, literature was circulated for women's rights and this went along with temperance, which was A. because women couldn't afford to .... I don't think so, it was the same women largely in all organizations. King's Daughters and all of these - oh, mother belonged to the K.D. or the Queen's Daughters - it was the Queen's Daughters in Victoria's time and then it was Q. A. the King's Daughters. Could you explain the function of the Queen's Daughters? It was an organization that fostered patriotism and when any noteworthy person like a Govenor-General etc. came, the Q.D.looled after them and they had meetings and showed the flag, like the Imperial Daughters - but they were older women - younger than lots of the IODE. Q. It was just a patriotic formation. There was also another book I came across - a report on the Local Council of Women - The West Algoma Local Council of Women. didn't you? A. No, I didn 't . Q. There was a Mrs. Dyke. A. It might have been my mother-in-law. You convened that JO years But I attended - I don't know whether I held any office in it for q_uite some time. But I wasn't a leading light but I think my mother-in-law was and she was a member of a hospital aid before the RMG hos pitaJ. was built and during which time, mother and Mrs. Dr. ~1Smelly and Mrs. Neelson and Yi.rs. Mical. Quite a bunch of them that were very friendly and they enjoyed their friendship at these meetings and once the RMG started - once a week they went to the hospital and mended the sheets and pillowcases and towels. Mother always had a good maid, woman or girl, so that �her children were in e;ood hands and mother was up early so that in the a£ter- Q. noon she could go and bring word back of what they did. This would be the ladies social contact I suppose because they didn ' t work out of the homes. If you didn 't belong to an organization, you wouldn ' t go A. out very much. Yes, that is so. I did come across the minutes from 1894-1950 and I wrote a list of all the Q. proposals and the ammendments that the coucil had made for the wanen. They strongly pushed for women sitting on various boards, particularly the School Board and in 1917 they wished to have at least two women appointed to the Taxation and Organization of Homen Labor Boards. Although they were interested in hospitals, they seemed to have suggested - in 1930 a pre natal. clinic in Port Arlhur - all sorts of things that women are still asking for. It seems that they were thinking along feminist lines - did it strike you that A. way at the time? That ' s why they organized - to have mightier say in things than they have had before because they were supposed, just to run their homes and bring up their children. And now they bancled together and asked for some things like the RMG hospital. There was just St. Joseph ' s Hospital and women didn ' t go to the hospital. to have their babies. The RMG hospital., the women urged that until they got it and the primary idea was for it to be like a maternity hospital. They had wards .and private rooms for maternity but it was RMG that was General, The Railway, Marine and General Hospital. Well, in those early days there was a great deal of typhoid, and they had a lot of typhoid wards and men ' s and Nomen 1 8; And my oldest sister went to the RMG to have her baby and there was a night nurse on for the men's typhoid ward - she crune across the hall to ansuer the bells of the young mothers. To have a nurse who would be far more interested in gabbing all night with those men than Q. A. bothering washing and scalding her hands before coming to the mothers and Eva went home with typhoid fever. Did she survive? A. She survived but she was ill for a long time. The baby as well? Yes. Q. They were both very lucky. A. Yes and lucky too there was a Scotch nurse - a married woman . Q. You see any lO �trained nurse was scarce and this woman married and came with her husband to Port Arthur and someway, I think my brother-in-law knew them well enough to have her come and look after Eva. She was Scotch - trained and we had very few trained nurses in those days. That is what started the RMG - to be Q. a maternity hospital. Were you also a member of the Women's Institute? A. No, that was a rural organization. They made - two or three years ago - the word went through all the institutes : "Have your district written up." and Mrs. Oliver did it for Slate River. Each area had it written up and I pre- sume all those books and papers are kept at the headquarters. Q. We are having a difficult time extracting the Hymers book from a Mrs. Thatcher. She has it and she is not giving it out. A. Q. Well - and hasn't had it published yet? No. I know that the Women's Institute did some valuable things including setting up libraries and providing rural women with what they needed - a place to go and be with other women. The council is more politically orientated - was there any tension between the two or did you co-operate? A. I don't recall any tension. Q. A. Was there any co-operation between the two groups for projects? Some. Q. Can you give me the areas? A. Q. I just have the feeling. Did you hear of the Dominion Women ' s Franchisement Association? They did change their name to a much easier one which was the Canadian Suffrage Association. I talked to Mr. Russell Brown and he said he remembered but he couldn't remember anything about the suffrage movement other than they wore pins. A. They tried to be militant to stir themsel~es up and to head up a slight war but they never got that far. Each strove a little bit and all together they have got some very good things for women. Q. After looking at the minutes I am findin 6 so many things that we are still fighting for. Looking back, do you think we have changed very much? gotten anywhere? Have we A• They have really done very well. Slowly and without making big distresses. They quietly accomplished a good many things. Q. Have you got something that you had worked on then, that is still not an accomplished feat, that you would very much like to see happen? \l �A. I don't think I can pull that one out of a hat. Because there ar~ so many things that they just have quietly gotten. Nellie McClung - she used to come and speak. Q. A. Her father-in-law was Presbyterian. She came to speak here? In P.A. and F.H.. The men loved Nellie McClung, she was witty. I used to go with father, and to hear her speak in the evening, there was lots of laughs in it. Q. A. She was very diplomatic and very kindly but she made a point. lfas she an inspiration for you? Yes and she had some experience with liquor and so she was out and out for WCTU. I remember her speaking in the Presbyterian church in Port Arthur - St. Paul's - and there would be as many men as women because she was worth going to hear and you quite agreed with what she had to say because she put it quite nicely. She spoke this evening and I think there was some big ~ I don't suppose it was a war, but something was on and the Archbishop of Canterbury had said that he couldn ' t do without his wine because it helped his digestive system and stomach do it ' s work. And the way she would state it and she had a little twinkle in her eye and everybody was laughing about this. The Archbishop uasn ' t an out and out prohibitionist, he liked his wine. was a very fine woman. She She went west - her father-in-law was one of the earliest ministers in P.A. - Methodist, because Robert McClung, who she married taught a Sunday school class of boys as a minister's son was expected to do. My aunts were all teachers and my grandmother taught the Bible class and my uncle was a Suuday school superintendant, and his wife played the organ in church. These were unrilly boys that Bob Mcclung was teaching. young man, 19 or so, He was a very Hell they would sit around him with their row of chairs, heads tight together listening to him. And they discovered that he had a copy of Robinson Crusoe in a Bible cover and he was reading that to them and they just~ loved him and loved his stories. Nellie went west to teach in those early days and she fell so in love with Mrs. Mcclung and there was a young son and she was so disappointed because if she could marry a son, she would be Mrs. McClung's daughter-in-law. To her great amazement and joy, this bo:;y sh(n1red up one time - he was a druggist - and here was a ready-made son of her own age. So she said that she - well, she would say it of course - she simply said her cap and he couldn't get out of it. So they married. led a great deal and was acclaimed wherever she went. She lectured and travelShe was well-known and one time she heard that her husband was objecting to her being away so much \2 �without telling her. So she went home and she had been honored in Toronto and Ottawa and he felt she was getting beyond him so when she got there in the evening and they had tea, she said to him, "Would you please pass.the brown bread?". That was the staple food, brown bread, and she wanted him to under- stand that she was still staple. So it went on from there. She loved Mrs. McClung and Mrs. McClung loved her, more than any of her own children. Q. Was she treated well by the papers here? A. Yes, wherever she went. Q. Did they print up any of her speeches? A. Oh, yes. Q. So, if I go through the microfilm - you don't know the years she was here? A. No, I couldn't tell you .... If you just get up and give dates and times, it just bores you to death. I see you have read "Plane Down" , that story in there. It is pure fiction but this is the house they crune to. They came in that door tumbled down their goods there, and went into the livingroom and we made fires in the kitchen and the back shed still has the great woodpile. Ann Caaslet, the Dickinsons were really pioneers, her great grandfather ran - r·don ' t know whether it was the first paper published in P.A. e His granddaughter is Mrs. Ann Causelet and she lives in this cottage where old Captain Marrin lived, Ann Dryna - my mind went blank, what was I going to say about Ann Dryna? ,a/,. '· 1 e A. . .... Oh yes, that "Plane Down" and they have been here for ever and ever and were talking about Nellie McClung. Ann speaks very slowly. morning. She lives back again in F.W. and she phoned this She said, "Mother and I have racked our brains trying to think of the year that plane mishap and we can't remember it at all. pen?" When did it hap- I said, "Imagine, have I convinced you?•, "Convinced me of what?". "That's pure fiction" and she said, "You told it too well, we thought it was true," Q. You have been very active in women's organizations all your life, and so has your mother. A. How do you feel about the women's oganizations now? I'm stric~ly a temperate woman, Father called it the "accursed stuff" because he had such trouble with th.e,~:men, especially the foundry men. fines and hauled them out and got them back to work. He payed their He and mother were strictly temperate and one thing I o1;>ject to is that these organizations now there is wine and cheese - well, it doesn ''t seem to dawn on them that they don't need to have this wine and cheese business but they think they've got to do like some of the others do. There are other less outstanding things �that they are also embracing and it used to be that now the Canadian Club was a splintered organization, it was for the most part made up of cultured, educated women, and I don't say that they aren ' t educated now, but I don't like some things and I feel that the women ' s organizations should stand forth for the best in Canad.a and you can't bring up children to avoid alcohol if you belong to these organizations that serve it and take it. to be on one side or the other. didn't need it. You have got We didn ' t serve it and we didn ' t miss it and And then, after all, women have a place that is separate from men and women are dressing like men and their doing so many things that men do, Q. Do you mean working? A. No, I mean in every way. For example, car racing and boy, the women are driving the cars along with the men. They have to do with all the sports. Q. You think that 's wrong. A. I think the men like them to be women. Q. Nellie HcClung had a saying: We were t~J.king to a woman who preferred to have her coat taken off and the doors opened etc. and Nellie McClung referred to that once as "wantin 0 to eat the icing rather than the cake." And that goes right along with her brown bread saying, where yoy. have to be recognized for your ability, and whether they open the door or ill.at shouldn't stand in the way. To me, this is the goal I 'm trying to work towards, and I think a lot of other women that I work with would agree with me on that. It is the cake that I would rather eat, you get too many cavities eating icing - too many holes in it. Do you have a daughter? A. Yes, in California. Q. Do you think that it is a better life for her than it was for you? A. It was pretty rugged and we didn't know it because it was where we lived and what we were used to. They have sidewalks and roads now that you can go without going down to the axle and in my day, in Fort lilliam especially. we have coveniences now in the house and travel etc. And Yes it is much easier. I was telline; somebody of a classmate of mine who got to P.A. from the States and came to high school. I don't know how she got to P.A. and her father had died and her mother was lecturing for something. She and her brother and, I don't know how they jerked themselves up but anyway they both got to P.A .. She was poor and had no ml':biley or \~achl.ng worked her way. but she got up to Collegiate and she She got up for this English woman who had 2 girls and she �washed and dressed them and got them breakfast and eot them to school and did the beds and dishes and left the house tidy - to come to school herself. I didn't think she paid and as for clothes, she gave her her cast-off clothes and this woman was two sizes smaller than Lula and Lula I remember had no hat so she wore a bonnet every winter and it was all she had. jolly well take· h er with a bormet or leave her. And you could She went through public school and went to the teachers college which we had for a few years and then she went up the line to teach and married the first man that asked her. hadn't had a home, so just to have a home. about him. She She wasn ' t asking the man much He had a farm but it had been bun1t over and when I saw her after some years of marriage, her hands were like horns - she was still using this burnt over wood and she had 5 children and somebody said "one every Friday" .every year, anyway. Her husband wasn't interested except to feed them - that was his duty done. She wanted them to have an education so she sewed and she proclaimed herself a barber and then she got a second hand chick hatchery an incubator - and turned one of the two bed.rooms she had into an incubating • room and hatched chickens and sold them around the district. tomatoe plants and sold them and sent her children to school. Then she raised Then they had to go into town for the hi¢gh school - her oldest daughter went first and she got babysitting - had a room but I don't think her board, but did that and it was enough to bring her cash. Then she went home Friday night and her mother did the s~wing, washing and ironing, fixed her up on Saturday and then she came back Sunday night and brought a big basket of food. Her brother was ready for hig9.school and they just put a sheet up in her room with a bed on each side and she managed the food for them. He eventually became a teacher and she trained in HcKellar Hospital and she had the money that they, paid the girls - $2.50 a month or $J.OO and if she broke a thermometer, it ~as a disaster and she had clothes her mother made out of old clothes. Stockings and those button - on shoes was all she had and she learned like her mother:· that was what she had and she wore •-il and she was thankful. denims so she could go hiking with the girls. RMG and had a bad time. Had a pair of The next girl went into the The matron didn ' t approve of her - a poor girl in the class with some of the girls that had more - so she dismissed her on the first pretext she could find and she herself was dismissed for cilsmissing the girl. They all managed and were splendid children. How many are doing that nowadays? \S �If they haven't silk stockings and all the rest of it, they sit down and howl at the moon, but these youngsters didn ' t. Q. I feel sorry for the girl you went to school with who married the first man who caJ.11e along to get a home and live with a man - probably not a very happy life. A. Oh, I'm sure, but she wouldn't cheep, there would be no squabbling, she made her bargain and she kept it. Dad finally died and he had a thousand dollars life insurance in some organization - very little. Now that is five $200 ' s well the youngest girl had died so there were four and she was the fifth so they each got $200 and that was just touching the •::louds. She came to F. W. and two or three times she came representing the Women ' s Institute and they would pay her way down and then she would stay with me and she told me "I just went on a regular binge, I bought an electric iron and an electric kettle" and then she bought enough black silk or rayon and a neighbor helped her make a dress and a jacket and she had $.50 left and she put it in the bank - so she had a bank account. The others - it was spent the same Hay - had to give a good account of every nickel. She died long since and at Christmas time I write one of her daughters and this daughter - her son and another boy in the neighbqrhood were going to play PeeW ee hockey in F. W. , so they stayed with ll!e. Youngsters love to see through a house so when they had been there a little while .I suggested that the boys go on and look through the house and see everything. One youngster went home and I guess he nadn 't been in a big house before and he told his mother all the details - the furniture, what they had on the beds, how they took a bath . in the bathtub. He is now a grown man and married long::::since but she still gives me a little of his history and she and her sister were fine women and well thought of in the community and the one boy is a teach er and the other is head of the highways in Kenora and I don't knou whether he is still there or whether he is retired or not. They have always accepted any help - so nicely - no embarrassment, just thank-you very much. Q. Uas there any help for a woman uho wanted to leave her husband - perhaps if he physically beat her or the children? Has there anyone she could turn to if she had no family? A. 1 tfell, they turned to the church and the minister and his wife. went into housework - that was her refuge. Of course, she �Q. Would she be able to take all of her children? A. If there Here children that would be different. Q. She would have to put up with it. A. Q. Yes, many of them did. A. There was often a ver-J nice neigbor map. who would beat the daylights out of This is one of the things we are still trying to work on. him - which he well deserved. Q. I asked an Italian lady in Italy what a wife would do if the husband beat her and she said that generally they never moved from the original village and she had her brothers protect her. It would take on<f.'•• thump and generally he got the message. A. There was an early priest - Father Baxter in P.A. He was a great big burly man and if he heard of any man that had been beating his wife, he ' d talrn off his clerical black gown, "nightg0vm" as they called it, and he ' d just give him such a thrashing that he wouldn't forget it. Many a man stopped beating his wife when he had a beating from Father Ba,'Cter. He came out here in the early days and said mass and that white house down there is built on the old foundation of the old Catholic church - the Sellars live in it. quite a family of them. in the Lakehead. There was They were the early elevator people and grain pe ople Hr. Al Sellars bought it but it was in such disrepair and it was finally torn down and then the foundation was. remade and he built the same size on thesame foundation. It was during the years I was away from Silver Islet that it was finished so it took some arguing on Ethel Sellars ' part to convince me that it wasn ' t the old Catholic Church. Q. Do your remember WWI? A. Yes. ' Q. · I am a history teacher - do you remember after the Har, in your experience, if the attitude towards working women changed much? A. Yes, it commenced a change because the women had irnrked so hard during the uar. Q. At jobs that a lot of people didn ' t think they could do. A. 1-J ell, Q. Did it progress further after WH2? A. Yes and after WWI and especially after WW2, the people had learned to go out there were more stenographers and bookeepers and things like. that . and enjoy themselves and people had learned to leave their children and go out. They took their families lightly to what they had been before, A mother wouldn ' t \7 �leave her children and go gabbing. They think nothing of leaving them and they can pretty much bring up th ems elves, the youngsters. Q. Do you see no discrepancy between a woman hiring a girl t.o feed her children breakfast and lunch and do their clothes and send them out to school, even though she lives withinl. the house, to women who have to use daycare centres to do the same thing? ·no you see much of a difference? A. Of course daycare - Miss Michaels has now set up her evm school in the Salvation Army Eall and has the daycare. That is a real profession. She has a real degree and education. Q. The point I ' m getting at is the effect on the children, Why would it be more acceptable to have a girl living in your home to do that? A. Because they are home - that's the only differ-~nce. These daycare centres, where the girl has to Imow a lot and the child must learn a lot. Q. Yes, they are very careful with them. A. There was a couple married in Hesley Church a11d they were quite active, they were both teachers. They had a child and they didn't show up again and it was some time before one of the ladies went to call and found that· this beautiful little girl baby had an enormous head - it was terrific. There nas something wrong with the children a11d so from that, they banded together and Wesley let them have a room and they met every mon1ing uith a different mother looking after these 5 or 6 children. It meant a holiday for the mother -l~ days a week and 5 mothers, and 5 children and they did simple ~ai.11es and things and looked after them and the mother would be refreshed and rested. I went d01m for about 26 years. I was the relief officer - that is an at- tendant to the second-hand clothing and people would come to my house, I had a trunk that was never empty and never full. ....... I would then send overseas twice a year there were greatshipments. I" remember one time .we sent 850 lbs. a.nd that is a lot to pack a.nd Hr. Gerr'iJ would come and help us rope and the McKenzie dray came and took it, shipped it, a11d paid tho shipping charges and just charged us for the shippinc charge - they never charged us for their dray and went on for years and yea:cs ... I would often be at the church in the morning~ after school and these children - the little girl with the great big head, I don ' t know how she held it up - it must have taken a long time to get it O o I• Q. How long did she survive? A. I think she was 9 or 10 when she finally died. shapen and mongoloid. The others, they were mis- I always stopped and talked to them and told them a story, so that they got to know me. l3 �• Q. A. Aft er the war, when ladies had been working in factory jobs and that sort of thing, when their husbands came home, did they expect them to go back to the way they had been? What sort of conflicts Callle from the change? They expected it. Women often went out without any squabbling, they get their own way and they had more money than they had ever and they weren ' t going to give that up right away. Q. A. So there was difficulty. The majority of women stayed with their husbands. And the husbands learnt to live with liberated women? It wasn't so easy for the men to get jobs and there are a few sensible men that would see that their wives really had to bring in the bread and butter and they had to work at home themselves. You saw quite a few, but also you saw the one that wasn ' t going to have it. going to stay so. ironed out. He was king of the castle and was That was the unfortunate few but it is wonderful how many There was one English girl that came out - the men came home first - well they sent the women home first - anyway, she was-______ and she married and Indian from the mission over here and in England they are not so concerned about the color of their skin as we are. them marry from the Near East - red and brmm skin. A great many of One of our ta,-ximen was at the station and this girl came to him and wanted to be taken to the mission, and he was shocked. She was a fine looking :I!nglish girl, so he said "Are you sure that is the right address?" She had married a native Canadian and was going to stay with his people until he got here. H2 very nicely tried to persuade her not to but she was going - he took her for quite a long ciistance and then you turn up tolthe reserve and he said he noticed that her chatter ceased when he turned up because it was pretty crummy in those days, they've decent houses now. He told her that this was the house and he told her he would wait and for her togo to the door. So she did and a big, fat, very unclean looking squaw came to the door - the mother of this boy she married. She just threw up her hands and came back to the taxi and said for him to take her away from there. He told her he knew and had tried to tell her but he decided she had better see for herself. He told her he would take her to his house or to the Salvation Army, 1-1hichever she wanted and she could get help from the Red Cross to go back home. She chose to go to the Salvation Army and reported to the Red Cross and they came and helped her. went right back home. She just They would have been marrying boys from all the colonies so she ..... now they are very fine, smarl Indian men that are working on the highways and worki:pg at machines. They've had a tough time, our native people. /9 �.,· • Q. A. We have a lot to account for. They used to scalp people and shoot them down with arrows and burn them and do all kinds of things. If we had a hoard of p~ople come in and take over our country - they had it for thousands of years - of course they ' d fight. Q, As far as scalping goes, it was white men that taught the Indians - they used It was easier to bring in a scalp, they thought of ears for a while but a guy could bring in two different ears and say they were ears from one person and so, the scalps. A. More power to them - fight for their land. If somebody crune along and put me out of this house, ..... Thank-you for your help Mrs. Dyke, it for bounty. l.C � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Herstory Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Herstory: Gertrude Dyke Description An account of the resource An oral history interview with Mrs. Gertrude Dyke in Port Arthur, Ontario. The interview was performed by Helen Lovekin as part of the Women's Decade Council Herstory project. The recording consists of two sides each of two cassette tapes, available here as four MP3 files. (Click on the speaker logo to play each file.) The transcript is available by clicking on the image thumbnails. During the interview, Mrs. Dyke recalls the social and working conditions of Northern Ontario in the early 20th century, focussing on the education system, her personal historical interests, regional terrain, temperance movements, local businesses, community and personal relationships, and the activity of women. Please note that this tape includes discussion of settler-Indigenous relations, using language that would not be seen as sensitive or appropriate today. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwestern Ontario Women's Decade Council Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Release form was obtained by the Herstory project, allowing the recording to be shared and used. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Audio Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Port Arthur Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [197?]-06-27 Subject The topic of the resource People Women's History https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/828e6695cca847a587c40e57dadab504.jpg 29c71694b103aa80e2ce4942da8c3ed0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UG6-Z-I-38 Title A name given to the resource Lakehead College: People in front of the sign Subject The topic of the resource University Life People Description An account of the resource "Lakehead College, Third at Duluth." People standing in front of the Lakehead College sign. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/d85ae99b8396d01cd722eacda28aeaaf.jpg 786946af0a9e9346ed9b669d9d45e965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UG6-Z-I-37 Title A name given to the resource Lakehead College: Watering Plants Subject The topic of the resource University Life People Description An account of the resource Lakehead College. Watering plants: possibly experimental work? Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lakehead University Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/0bdbfdc6b93c6259a0993d03de1e82c2.jpg f89cc808381db21bab3229d0ebe4f96d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from Lakehead University's history: people, events, and campus. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UG6-Z-I-36a Title A name given to the resource Lakehead College: Library, 1962 Subject The topic of the resource University Life People Description An account of the resource Lakehead College of Arts, Science and Technology, Library, 1962. Copy of print photograph. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Photocopy Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Canada - Ontario - Thunder Bay