25 10 13079 https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1083/1970_Convocation.pdf e891bb251c5a4ab2b62fb39a9da79b56 PDF Text Text ������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1970 Convocation Program Subject The topic of the resource Universities University Life Description An account of the resource Program for Convocation on May 30, 1970. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-05-30 Convocation Convocation 1970 Lakehead University https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1911/LU_Geology_Yearbook_1970-71.pdf 2f0fea17c21c99daa036646425541747 PDF Text Text ��LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY GEOLOG Y JOURNAL 1st EDITION 1970-71 EDITOR JURIS ZDANOVSKIS CO-EDITOR PATRICK FUNG �. All the woric you've done in the past few years is about to pay off Our congratulations. You’ve worked hard to get And we’d like to see you African Selection Trust. With world-wide interests in gold, copper, diamonds, molybdenum this far. get a lot further. We’re Selco. With And us. we’re and other minerals. So when something good comes along, we’re not afraid to in- volved in exploration activities Canada and the United States. use the most sophisticated techniques in the fields of geology, geochemistry and geophysics. Because that’s just the way we think a job should be in We finance it. And your talent just could be one of those good things. Even if you’re not graduating this year, you could join us for the summer. Then when graduation comes, you’ll be ready. So think about your future with us. After all, you’ve earned it. done. So when you work with us, you work with the best. And you also have the best support behind you. Selco is backed by the combined assets of England’s Selection Trust and by Consolidated Selco 6th 2 floor, 55 Yonge St Toronto, Ont.(416) 366-7995. �*Detlica£i<M It is appropriate that this first volume of the yearbook be dedicated to Dr. Edward Mercy. Dr. Mercy came to Lakehead University in 1967 to set up the Department of Geology and so this year marks the first year in which the graduating honours students will have received all of their university training under Dr. Mercy’s excellent guidance. Dr. Mercy came to Lakehead University after a distinguished ten year career at the Grant Institute of Geology at the University of Edinburgh. He took his doctorate at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London in 1955 and has been conducting research in geochemistry ever since. He is a pioneer in the field of development of rapid methods of chemical analysis of rocks and has applied his talents to many geochemical problems. Those who have worked with him know and appreciate his messianic concern with accuracy and woe betide the sloppy or untidy associate. My three year association with Dr. Mercy at Lakehead University left me with a high regard of his active and aggressive leadership. In the face of overwhelming difficulties he built up a faculty and facility of which any geology department could be proud. It is therefore with great pleasure that I dedicate this first volume to him and I urge all who follow to strive for the high standard he sets and to continue in this admirable enterprise. James L. Talbot 3 Chairman 3 Department of Geology 3 University of Montana. 3 �: V' The production of this Geology Year Book is a major achievement by the geology students of Lakehead University and I congratulate them for showing the initiative, energy, tenacity and the many other qualities needed for the successful completion of their project. The Department of Geology grew out of a Mining Technology program which had been given since The Department, in its present form, is but the early days of the Lakehead Technical Institute. four years old and our first group of B.Sc. Honours students is preparing for graduation this May. Our present teaching programs are as diversified as possible and are designed to give students Thus we have the maximum opportunity to choose directions in which they may develop their talents. programs of study of Geology with Chemistry, Geology with Physics and Geology with Economics. We believe that these programs can give students the education and experience needed to enter the whole range of mining and petroleum industries as well as providing the academic basis for going on to graduate schools. The principal research activities of the Department are concentrated in two areas: a limnogeological reconnaissance survey of the Canadian portion of Lake Superior which is supported by contracts negotiated with the Canada Centre for Inland Waters; and a multidisciplinary investigation of a continuous section of midwest Superior Province crust, from Shebandowan to Pickle Crow, which crosses five juxtaposed Archean belts. This latter research involves the close cooperation of members of the Department with a group of geophysicists and geologists at the University of Toronto. In this fourth year of the life of the Department I see that we are developing teaching and research programs of good academic quality. We have a faculty and staff who are hard-working persons dedicated to the pursuit of the earth sciences. But when all is said and done, it is the quality of the students which will demonstrate to the outside world the nature of this Department. You young men and women are our ambassadors. Yours are the talents which will make the reputation of our Department known and respected. In the production of this Year Book you are showing that you are a group of people with a lively interest in and concern for your chosen profession. Good luck to you all. I Edward Mercy, CHAIRMAN, GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT. MANUFACTURING GEOPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT Oil Magnetometers, Ground Electromagnetics, Induced SpectroPolarization Systems, Airborne E.M., Emano Mercury Detection meters, Resistivity and Supplies Trail Kits meters, Geochemical , , you • Explosives • For name SALES it, • we • have RENTAL CONTRACT information or it. freindly • SERVICES advise , contact FOR BLASTING EVERYWHERE IN CANADA EVERYTHING LIMITED 222 Snidercroft BRANCH Road OFFICES • Concord, Ontario, Canada THROUGHOUT THE WORLD �Dr. E« A. Ross, Dean of Science, Lakehead University It is a pleasure to write this short address to the Geology Club of Lakehead University. I heartily commend the editor, Juris Zdanovskis, co-editor Patrick Fung, and photographers on their enthusiastic enterprise in producing this Year Book. I believe it is the first of its kind to be produced by any of the Students’ Clubs in Departments of the Faculty of Science, and the Department of Geology should be justly proud of this agreeable achievement. The significant role played by geologists in the discovery and development of the resources of Canada is marked by history and yet my belief is that the best is still to come. Reference to the Science Council of Canada Report No. 7 on the Earth Sciences would amply justify the tenor of that statement. The future prospects of exciting and creative work in geology, geophysics, geochemistry and the other earth sciences must appeal to many of our brighter students who are oriented towards the scientific disciplines. Many promising careers are and will be available to graduates in research, development, consulting, management and so on. Of course, a successful study of geology means continuous hard work, but when was any worthwhile success or achievement obtained without such effort? Since, in Pantin's terms, geology is an 'unrestricted' science, the graduate geologist must and does have a wider knowledge and appreciation of the other sciences than his colleagues in neighbouring disciplines with the possible exception of the biologist. I firmly believe that students of geology have chosen their subject wisely. rewards will be many. Go to it and your To the members of the Geology Club of Lakehead University, I wish every accomplishment in the future and extend my strongest hopes and support for the success of this excellent Year Book. R. A. Ross Dean of Science 5 �: It will be appropriate hor me to gtve G eology Club In our Firs 1 Geology VeaA Book. a. brieh reviejw on the short history oft oua Oua University is young and oua club is still youngeA. But: its activities aAe last as varied and plentiful and oua enthusiasm just as high as any. The loosely established Precambrian Club maAked the ilut attempt by the students to organize a club hor the Geology Department. But it war In 1968 that the club war fatArt o ^totally ertabltrhed undeA the name oh Lakehead University Geology Club. The executive ion the three years oh the. club’r history have been: 1 968-69 President: Lou Covello ' Secretary /Treasurer: 1 1 969 nc President: 970/71 Secretary /T rear urer: Vret tdent Vhil Walhord Veter Vans tone Joe Kararda Patrick Fung Secretary /Treasurer: J writ, Idanovskis When h-itrl established three yearr ago, club actlvttler were limited to gatherlngr In the recohd year, It began to oh rtudentr, virltr to miner and varlour f^c&Ed trlpr. participate In external actlvttler Including correspondence with other university Departments and geological organizations It also rent the httsl group oh representatives to the First Central Canada University Geological Conherence in Ottawa University The representatives were: Brian Clerihew, Roy Shegelski, Peter Uanrtone. This year, we also rent oua representatives to the Second Central Canada University Geological Conherence in Queen' r University. Oua representatives were: Patrick Fung, Rick Middaugh, Roy Shelgerki , . . Next year, we are going to rend one student speaker to the 8th Western Inter University Geological Conherence to be held in Manitoba in October, 1971. Also, we have had some very distinguished geologists to be our guest speakers throughout this year. The names oh these and. their topics are given in another part oh this Sear Book. It is an honour to have them to come and visit us. I am sure all oh at have benehited by their lectures. The idea oh a Geology VeaA Book war h^rr^ suggested by Dr. E. Mercy and Dr. J. Mothersiii at the beginning oh the academic year and war supported by all the haaulty members and rtudentr. The rtudentr h fl0m second year were particularly keen and enthusiastic especially the Chieh Editor, Juris Idanovskis But hall credit should be given to all those who helped in producing the Vear Book and all those who have contributed to it. . We hope that it will be published every year in the hature. May As President I wish the Geology Club every possible success in the hature. remind you that success depends up the enthusiasm and interest oh all the geology students. We have made an- excellent beginning - I hope that you will continue this good work. I Patrick Fung, President, Geology Club. 6 'fa&icJl pUtJj, �The Geology Department is quite new to this University; it is small and not well known to the rest of Canada; therefore the principal purpose of this first Year Book is to advertise the Department and to make ourselves known. The first talk of publication occurred at the beginning of the school year, but little was done until a few weeks before Christmas, when a few of us began to consider where the money would come from to pay for the publication. To my surprise, the response was remarkable; the Geology Department was first to indicate mathematical figures that sounded impressive. The Science Society, slow but sure was next in line. The rest of the money had to come from advertising, a source which did not look too promising at first, because of our late start. The companies were agreeable and were sufficiently interested to pull us through with the final cash resources. Faced with a staff of bushwackers, who had little experience in publishing, we worked slowly; but with all the problems we were still capable of putting out an excellent book. I should like to thank Dr. Edward Mercy, Chairman, Department of Geology, Lakehead University, for his eager response in helping us to publish the book. Many thanks to the Geology Secretary, Mrs. Jean Helliwell for her help with the business side, and her typing. Without Sam Spivak's help and his artistic talent with the drafting pencil our advertising would have been a mess. I enjoyed working with the staff that I had and hope to have them back next year for the second publication. If you, the reader, have any criticism of the book, please forward your remarks to me and we shall try our best to improve the book. Thanks to my staff for their time and patience. Patrick Fung Les Tihor Paul Strandberg Eric Brown Elizabeth Hillary Ron Wrigley Ron Green Dave Powers Ralph Bullough Juris 7 Co-editor Photographer Layout Zdanovskis, Editor. �with compliments from the faculty of science lakehead university i DEAN 8 R. A. ROSS �STONEWORTHY ! COLLECT SPECIMENS, DON'T PRODUCE 'EM" �Olivine diabase dyke in the Coldwell complex. Algal reef, Gunfiint formation. Thunder Bay Group, near Schreiber, Ontario. These reefs have grown on boulders which form the basal conglomerate of the formation. They contain blue-green algae, and are, at 1.65 billion years, one of the oldest known life forms. Thinly laminated limey mudstone beds, Sibley Group, near Rossport, Ontaiio. Note soft sediment folding. 10 �Stromatolites, Sibley Group, Disraeli Lake, near Nipigon, Ontario. Stromatolites grow in a near shore or intertidal zone. These belong to the genus Conophytum and are 1350 million years old. Mushroom shaped concretion. Rove formation, Tnunder Bay group, near Pass Lake, Ontario. These concretions have grown diagenetically, and contain possible organic material. They are composed of cal cite Tightly folded bands of chert-magnetite iron formation in an Algoman Iron Formation, Kaministiquia, Ontario. �Sam /V^ Diabase dredged close to the M.A.R. A rough intersertal structure is formed by coarse microlites of plagioalase and interstitial pyroxene. Probably belonging to a thick flow, or a shallow sill. (45 N on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, 1200 fins) Chromite opaque grains, within a serpent ini zed ultrabasic lock. In tne cavities of the chromite some lelics of primary olivine and pyroxene may be found. The fractures in the chromite grains indicate a serpentinization of the surrounding rock with a slight increase in volume. (45 N, Mid Atlantic Ridge) A quickly chilled basalt, with radiating thin microlites of feldspar, within an opaque hematite stained glassy matrix. Small angular grains of olivine are visible. Note the hollow transversal sections of the feldspatic microlite. (From 45 N, Mid Atlantic Ridge, 1200 fms deep] This specimen is a serpentinized dunite. A tiny fracture in the specimen was invaded by a fora minifera ooze, and the walls of the fissure are coated by dendritic Mn and Re oxides. (From 45 N, on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, 1300 fms dep) 12 ��. Dr. Edward Mercy, B.Sc., Ph.D. , D.I.C. Academic Background Lecturer in Geology: Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England. Lecturer in Geology, later Senior Lecturer in Geology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Professor of Geology and Chairman of the Department, Lakehead University. Research Geochemistry of a Granite Series in Donegal, Ireland. Geochemistry and mineralogy of gamet-peridotites and eclogites from Norway, S. Europe and S. Africa. Geochemistry and mineralogy of spinel-peridotites from the Lac de Lherz region of the Pyrenees. Geochemical studies of plutonic and volcanic rocks in Northwestern Ontario. CURRENT RESEARCH The mineralogical nature of the mantle of the earth can be deduced in three ways - by considering what known earth materials fit the determined geophysical parameters (such as pressure, temperature, density, value of the gravitational constant, the velocities of seismic waves, and others), by relating the known chemical compositions of basaltic magmas to possible mantle compositions which could produce such lavas by partial or complete melting processes, and by studying the mineralogy and chemistry of rocks, emplaced at high levels in the crust, which might represent unaltered mantle squeezed up into the crust by tectonic processes or brought up as xenoliths in magmas. There is general agreement that the uppermost part of the mantle and at least some part of the lower crust is made up of the assemblage: olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + spinel = spinel lherzolite. This is considered to be representative of granulite facies conditions in contrast to the eclogite facies conditions of the deeper parts of the mantle which is represented by the assemblage: olivine + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + garnet = garnet lherzolite. Natural materials which have the appropriate properties are the spinel-lherzolite xenoliths occurring in basaltic lava flows and the garnetlherzolite xenoliths in the Kimberlite diatremes of South Africa. Another type is represented by the series of small tectonic intrusions of spinel-lherzolite which outcrop in the French Pyrenees A period of field work based at the beautiful town of Foix enabled me to make a detailed study of what Lacroix described as the type lherzolite. This occurs at a height of 1300 metres o.d. at the Etang de Lers as a tectonic intrusion into tightly folded and strongly metamorphosed Mesozoic rocks. The lherzolite contains 45-85% by volume of olivine, 10-35% orthopyroxene, 5-20% diopside, and 1-6% spinel. These differences in mineralogical composition are caused by the layered structure of the lherzolite. The main point of lherzolite work is an understanding of the chemistry of the lherzolites and particularly the distribution of elements such as nickel and chromium between the various mineral phases. Such data can lead to knowledge of the conditions of equilibration amongst the phases and may enable one, in comparison with a very great amount of published work, to establish models for the chemistry of the upper mantle. Edward Mercy 14 �Dr. J. Mothersill, B.Sc, (Physics) Carleton; (Geological Engineering) Queen's; B.Sc. Ph.D. Queen's . Background Exploration Geologist for Standard Oil (N.J.) Senior Geologist for Mobil International Oil Co. Exploring for petroleum in Turkey, Nigeria, France and Colombia. LIMNOGEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN The bottom topography of the eastern part of the Lake Superior basin consists of a lake-shelf two to four miles wide and a series of north-south aligned, topographical deeps and highs three to four miles wide lakeward, which is in marked contrast to the east-northeast and east-southeast trends of the onshore Precambrian rocks. The temperature of the bottom sediments is related to waterdepth. The high pH values of the bottom sediments in Goulais Bay and Batchawana Bay appear to be caused by the alkaline waters of the Goulais and Batchawana rivers respectively. The pH measurements of the bottom sediments elsewhere in the area of study do not appear to be related to either water-depth or to the lake-bottom sedimentary types. The Recent sand deposition is restricted to the lake-shelf and to the offshore topographical high areas. Based on grain-size analyses the sands of the topographical highs are normally coarsergrained and better sorted than the sands of the adjacent lake-shelf area suggesting stronger current action offshore. In addition the sands of these two environments can be differentiated on the basis of total heavy mineral content as the sands of the topographical highs never contain more than 3»1 per cent heavy minerals whereas the sands of the lake-shelf area may contain from 4.1 to 26.0 per cent heavy minerals. The main area of provenance for the sands would appear to be the rocks along the shoreline and the drainage area of the eastern Lake Superior basin. The reason for the relative decrease in the percentage of heavy minerals present along the topographical highs would appear to be that most heavy minerals are unstable in a fresh water environment and therefore would tend to be chemically decomposed before being transported to the offshore topographical high areas. The sands south of Coppermine Point are generally coarser-grained, better sorted and less positively skewed than the sands north of Coppermine Point regardless of environment of deposition. This is probably the result of stronger current action along the shallower waters of the topographical highs and lake-shelf area south of Coppermine Point. The occurrence of a thicker sand sequence in progressively shallower water from north to south across the area of study could be related to the post-glacial isostatic tilting of the Lake Superior basin to the southwest as the Michipicoten area has been raised 20 meters relative to the Sault Ste. Marie area since the Nipissing stage (Farrand, i960 ). The Recent sediments in the central parts of Batchawana and Goulais Bay and in the offshore topographical lows consist of coarse silts to coarse clays. These Recent silt-clays form a consistent sequence of the following three units: an upper thin veneer (< 4 cm. ) of coarse to very fine-grained dark yellowish brown silt; an intermediate, relatively thin (2-12 cm.), unit consisting of olive gray, fine-grained silt to coarse-grained clay; a lower thick unit of coarse to very fine-grained, dark yellowish brown silt. The thickness of this sequence is greatest in the central parts of the topographical deeps where it is in excess of 180 cm. thick. The mineralogical composition of the three units is very similar and consists of orthoclase, microcline, quartz, 15 �The difference in colour is probablychlorite, illite and an interbedding of chlorite and illite. caused by the higher oxidation state of the dark yellowish brown silts. Varved sediments, probably of Pleistocene age, underlie the Recent sediments in the area of study. North of Coppermine Point the varved sediments are greenish gray in colour whereas to the south The mineralogical of Coppermine Point the varves have been oxidized to pale brown in colour. composition of the varved sediments consists of orthoclase, microcline, quartz, chlorite, illite, an interbedding of chlorite and illite, dolomite and calcite. It was noted that there is a decrease in the percentage of calcite in the varved sediments northward of St. Mary's River. JOHN LAKE S. MOTHERSILL SUPERIOR LIMNOGEOLOGICAL STUDIES BASIN. 16 OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE �Dr. Henri Loubat Geological Engineer, PhD., Geneva Assistant Professor, Lakehead University Petrology I became particularly attracted by petrology in 19ol when I found the opportunity of studying a set of metamorphic rocks from California. These rocks belonged to the glaucophane-schist and eclogite facies of metamorphism. At that time, I was fascinated by two problems exhibited by these classic Californian types: the process of diaphtoresis and the phenomenon of converging facies. , The "glaucophane-schist" may be due to a particular regional metamorphism acting on greywackes and ophiolites; but frequently it results from a retrograde process of modification from a high degree of metamorphism (amphibolite or eclogite) toward lower degrees of alteration. Both these glaucophane-bearing types are to be found, closely associated, in California, and they exemplify very well the retroinorphosis diaphthoresis) and facies "convergence". It is easy to realize the interest of the study of those facies, if we know that eclogite themselves are not always considered as metamorphic rocks.... ( Soon after, receiving a grant from the University of Geneva I studied briefly greenstones, sediments and serpentines from Cuba. The degree of alteration of my samples was somewhat discouraging for a sucessful petrographical and geochemical investigation, but this was a first contact with igneous submarine rocks. During the next four years my main petrographic activity was devoted to surveying the Versoyen region - this area of the Alps is geologically very attractive. We should know that the Alps are subdivized longitudinally by a major tectonic thrust plane, the trace of which is called the "Pennic front thrust". This line runs parallel to the chain, subdivizing it into two equal bands: the "internal Alps" (toward Italy) and the "external Alps" (toward France and Switzerland). The former is very rich in ophiolites, strongly metamorphic and intensely disturbed by the tectonic. The latter is not metamorphic, lacking ophiolites, and gently folded. The Versoyen, which is located exactly on the border between France and Italy, is the last ophiolitic area we could find when leaving the internal Alps going toward France, ’with this marginal location, this area offers the weakest degree of metamorphism we could have in the Alps for submarine volcanic rocks. A study based on field, microscopic and chemical investigations leads to the following conclusions: 'We have there a well-preserved submarine volcanic complex composed of the piling of various related units; at the bottom, along with slabs of aplitic granites and gneiss (fragments of the Alpine basement?), thin layers of serpentinites . Above, thick lenses of diff erenciated gabbros; still above, a set of sills, inter-bedded with black schists. At the top, an enormous amount of pillow-lavas. This rather logical sequence so well known by anglo-saxon geologists, was never recognized before anywhere in the Alps, although it is quite probable that it is actuall' omnipresent, but was always disturbed by complex diastrophism. 17 �o Moreover there was an interesting point about the metamorphism of the volcanic system: the intensity of metamorphism was steadily decreasing from the I suggested an eventual bottom to the top (very weakly metamorphic pillows) direct relationsnip between the depth of the crustal segment and a kind of late-magmatic auto alteration (deuteric alteration). . These are the reasons why I remain personally interested in the results of dredging operations, close to any mid-oceanic ridge. If there were some metamorphic rocks already there, they may well be attributed to some process of alteration of that kind. As soon as you are occupied by such questions, generally many other interesting problems arise. Studying recently, in collaboration with the Bedford Canadian Oceanic Institute, a set of dredged specimens, I momentarily shift toward another topic of interest: the origin of the dredged serpentinized ultrabic fragments. Among many interesting and mysterious facts, we found evidence of an intense pre-serpentinization cataclasis, probably due to a creeping process at the base of the crust, and presumably related to the oceanic floor spreading. Many N. lat. on the Mid Atlantic Ridge are still metamorphic specimens from waiting for an investigation; we may say already that they uniformly belong to the green schist facies only. It is fascinating to meet, near Thunder Bay, in the heart of the Canadian Shield, greenstone belts showing perfectly preserved relics of submarine basic lavas, exactly similar to the one formed very recently. It is extremely promising to compare their detailed petrological properties, with those recent equivalent rocks, because we may suppose some kind of difference between now and 3 billion years ago in the superficial environment and in the relations between continents, oceanic crust and mantle. In this comparison, as a petrologist, I foresee the possibility of detecting an evolution of the earth's crust, evolution about which we do not even have a serious hypothetical model yet. The geology school at Lakehead has therefore, a wonderful field of investigations for a long and sucessful future BONGARD LESLIE & GO. LTD. 204 ARTHUR ST. THUNDER BAY (P), ONT. STOCKBROKERS BOND DEALERS MUTUAL FUNDS TELEPHONE D. F. W. N. S. J. BARON AUBRY MALINOSKI M. SCOTT 344-6618 MGR. �Dr. James M. Franklin, B.Sc. (Carleton); (Carleton); M.Sc. Ph.D. (Western) . Background Geologist for G.S.C. Assistant Professor, Lakehead University- Research Metallogeny of the Lake Superior Crustal Traverse, Shebandowan to Pickle Lake Origin of low temperature silver deposits, Thunder Bay area Stratigraphy of the Sibley Group, Thunder Bay District Metallogeny, Its Concepts and Uses Two concepts of metallogenesis are (l) the genesis of a single metal in a variety of geological environments, and (2) the examination of all mineral deposits within a geologically or geographically defined region. The "single metal" concept does not facilitate documentation of variations in mode of occurrence with time, and may preclude comparison or integration of genetic ideas related to one metal with with those related to another. This concept does, however, allow for complete examination of the chemistry of concentration of a metal in all geological processes. For example, Gross (1965) in his study of iron deposits, is able to document the processes operative in concentrating iron in igneous (iron-titanium deposits associated with Grenville anorthosites), metamorphic (contact meta somatic deposits of Vancouver Island) and sedimentary (Algoma, Superior and Minette type deposits) bodies. Such a study contributes much to fundamental geochemistry, but may, in certain circumstances, be of less significance in deposit exploration. For example, in searching for copper, the exact nature of the chemical control on deposition of the metal is less important than the stage of development of a eugeocyncline or facies of cratonic cover sediments affiliated with copper deposition. Recognition of the appropriate lithofacies associated with a deposit is a fundamental factor in delineating new areas of exploration. The second metallogenetic concept involves examination of variations in mineral deposit type within litho stratigraphic or petrogenetic province. Basically an accurate interpretation of source and time of deposition of mineral deposits is integrated with a regional tectonic history including geosynclinal and post-orogenic evolution. Clearly, a prime difficulty in such a study is. selecting useful co-incident geographic and geologic limits. All lithological and structural variations in any time—unit should be included within the geographic bounds of the study. The area must have adequately outlined mineral deposit genesis, paleogeographic and tectonic reconstruction. a time-stratigraphic, Convenient geologic limits might be set by systemic boundaries and orogenic events. For example, the Aphebian era is defined at its initiation by the Kenoran orogeny, and at its end by the Penokean and Hudsonian orogeny. The Helikian era is defined by the latter orogenies at its inception, but the termination of dominant continental volcanism and sedimentation at its end. Together these eras include many conventional tectonic elements. The problem is to select an area in which the complete geosynclinal, mountain building, and continental deposition events are preserved. The Lake Superior and Central Labrador areas meet these requirements. A metallogenic scheme for the former region is outlined in Table 1. 19 �. . . . Two uses of such a scheme might be found in mineral deposit exploration and research into earlycrustal conditions. For example, the exploration geologist may not have been aware of the possibility of "breccia-pipe" porpbyrycopper deposits associated with Neohelikian rocks of the Lake Superior area. Examination of available maps indicates the presence of many crypto-volcanic features; more deposits of the Tribag type might be found at appropriate structural loci. Metallogeny might also be useful as an indicator of a specific tectonic stage. For example, if anomalous concentrations of molybdenum are found only in post-orogenic, "high level" salic intrusive rocks, then the presence of this metal in certain Archean granite may suggest that these granites formed much later than the predominant volcanic rocks, 1 in a post-island arc, continental setting. We may thus investigate the possibility of two igneous events in the Archean which may have occurred at widely separated times. Metallogeny of Proterozoic Rocks in the Lake Superior Area Sedimentary and Effusive Rock Tectonic Stage Time m.y. coarse continental sediments, fine. lamellar interflow sediments (after in situ' weathering of volcanics). Flood basalt, minor rhyolite 1000 ' Intrusive Rock Structures minor, alkalic complexes carbonatite. Major layered gabbroic bodies, diabase sheets Cratonic faulting and tilting due to deep fracturing. Syngenetic Deposits a) Cu in alkali Multiple Stage Deposits Source Bed External forces, for applied, formation of deposits Cu bodies b) Cu-Ni in layered mafic bodies. c) Cu in basalt. d) Cu-Mo in breccia pipes (Tribag) possibly as gaseous effusions. tilting allows updlp migration, precipitation of Pb-Zn at structural trap. b) Mafic intrusive sills and dykes cause remobilization of Ag to structural loci formed due to contemporaneous cratonic faulta) ing. interflow sediments c) Cu to Continental red bed sedimentation 1350 none Pb-Zn-Ba in red beds uplift, consequent weathering granite granodiorite pegmatites Cratonic 1650 Protogeosynclinal blackshale, iron formation, minor basalt, limestone, greyvacke. Protobasin orthoquartzite, cgl, greyvacke 2100 deformation. simple folding, faulting. Metamorphism in deepest parts of basin, minor anatexis. deeper basin sediment added at same rate as basinal subsidence. minor gabbro (Uranium, Elliot intermontain * basins, shallow Lake) rapid weathering transport in streams - 2500 NOTE: Brackets indicate deposits not in region of this study. 1 - Armbrust, 1969 ^ - James et al. 3 Roscoe, 1969 - , Iron (minor Cu in gabbro)^ 1968 20 Ag in shale �Dr. K. Chakraborty, M.Sc. (Jad»); Ph.D. (l»I«T. ) Assistant Professor, Lakehead University A Statistical Study of Crystal Contacts Across a Segregated Hornblende Vein in Amphibolite and its Implication The pattern of spatial distribution of crystals in rocks depends on the energies of crystal contacts and entropy of distribution. The stable equilibrium patterns possess minimum distributional free energy. For a linear unidimensional system consisting of equal numbers of A and B crystals of the same size, the distributional free energy can be expressed as F = i n P( u M + U BB - 2Uab ) + nUAB + nkT [p log (-gp) + (l - p) log(l - p)] = energy of A-B contact, etc., and p = probability of A having another A as neighbour. where U Thus, for given contact energies, the value of p corresponding to the minimum of F would determine the spatial distribution of crystals in the rocks. The energies associated with different types of crystal contacts in natural rocks are unknown. However, if p can be determined, it might be possible to decipher the relative energies of the crystal contacts. A possible way to determine p is to carefully evaluate the frequencies of different crystal contacts in a given rock. Frequencies of contacts depend on the preferred crystal associations as well as on the modal percentage of the minerals and crystal sizes. By suitable statistical device (Markov Chain) the frequency of crystal contacts only due to preferred crystal association can be evaluated. Crystal association during crystallization of a rock is governed by other factors apart from contact energies. Hence evaluation of contact energies would be plausible where rearrangement of initial crystal association is apparent. An attempt has been made to evaluate relative energies of hornblende-hornblende, plagioclaseplagioclase and homblende-plagioclase contacts from a specimen of amphibolite (hornblende and plagioclase together make up more than 90/o by volume). The specimen contains a differentiated zone consisting of a hornblende vein bordered by a feldspathic aureole. It has been concluded elsewhere that the differentiation is later than the crystallization of the amphibolite. Frequencies of crystal contacts across the differentiated zone are analyzed statistically employing Markov Chain concept. It is observed that homblende-plagioclase contacts are minimum The in the differentiated zone and gradually increase and assume maximum value away from it. reverse is true for hornblende-hornblende and plagioclase-plagioclase contacts. Thus the distribution patterns of crystals in the amphibolite away from, adjacent to and within the differentiated zone are ordered, random and segregated respectively. This suggests that segregational pattern possesses minimum distributional free energy for this system which is possible if the mean energy of hornblende-hornblende and plagioclase-plagioclase contacts is less than the energy of homblende-plagioclase contact. 21 �Analysis of Material Balance in Segregated Bodies Existence of material balance is one of the most convincing evidences in favour of segregational origin of the differentiated features like veins or lenses of mineral "concentrates" bordered by characteristic "aureoles". Analysis of material balance is therefore crucially important and it cannot be overemphasized that the methods employed for such analysis ought to be reliable as well as capable of revealing the true state of balance within the differentiated bodies. By use of spherical and triaxial ellipsoidal models of segregation the reliability of the methods commonly used for balance analysis are tested. It is demonstrated that none of them can yield correct results. The reason for this is that these methods do not take the true volume ratio This volume ratio is an indispensable factor of the "concentrate" and "aureole" into account. for correct balance analysis. Accordingly, modified procedures to evaluate the state of balance are suggested. Determination of the above mentioned volume ratio in natural specimens is extremely difficult and imposes severe restrictions on the scope of balance analysis. The state of balance across a hornblende vein surrounded by a feldspathic aureole has been determined by the suggested method as well as by one of the existing methods for a comparative evaluation of their reliabilities. The results obtained by the suggested methods show that material balance exists, thus indicating the segregational origin of the vein. This agrees well with the conclusion derived from mineralogical and chemical evidences. But, as predicted from the model studies, the existing method shows a lack of material balance across the vein. GRADUATE TO FALCONBRIDGE Geologists, Geophysicists, Geochemists, Mineralogists Mining SEVEN KING STREET EAST, TORONTO 210, CANADA and Electronic Technologists FALCONBRIDGE NICKEL MINES LIMITED 23 TOMLINSON BLOCK sa n. Cumberland st. -thunder bay. ont. 22 �Mr. R. Bennett. Honours Practical Geology, Heriot Watt College. Edinburgh, Scotland . Background : Chief Laboratory Technician, 1936-1967 The Grant Institute of Geology, University of Edinburgh. Researching many kinds of technical approaches to Ph.D. studies. Presently, Chief Laboratory Technician, Lakehead University. Thin Section Making with the Aid of Araldite Epoxy Resin. Araldite Epoxy (Resin 502, Hardener 956)has the ability to penetrate into the cracks and cleavage planes of minerals and it will bond efficiently the angular particles of semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks, as well as recent sediments and soil samples. The adhesive properties of the Resin are such that it can be used as a mounting media, where such thermo-plastics as "Lakeside 70" cannot be used or are not advisable due to the re-arrangement or twisting of the surface to be mounted. IGNEOUS ROCKS The following are some of the ways in which Araldite Resin was used in making thin sections of serpentinites from the Atlantic Ridge of the Azores. These rocks were very fragile and had a coating of manganese over the whole or part of the sample. The Preparation for the thin section: Due to the fragmental nature of the sample, it was necessary to bond a part of it even before attempting to cut it. This is done by mixing Araldite Resin ( 10 parts of resin to The SDecimens to be cut 2 parts hardener, by volume) in a thin-walled pliable polythene jar. are placed in an oven set at 60 degree Centigrade until the surface is hot to the touch. Remove from the oven and immerse the portion of the rock to be sectioned in the resin. Return the polythene jar with the specimen to a vacuum oven and impregnate the sample. When the oven chamber starts to evacuate, the resin will start to froth. This frothing is controlled by periodical closing of the vacuum and slowly allowing the air to force the resin into the sample's surface. Repeat this procedure until it becomes apparent that there is sufficient penetration of the resin into the surface of the sample, so that when cold, it can be cut without breaking. The Cutting: Remove the sample from its container. A surrounding mass of excess resin is beneficial, as it will preserve the outside edges of the sample. If Clamp the unimpregnated part in the cutting machine and cut off the required part. the specimen is holding together, then cut a second slab for future work. Wash the cut-off part and examine it under the microscope. Ensure that the surface cracks have been impregnated and if not, dry the slab and return it to the oven to complete drying and warming of the surface for coating with a fresh mix of resin. If the slab is used, it may suffice to place it on the plate to warm for surface coating. Surface coat the slab with resin, impregnating it as before if it was on the hot plate or in the oven. Allow it to set, strip off any unwanted resin with a razor blade while the slab is still hot, to save unnecessary grinding. 23 �: When the sample is cold, trim to the size of a sli'de and grind to a very fine mounting surface, using either coated carborundum paper (400, then 600 grit) or a glass plate with the Wash the sample and ensure that the required surface is whole (not same abrasive and water. pitted) and even. The Mounting: Use the former if the surface This can be done using Lakeside 70 or Araldite resin. likely to twist and buckle when re-heated, which would cause an uneven mount. If the resin is used as a mounting media, The latter should be used if this is apt to happen. press them apply a small amount to each surface (the glass slide and the sample surface) This together to remove all the air and allow it to set at room temperature for 24 hours. will allow the resin to set sufficiently for grinding. is hard and not , The Thin Section: Cut or grind the sample down to the first stage of transparency, using either bonded wheel or the carborundum method. It is now that the silicates and the to hand grind the now desired, taking great a diamond Due to the differences in structure of the bonding shows its effect. manganese crust to transmit ordinary light, it is therefore beneficial thin section to completion on a glass plate with 600 grit or finer if care to retain the complete surface area. Having completed this stage to the required thickness, wash the section and dry it with If the latter is used, trim the tissue; then remove the surplus Lakeside or Araldite. outer edges leaving a small border around the section edge, but do not attempt to remove all Clean the Araldite from the thin section as this will result in the destruction of the sample. Clean and cover a covering the surrounding slide with a solvent such as chloroform or acetone. slip with a reasonable amount of Canada Balsam, warm it on the hot plate until the Balsam flows outward over the cover-slip, and in the meantime warm the surface of the thin section. Do this by holding it over the hotplate without touching it, and then laying the two surfaces together. Remove the covered section from the hotplate, then carefully press down the cover-slip to remove all the air. Clean off the surplus Balsam with acetone and finally with chloroform. a If the thin section is too fragile to use heated Balsam, use Permount and allow to dry This takes longer, but it helps to retain the structure of the section. at room temperature. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS The thin sectioning of sedimentary rocks such as sandstones, sandy shales, clay shales, etc. can be difficult when their natural cementing media is a carbonate or some other material (with the exception of silica). It is therefore necessary to impregnate the rock with a material that will act as a bonding substance to retain the grains and structure of the rock in original form. If the rock matrix is a carbonate, either calcite or dolomite, the action of the cutting blade will tear away the carbonate, leaving many loose grains, and the stages of grinding prior to mounting on the slide will have a similar effect, though not so harsh. If the fine-ground slab is washed down and dried, then examined under a binocular microscope, it will be observed that the cleavage- planes of the carbonate have been irritated and are apt to be loose. Therefore, when the slide mounting media is applied to the section slab, and the slide placed in position, a gritty feeling will be observed. The result is a thin section full of holes, due to the fact that all the grain surfaces were not on an even plane. If the same sandstone were impregnated with Araldite Epoxy Resin, all the grains as well as the cleavage planes of the carbonate would be bonded together to create a solid interior which can be thin-sectioned without any difficulty. The same technique may be applied to sandy shales and the fine laminations of shales. Method Cut the rock with a diamond blade to a thickness of no less than one quarter of an Dry the slab and place it on inch, as this will give a sufficient depth with which to work. a Teflon plate (Use Teflon because of its self- lubricating properties as well as its high melting point) and put the unit in a vacuum oven and bring it to 60 degrees Centigrade. 24 �; : Mix a small batch of Araldite Resin (such as 20 ml. of resin to 4 ml. of hardener), Remove the Teflon stir it well and leave it standing until the mass of air bubbles is out. plate and the slab from the oven and quickly apply a surface coat of the resin to the slab, When the resin has stopped frothing, and then return it to the oven and re-evacuate the air. The inrush of air will force the resin close the vacuum valve and slowly open the air vent. Leave the unit in the oven to cure for two hours and then allow it to cool to into the slab. Remove the slab from the Teflon plate and cut it to the size required for room temoerature. The grinding for mounting is the same as for a hard rock section. thin section. The mounting media should be Lakeside 70 and the sectioning is the same as before with The covering the exception that the sandstone can be machined thinner, saving hand grinding. is the same as before. THE IMPREGNATION OF RECENT SEDIMENTS by a The following report is on the technical procedure of making micro-polished surface of a recent fine grained sediment. a thin section followed The sediments which are wet when collected in core form are cut along their length to The selected parts are removed and dried out slowly to expose the variation in deposition. prevent excessive shrinkage and to minimize the number of cracks. Stage I This is done on The first stage is to grind a flat surface of the selected sample. dry abrasive paper of 400 grit, and then on 600 grit until the surface is flat, blowing off any excess with a compressed air jet. Stage 1 1 The impregnation media is Araldite Epoxy (Resin 502 Hardener 956) (a mixture of 10 parts Teflon should be used for the mould, as it is a self- lubricating resin to two parts hardener). plastic which does not require any releasing agents. It is convenient to have circular rings of varying depths and diameters - these rings are placed on a Teflon plate (one quarter of an inch thick) to prevent bending. The ring is held in place on the plate with a thin layer of silicon grease, which prevents leakage from the mould. Place the sample in the mould, prepare the resin and let is stand to allow any excess air to come to the surface. Wet the surface of the specimen with Methyl Ethyl Ketone, (a resin thinner which invades finer layers, allowing the resin to better impregnate the sample). Pour the resin into the mould so that it just covers the sample, and then put the unit in the vacuum oven and start to evacuate the chamber. At 15 pounds pressure, the resin will start to froth. Do not allow it to overflow the mould, and to prevent this close the vacuum control valve and slowly open the vent. The inrush of air will start the impregnation of the sample, a repetition of this process should be done until there is no bubbling under the vacuum. Close the vacuum control, switch off the pump and open the vent slowly. When the vacuum is released, set the oven heater at 60 degrees Centigrade and allow it to cure for two or more hours. Remove the unit from the oven and allow it to cool. Separate the ring from the Teflon plate and press out the sample. The method of preparation for thin section is similar to that of a sedimentary rock, with several exceptions. The surface to be mounted on the slide must be on an even plane with the surrounding resin so that there is no relief between the two. The only way to obtain a flat even surface, if the sediment does not fine grind flat, is by repeated surface impregnation, and careful fine grinding. Use a fresh mix of resin as a mounting cement. Apply a little to the slide and to the fine surface of the sample and press them together. Leave it to set for at least 24 hours. The now thin section is ground to its proper thickness, after machining as before, on a wet glass plate using 1000 Carborundum, clean and cover with thinned Balsam or Permount. The Polished Surface is The preparation is the same as for the thin section, with the exception that the sample moulded in a bakelite ring especially made for the DUrner Polishing Machine. The most important part of this technique is to obtain a hardened flat surface prior To obtain this surface, it is necessary to carefully dry grind the to mechanical polishing. specimen on fine abrasive paper, with frequent examination under the binocular microscope, to 25 �: : ensure that a complete mineral surface is present - not one with a microlayer of resin over it. When this is done, and the edges of the mould have been bevelled, it is now ready for the polishing laps. Lap I After switching on the The first polishing is done with 6 micron diamond powder. An even smear of mineral oil, lapping machine, clean the lap with acetone and a tissue. "liquid paraffin" is apolied to the lap, and a small "finger tip" of a 6 micron-diamond is run over the lap. The time for the first stage varies as to Stop the lap and fit tne specimens to it. Otherwise, if the lap is the texture of the specimen, so it is decided by trial and error. running well, one hour should suffice before the first microscopic examination. As the particles of the metallic oxides and sulphides are very small it is advisable If the pits are to use medium to high magnification to get a fair reading on the surfaces. still present, clean the lap, recharge and rotate for a further hour. Lap II: Repeat the same process for the second grade of diamond (l-3 micron) to get more Here the surface should really show a polish, with small polishing scratches definite results. on the ore particles. Lap III: The final polish is done with 0-2 micron diamond and a small amount of oil, enough only to lubricate the lap and avoid "snatching" and ejection off the lap. When the surface is finished, clean it and store in a dry container to prevent moisture affecting the fine sulphides and thus spoiling the surface. I llustrations A. Microphotograph: B. Thin section plain light 2.5X M n bed. showing (a) (b) Microphotograph: Polished Section plain light 40X Grainy Pyrite. Fe bed. 26 �TECHNICAL & SECRETARIAL STAFF 27 �— The late played a Hugh M. Roberts vital part — the great American Geologist whose faith and knowledge the Steep Rock Iron Range, said the development of in , "THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY IS ONE ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE BEING LOCALIZED. WE ENDEAVOUR BY MEANS OF THIS SCIENCE TO REACH OUT BY OBSERVING AND INTERPRETING OUR SURROUNDINGS. WE LIVE IN THE MIDST OF TWO INFINITIES, ONE THAT REACHES INTO THE DEPTHS OF A MICROSCOPIC CRYSTAL, THE OTHER WE BEHOLD IN A MOUNTAIN RANGE AND IN THE IMMEASURABLE " DEPTHS OF THE STARRY HEAVENS WE WISH THE LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY GEOLOGY CLUB EVERY SUCCESS STEEP ROCK IRON MINES, LTD. ATIKOKAN - ONTARIO The Mining Patino an expanding mining with We may be and exploration company world - wide interests able 7 King Corporation to provide the career Street East, Toronto CANADA 28 you want �AFTER A WHILE IT ALL BEGINS TO LOOK THE SAME. II �All the comforts of home - Thax-'s what I call a good cup of coffee]] And when I strike oil, wnat do I do then] Okay, what else do we need besides cigarettes and crackers oh-oh, we forgot the toilet paper] — Uh - sir, we forgot the pilot at the airport — 30 �31 ��II �Modern mining exploration requires more than a pick and a pan Cominco offers world markets an increasingly diversified product range which requires the successful development of new sources of metals and industrial minerals. Extensive and aggressive is required to meet future needs and replace the ore which Cominco is currently mining at approximately seven million tons each year. To accomplish this Cominco spends several exploration million dollars annually in exploration programs in Canada, the United States and overseas. ENplorabion 34 TCommco �dij \ : * ^ Jflj 1IS 1 l+'ld'&jfi fat T' :*T3 �Roy Shegelski Experience: Economic Geology Limnology - 1969-70 Canada Centre for Inland Waters GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY AND Fe/Mn BEARING BEDS OF THE SEDIMENTS OF THUNDER BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR R. Shegelski J. In the summer of 1970, a reconnaissance survey was done of the bottom sediments of Thunder Bay. This was generally done with a Boston Whaler using a Phleger corer and a Ponar grab sampler and 147 sample points were done in this manner. Three sonar traverses were also made in the Bay. Samples were brought back to the laboratory for analysis. Cores were split and lithologies were recorded. Samples from cores were analysed by x-ray diffractometer, thin and polished sections were made of various parts and certain layers were analysed for iron and manganese. Results of analyses indicate that the sediments in Thunder Bay can be divided into five categories. Varved Clay. Weathered Varved Clay. Intermediate Clay. Upper (1) (2) (3) (4) Deltaic Sediment. Upper Trough Sediment. Through correlation of the cores and sonar runs, (5) the stratigraphy has been established as such. The Varved Clay is the oldest, the Weathered and Intermediate Clays are the second oldest and the Upper Sediments are the youngest and overlies the previous types. An areal distribution is shown in the accompanying map. Results of the iron and manganese analyses indicate that the Upper Sediments contain anomalously high concentrations of iron and manganese. It has been proposed that upward migration of connate waters rich in iron and manganese has produced highly concentrated layers of iron and manganese near the top of the Upper Sediments. The proposed mechanisms of concentration are precipitation, burial subsequent resolution and upward migration causing redeposition at an appropriate Eh, (pH) interface. AND CONGRATULATIONS to the M. W. Bartley BEST WISHES Graduates & Associates Ltd. Geologists 204 Toronto - Dominion Bank Bldg. Thunder Bay, Ontario 36 ��Copper and Molybdenum Distribution in the Soils of the Gavin Lake Copper-Molybdenum Property, British Columbia By Peter J. Vanstone The Gavin Lake property is located in south central British Columbia, about 25 miles east of McLeese Lake. The property lies on the eastern side of the Quesnel Trough, which is a trough of Mesozoic strata flanked by older Paleozoic and Proterozoic strata. Geologically, the property consists of two main rock groups: volcanic rocks, which include sediments of volcanic derivation, and porphyritic quartz monzonite. The volcanic sediments cover most of the property, with the volcanic flows occurring as a strip across one end of the property. Intruding into all these rocks is a dyke swarm of quartz monzonite porphyry. During the last field season a detailed geochemical survey was carried out on the property. The results of these samples were treated statistically to distinguish between the background samples and the anomalous samples. The anomalous copper and molybdenum areas were then outlined. These areas were of three types: high Mo-high Cu, high Mo-low Cu and high Cu-low Mo. Later in the summer a number of soil profiles were taken across one of each type of anomalous area. Using atomic absorption, these samples were analyzed for total Cu and total Mo. A number of the samples were also selected for partial analysis using S.D.T.A., as an aid in distinguishing between significant and non-significant anomalous areas. The copper and molybdenum values for the entire property were treated statistically to determine what effect topography had on their distribution. The results of treatment showed lower mean and standard deviation values for the hilltops than for the valley bottoms. The values for the valley slopes were intermediate between the hilltops and the valley bottoms. Taking into account the pH of the soil, the soil type, the underlying rock type, the topographic location' and the copper and molybdenum distribution revealed by the soil profiles, a criterion was formed to distinguish between significant and non-significant anomalous areas. 38 �THE STRUCTURE, STRATIGRAPHY AND PETROLOGY OF THE NORTH END OF THE ABITIBI BLOCK 7, STURGEON LAKE, ONTARIO Lou Covello The Sturgeon Lake greenstone belt is typical of the rhyolite-andesite-basalt assemblage of Archean metavolcanic rocks in the Canadian Shield. It consists of thick volcano-sedimentary pile, broadly symformal in morphology with a central outcropping of infolded coarse, poorly sorted metasediments flanked to the north and south by the main metavolcanic sequence. The entire greenstone belt is engulfed in a gneissic basement complex and intruded by numerous late Archean granitic plutons. The north end of Abitibi Block 7 comprises a sequence of felsic and intermediate metavolcanics lying on the south side of the greenstone belt. Detailed mapping of this area has revealed the lithology to have a uniform east-west strike and near vertical dip. Individual rock units are essentially lens-like and relatively undeformed. Metamorphism is of greenschist facies, the common mineral assemblage being quartz, albite, carbonate ± chlorite, ± epidote, ± muscovite, ± chloritoid. Rhyolitic and rhyo-dacitic rocks tend to be pyroclastic in origin, while more mafic members often occur as pillow lavas, or vesicular and massive flows with minor pyroclastic and ash-flow type interbeds. PAST EXPERIENCE: 2 summers with Ontario Department of Mines in Timmins and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 2 summers with Anaconda out of the Lakehead. 1 winter with Planet Mining of Sydney, Australia in North Queensland and Victoria. 1 summer with Noranda Exploration in Northwestern Quebec. 1 year with Mattagami Lake Mines, Sturgeon Lake, Ontario. 39 �GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY AND TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEDIMENTS OF BLACK BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR R. D. Middaugh During the late summer of 1970 a reconnaisance survey of the bottom sediments of Black Bay was carried out. The sampling was done from a Boston Whaler using a Phleger gravity corer and a Ponar grab sampler. Unfortunately, due to weather conditions only 32 stations were completed. Samples, on being brought to the laboratory underwent various analysis. Grain size analysis were done using sieve and pipette methods. The Ph and Eh were recorded at the top and at various depths along the length of the core. The cores were split and logged and samples were taken at various intervals of x-ray diffractometer analysis and for trace element analysis using the Atomic Absorption unit. The trace elements analysed for were Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni. Results of the x-ray diffractometer analysis indicate that there are three units present. Glacially derived clay, 2) post glacial intermediate clay, 3) upper 1) recent sediments. These units are conformable in the deeper parts of the bay but exhibit erosional contacts near the more shallow margins. The geochemical data indicate that the trace element concentrations are independent of grain size. The data would also seem to indicate that the trace element concentrations are fairly uniform and show no anomalous values either vertically or horizontally relative to the lithology of the sediments of Black Bay. EXPERIENCE : Summer 1968 - General mapping and core logging in the Papaskwasati Basin and the Otish Mountains in North Central Quebec. Spring 1969, 70, 71 - Limnological studies of Lake Superior under J. Mothersill and Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 40 S. �. . Experience: Ontario Department of Mines Ontario Department of Mines Projex Ltd. - 1970 - I - 196-9 968 AMPHIBOLES AND PYROXENES FROM THE SYENTITIC ROCKS OF COLDWELL ALKALINE COMPLEX, THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO M. C. Lee Amphiboles and pyroxenes are separated from the rock specimens which are syenites and nepheline syenites from the Coldwell Alakaline Complex. The amphiboles and pyroxenes are determined by both optical and x-ray powder methods. The 2V angles, extinction angles and refractive indexes (a, 3, y>) are determined for these specimens. The pyroxenes are found to be soda augite, aegirine-augite and augite. Zoning is observed; there is an enrichment in aegirine content towards the rim of the crystals. The amphiboles determined by the optical studies are proved to be ferrohastingsite, hastingsite, and also some riebeckite. Zoning is also observed; the iron content increases from the center towards the rim of the crystals. Optical determination is a much better method than that of x-ray for these minerals. X-ray determination is a failure for the pyroxenes and amphiboles. It is due to the fact that the cell parameters of diposide is very similar to those of aegirine and augite. The same factor affects the x-ray determination of amphiboles; the cell parameters of riebeckite is very similar to those of ferrohastingste and arfverdsonite The course of crystallization of these pyroxenes seems to be:- soda augite -> aegirine-augite -> Aegirine. According to Aoki (1954) as well as Yaki (1966), crystallization in the mentioned trend takes place under low temperature and high oxygen partial pressure conditions. When the crystallization trend is moving towards the aegirine-rich members, the temperature is decreasing gradually and the oxygen partial pressure is increasing simultaneously From the analytical results; the sequence; - Ferrohastingsite - Arfvedsonite is suspected to be continuous. Formerly, both riebeckite and arfredsonite are suspected to be the final end product. The presence of riebeckite in some rock specimens of Coldwell Complex has shown that riebeckite is the final end member of the series. 41 �AilAA> COMPANY • MULTINATIONAL MINING • FACING "If TOMORROWS CHALLENGES The mining industry faces serious challenges in the coming decades in meeting its basic youngfolkstoday are looking CAREERS WITH A CHALLENGE — with social for —- responsibility to their RESPONSIBILITIES and GATIONS with service — fellowmen itsOBLI- fulfilling to protect environmental values. The very foundation of the standards that all PEOPLE seek to achieve is based on a growing and adequate supply of MINERALS. they need not look further (than the mining industry)." K MacGregor Chairman and Chief Executive Officer American Metal Climax. Inc I AMAX activities include the exploration, development, mining, smelting, refining and processing of nearly half the metals in the periodic tables. Group IA 1 1 A NIB VB IV.B VIB VlIB IMA IIB IB VIII IVA 1 H Hydrogen 00797 t 3 ? Li m 6 939 11 Na l ' 4 5 S I l 6 Be B C Beryllium 9 0122 Boron CaAon 10 811 12 0i» '5 12 13 I 2 Mg Sodium Magnesium 22 9898 24 312 ; 14 , I Si S.i.con 28 086 - 19 1 20 i 21 I 22 k ; f Sc 1 Ti R©»9*Viim 39 102 Ca Scandium Calcium' 40 08 37 I Rb S 38 Sr S 'S 47 90 39 Y l ’| 40 Zr Rubidium 55 l 56 cs is Ba 8 Cesium l 132 905 I Fr ;s rnnclum 1223) 8 2 18 8 1 AAAAK 88 Ra Rntlium 1227) l 18 8 2 51 41 I Nb Niobium 92 906 57-71 72 lanthanide Hf H»fr»urn 89 Ac 1 « 10 17849 j; Chromium Zwcorasm Series- 2 l 90 I IS Th JS 18 19 Actinium 9 Thorium (227) 2 232038 9 2 T 50 942 9122 137 34 07 F Barium l !i | Cr i VsMdrum 88 90S ' 87 62 l is 24 If 2 2 85 47 ' ° 44 956 23 I Mo f If l Jf 74 W 43 Tc Techne- 2 180 948 91 Pa Protactinium (231) T.mgsier l 75 Re 2 I 9 92 U Uranium 2 EXPLORATION, F© It 65847 l If 44 Ru 93 | 48 i Rh If 3*8 l Ni T 29 Cu I 30 I '? Zn *S Nicker CoBoe- 2-tc 5871 83 54 65 37 TeT 47 Pd {? Ag S AS IS Cd f if 76 7 Osmium 2 94 f Np 3 Pu II 22 Pluton- 9 Ium 2 (242) INC. A SUBSIDIARY OF AMERICAN METAL CLIMAX, INC. i ,r If 190 2 f 77 i °S 1064 905 23 9 2 If - 107 870 78 I 79 Pt IS Au ’« 15 Indium *«•?. 95 Am Amori- cium (243) 2 Platinum ? 195 09 f Jf 24 9 2 GoM 1 -196 967 . 96 97 Cm IS Curium 25 9 (245) s IS 2 Bk Berko- hum -(249) 69 2 80 i Men 18 7 700 59 l JS 26 9 2 98 Cf IS 28 i (249) Canadian Offices 2 ’• li! 50 | Sn IS 4 T.rt M8 1482 81 TI 69 i 82 IS Pb iwd . Califor- Ge N?* 59 i In 2 32 3 ’2° 49 1 IS wry f ’5 2 Hg 18 31 Ga |f Cadmium 11240 --RaMadmn. Rhodium Neplunium (237) 1 If ** 9 l Coball 58 9332 . 21 l Co 102 13 Rhenium 27 2 186 2 183 85 JS 20 '1 Ruth4ru*,m WoM.amo. 12 Tantalum 1 (991 95 94 73 26 Manganese MolyO Ta Mn l 54 9380 996 42 25 04 J 99 Es - 20719 i IS Einstein- 29 ium 8 2 (254) 100 Fm j. IS 18 4 s IS 30 (252)' 2 in TORONTO, KIRKLAND LAKE, TIMMINS, WINNIPEG, KAMLOOPS, VANCOUVER 42 ��: 3 rd :: YEAR Patrick Fung Interests: Geochemistry Experience Ontario Department of Mines - Mapping Research Assistant at Lakehead University t Allan Chan Interests' Ore deposits Experience: Mapping, geophysics, geochemistry, claim staking with Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd. Ed Grootenboer Interests: Exploration Geology Experience Seven years employed in all phases of exploration geology Brent Paske Interests: Structural Geology Experience 2 years mapping with the Ontario Department of Mines Joe Kasarda Interests; Mapping and Structural Geology Experience: Ontario Department of Mines 1969 Conwest Exploration Co. Ltd. 1970 John F. Scott Interests: Mineralogy, Petrology Experience Varied, in North Western Ontario 44 �:: : :: 2nd YEAR George Einar son Interests: Geochemistry Experience Engineering surveys with the Department of Highways Ron Green Interests: Economic Geology Experience Recent transfer from Chemical Engineering - no field w oi k in Geology as yet Bob Kyryluk Interests: Geophysics, music Experience: Prospecting in British Columbia Stuart McEwen Interests Exploration Geology Experience Griffith Mine, Red Lake — summers of 1969-70 Rich Niels Interests Geological Mapping, Geology field trips. Photography, Skiing, Fencing, Jude I Experience Geological Mapping with the Ontario Department of Mines - summers of 1 965—"70 45 �: Allan Speed Interests: Passing Geology Experience: 1917 - Gieat Lakes Nickel l9bS - Great Lakes Nickel Brian Nieminen Interests: Structural Geology Experience: 2 summers at Ontario Water Resources Commission Chem labs - water testing Les Tihor Interests: Prospecting, Photography Experience: 1967 - Noranda Explorations 1908 - Falconbridge Nickel Mines 1969 - Noranda Explorations 1970 - Falconbridge Nickel Mines Paul Strandberg Interests: Exploration Geophysics and Petrology Experience! Ontario Department of Mines Geophysical Party - summer 1970 Juris Zdanovskis Interests: Prospecting, Hunting and fishing, Photography Experience: Noranda Mines - summers of 1 966-69 Falconbridge - 1970 Gord Trimble Interests: Economic and Mineralogical Geologj Experience Worked with Falconbridge on recent New Brunswick ore find - summer of 1970 46 ��Mr. George Einarson, second year Geology Major student, has been awarded a J.P. Bickell Foundation Scholarship valued at 1,500 dollars. This award is made on the basis of five A grades in first year studies and is paid over a three year period, providing a sufficient average is maintained. Mr. Einarson was born in Winnipeg but moved to Thunder Bay in 1955 with his family. He attended Westgate Collegiate and Churchill High Schools, and continued directly on to studies in the Geology program at Lakehead University. He becomes the second student majoring in Geology to receive a Bickell Scholarship. Mr. Patrick Fung, now a third year student was awarded his scholarship in the Fall of 1969. noranda Noranda Exploration Company Limited no personal liability Branch Office 253 Lincoln St. Thunder Bay 48 �49 �You may never have a community named after you, but you might make one happen. The modern-day given him three hero. Today, geologist. it's would have called him they call him explorer. Years ago, they ships, a Godspefed, a helicopter. Modern-day And explorer. and today, And, possibly hero. ment of that first discovery. Inco can munity happen. But Inco cannot do Inco. The International Nickel name for career. A rewarding, make it this com- without you. Company. Another fulfilling career. It could one day he may set down his modern-day ship upon a wilderness. And, on that day, he just may find an ore body. And a community will be born. A com- be yours. For further information on employment op- munity with opportunity for developers, processors, 44, For designers and more. Opportunity that will be fulfilled without sacrificing the natural beauty and environ- portunities with Inco, please write the Supervisor of Recruiting and Employment, International Nickel, Box Toronto Dominion Centre, Toronto 111. You may never have a community named but you might make one happen. INTERNATIONAL NICKEL THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED ADS-2-71 iCOCKFIELD, 1-4565 BROWN & COMPANY LIMITED /TORONTO 50 after you, ��52 �. ei>4 Dr E. H. Chown Do vole University, Montreal Topic: "The Geology of the Otish Mountains, Central Quebec". Dr J. Tuzo Wilson Principal of Erindale College and Professor of Geophysics at the University of Toronto Topic: "Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics" Dr E. Irving Earth Physics Branch Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Topic: " The Origin of Marine Magnetic Anomalies" Dr M. M. Kehlenbeck Queen's University As of July 1st, 1971, Assistant Professor of Geology, Lakehead University Topic: "Deformation and Recrystallization Textures in the Pipmuacan Anorthosite, Quebec". Patrick W. G. Brock Visiting Professor, Queen's College of City University of New York Topic: "Precambrian Shield in East Africa: structural age relationships of intrusive and metesomatic alkaline rocks. Geomorphological studies of Fast African Rift Valleys". 53 �Dr, R. H. Ridler, Ph.D. , University of Wisconsin Two years post-doctoral study, University of Western Ontario, Presently, Research Scientist, Geological Survey of Canada, Five summers with the Ontario Department of Mines, Research Archaean volcanic stratigraphy and mettallogeny, in particular exhalite and gold. Gold Metallogeny and the Geological Cycle in the Archaean Abstract Archaean geology is characterized by polycyclic assemblages of related plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary rocks representing the de-sialification of the proto-mantle. The ideal cycle comprises, from oldest to youngest, a mafic volcanic plate accompanied by mafic intrusives; a felsic volcanic pile accompanied by felsic intrusives; and annuli of volcanigenic sediments. Folding may precede or follow a cycle or, rarely, intervene between members of a cycle. Regional deformation and metamorphism conclude the Archaean; stabilization, uplift and brittle failure follow. Intrusive, volcanic and sedimentary phases of a cycle have accompanying syngenetic gold mineralization. Both clastic and chemical sedimentary deposits are known. Volcanigenic chemical sediments (exhalites) are particularly favourable. Exhalites have traditionally been classified into oxide, carbonate, sulfide and silicate facies to which arsenide, sulfate, and halide should be added. A further subdivision into sub facies based on cation population is proposed, e.g. (Fe/Cu/Zn/Ag/Pb/(Au?) sulfide. Sampling of diverse ) species of exhalite at the south margin of the Abitibi Basin indicates a close affinity of gold and sulfur. Ductile and brittle deformation and metamorphism have recrystallized and remobilized the gold anomalies to varying degrees. Complex gold-quartz vein histories are a common result but migration of gold is restricted to a few tens of feet or less. CLIFFS CANADA OF Active Mine Exploration and Management Property 204 in LIMITED in Submissions Canada Invited Toronto - Dominion Bank Thunder Bay , Ontario 54 Bldg. �O'* We are interested in receiving submissions on properties of merit for examination and possible option in Canada or elsewhere SUITE 1309-7 KING STREET EAST TORONTO I, CANADA 55 LIMITED �Report on First Year Field Trips by Eric Brown and Dave Powers Under the supervision of Dr. Mercy, Dr. Mothersill and Dr. Franklin, we first year Geology students proceeded on two field excursions. The first involved a three-fold purpose: one, to acquaint us with the unconformable nature of the Sibley Archean contact, and the paraconformable nature of the Sibley-Rove contact; two, to observe bedding, ripple marks, a sedimentary sequence of chert, mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate; three, to view some diabase sheets which cut across the bedding. On the second field trip we proceeded to Pardee Township and Pigeon River to observe cuestas, dykes and concretions in the Rove shale. This trip also took us to the exploratory site of Great Lakes Nickel Company. Our first stop on the Sibley group field trip was at the site of the Wolf River. Here the professors pointed out to us the sequence of varved clays in the sedimentary bedding through which the Wolf River has cut. The next stop, at a gravel pit near Kama Bay hill, served somewhat the same purpose - to illustrate the bedding and distribution of grain sizes. At Kama Hill a number of geomorphological features were pointed out to us. They included the following: a large anticlinal fold; interbedded mudstone and sandstone; small lenticular or discontinuous diabase sills; a chert horizon, with fine lamination of interbedded carbonate and anthraxolite massive mudstone; purple shale; and a thick diabase cap rock. ; After these observations we moved on to scrutinize a deposit of red sedimentary rocks that had been intruded by a diabase sill. This sill had penetrated down through the sedimentary rocks into the Archean basement. We made our next stop in the region around Red Rock, and saw several outcrops of Sibley rocks, followed by a region of granite outcrops. The next point of interest was a quarry composed of black Rove shale overlying a Gunflint formation. Embedded within the Rove shale were large, irregular carbonate concretions, possibly of organic origin. The final stop of this trip brought us to an exposed basal unit of the Sibley group which is comprised of polymictic conglomerates. Here also was exhibited a well-defined contact zone between the conglomerate and sandstone. On the second field trip we headed south to the United States border. A range of eroded mountains known as the "Norwesters", which includes Mount MacKay, follows the east side of the highway. The cuestas are composed of black shale (Rove formation) with a diabase cap. As we proceeded southward, the topography changed to one of more rugged relief which is related to the bedrock geological changes. The Great Lakes Nickel Company exploration project was the first stop on this trip. Our group climbed up to the adit, which was constructed by the company into the sulphide zone, to investigate the rocks in and near the adit. After stripping the adit of most of the available chalcopyrite outcrops, we returned to the bus. On our next stop at the Middle Falls Campground on the Pigeon River, we were mainly concerned with the diabase dyke which cut across the region and gave rise to the falls. The dyke crossed the highway to where it cut into a Rove shale formation; the contact zone between the dyke and the shale was closely observed. Also, the same carbonate mineral concretions evident at the Rove shale quarry mentioned before were evident here. Our last stop was at the end of Memory Lookout Road. At the lookout it was pointed out that we were standing on a dyke which could be visually followed (intermittently) to the south, as it stands up above the surrounding country rock in that area. Two other dykes could also be observed which ran parallel to the dyke on which we were standing. The significance of these field trips was not fully realized until such time in the academic year when some of the processes involved in the formation of these geomorphological features were comprehended. 56 ��Report on Field Trip to Study Soifie Features of the Coldwell Alkali Complex 1 Sept. Sth-llth, 1970 by Pat Fung Party: Director: Dr. H. Loubat Members: 3rd year students, Lakehead University A. Chan, P. Fung, J. Kasarda, B. Paske, J. Scott Our field trip was intended to study some interesting features of tte Coldwell Alkali complex. The main stops we made, together with a general geological map of the area, are given in the map below. This complex was intruded into the Archean Greenstone belt in Keeweenawan time (+1065 m.y. to 1225 m.y.). At stop 4 the gabbro of the complex comes into gradual contact with the impure arkose of the Greenstone belt, forming a contact metamorphic aureole of gneiss. At some places lenses and veins of quartz, aplite and calcite, with pockets of syenite were found in the gabbro; and in some outcrops, magmatic bandings in the gabbro were seen. These features indicate an intrusion of a mainly gabbroic magma with local varieties and perhaps a later intrusion of syenite. The contact at stop 9 was much simpler. Walking east we passed from highly metamorphosed (granulite facies?) we ll-bedded claystone, through lenses and veinlets of syenite which increased in content until, through a few tens of metres, it was pure syenite. 58 �For exIn several outcrops we saw xenoiiths of different sizes and composition, mainly basalt. ample, at stop 2, just off the highway, was a large xenolith of basalt, and at stops 3 and 4 there were xenoiiths of basalt and breccia in the syenite. Most of them showed evidence of slow sinking. F. Puskas suggested that these were from the Coubran Lake volcanic cap and that the intrusion was a lopolith where the present level of exposure is near roof. The consistent fracture and shear zones For instance, at stop 4 there was a domelike might also expose some interesting structures. structure with pre-Coldwell rock sheared and fractured on top of the Coldwell gabbro. Also, at stop 9 near the western margin of the complex, there were two main directions of fracture - one vertical and one horizontal in the south-east direction. The rocks in the complex show complicated structural and age relationships as well as diversified composition. The oldest was the gabbro, followed by laurvakite, syenite and related rocks. But at stop 4, within a few feet the gabbro changed in composition from common to leucocratic gabbro due This change might be due to the interaction of syenite with to an increase in acidic content. gabbro (hybridisation). The laurvakite also shows variations in composition - at stop 1 it was much altered, with plenty of quartz, calcite and pegmatite veins. The laurvakite is also rich in olivine in molybdenite, and native Mo., but in areas such as stop 8 it is very fresh and approaches In stops the composition of a syenite. Most impressive of all are the variations in the syenite. At stop 2 2 and 8, the feldspars are very pinkish, probably rich in hematite due to alteration. it was intruded by the rhombopyre dyke near the Bamoos Radio Station, implying an older age relative to the rhombopyre dyke. At these stops, the syenite shows an intersertal texture of the potassium feldspars in a matrix of mainly mafic minerals, with evidence of agpaiitic sequence of crystallization. The syenite is much altered whereas the rhombopyre is rather fresh. At stop 4 we actually saw some xenoiiths of syenite in the gabbro, but at stop 5 the nephelene was very prevalent in the syenite, which is rather fresh with alteration only of nephelene to zeolite. Finally at stop 5 » on our way down the railway road near Port Coldwell, we saw the fresh nephelene syenite dying out into the altered, pinkish normal type of syenite - and yet at stop 7 two series of syenite veins cut each other, in diabase. These observations imply that the intrusion is not as simple as F. Puskas has anticipated. It can only be explained by the occurrence of multi-stage crystallization and local variation in the order of crystallization. Generally, the main part of gabbro crystallized out first, then the normal syenite which became altered either before or during the intrusion of the rhombopyre dyke, followed by the intrusion of the syenite by the dyke. A second and significant portion of syenite rich in nephelene crystallized out, breaking up some older syenite and the rhombopyre dyke. Somewhere another, but insignificant, portion of gabbro crystallized out and engulfed some of the older syenite. The laurvakite generally fits into the pattern after the crystallization of the first portion of gabbro, but another part might have formed later - or the change in composition and amount of alteration can be attributed to local magmatic differentiation and environment alone. Ae seen at stops 1 and 5» the pegmatites and others in various rock types were always of late origin. They usually occurred in veinlets of the parent rocks and showed similar mineralogy, but their grain size and composition altered relative to the distance from contact. For example, the pegmatite at stop 6 can be attributed to the late magmatic portion of magma rich in volatiles, crystallized in fractures in the already solid rock. Since the whole complex is generally rich in rare minerals and elements, it might be interesting to do a chemical analysis of these pegmatites. There are also some features of geochemical interest, one being the agpaiitic sequence of crystallization in the altered intersertal syenite. Another is the interaction among various rock types To mention evident in the xenoiiths and surrounding rocks, and the contact between various veins. a few, the xenoiiths of gabbro in syenite (stop 7)» remained fresh and retained sharp boundaries; the rhombopyres and breccia at the same stop showed similar features. But several hundred feet away, the two series of syenite veins in the so-called nephelene syenite veins showed where they cross-cut each other in a complete fusion of their contact. This can be explained by the similarities and differences in the composition of the host and foreign material. When syenite veins meet and cut each other, it is not hard chemically for solution and recrystallization near the contact, whereas the reaction between a gabbro and a syenite is much more difficult, if not impossible. The alteration in nephelene syenite to colourful zeolite might be worth studying too. Mineralization occurred in several places. Common ores such as pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and iron oxides were seen in many outcrops in small amounts. But at stop 1 the molybdenite associated with laurvakite is rather rare. Further study might reveal yet other interesting elements and minerals such as titanium. At stop 8 large amounts of magnetite were seen either in nearly pure forms or injected into the surrounding rocks such as syenite and gabbro. 59 �Besides the rhombopyre dykes mentioned above, there are several dykes cutting the complex. At stop 3 two vertical dykes cut the syenite. These and the one at stop 7 were diabasic and might be related to the Keeweenawan extrusives in Central Canada. Also at stop 8 there were several series of high angle dykes of olivine-basalt in various host rocks. These and other structures, such as the sill of basalt at stop 6 might be the equivalent of Animekie extrusives, but further study is necessary to substantiate this. One way to do this is by radiometric dating and the initial 87Sn/86Sn ratio which should be the same for all co-magmatic rocks. These and other studies might reveal the relationship of these structures to the other regional phenomena, such as the dykes which might be feeders to the regional Keeweenawan extrusives. The rocks in the complex itself are very interesting and spectacular in their variety, texture, rare minerals and elements, and in the sequence of crystallization. Economically the potential of nephelene syenite and laurvakite for construction material, and the other rare elements might be worth investigating. Further study may contribute to the understanding of pre-Cambrian stratigraphy in the Canadian Shield or even in the crust. Subsequent Field Trips 1 . Sibley Penninsuia field trip 2. Kakabeka Falls - Armstrong field trip 3. Shebandowan field trip 4. ShebandDwan undei ground field trip 60 �The LongView (Home, photographed from 22,000 miles away) Most of us at Texas Gulf have children. Many, including the president, have young children. These are a multitude of reasons why the long view of the world is a way of life at Texas Gulf Sulphur Company. Even without the children, a company which has been in developing natural resources over several generations would emphasize long-range planning, thinking in terms not just of five or ten years ahead, but 20, 50 and 100 years. A major mine with its processing and related facilities successful must be viable for at least two decades rf it is to be rewarding to stockholders, employees and the community. Executives of natural resources companies learn to contemplate the prospects for developing natural resources for their children and children’s children; the materials for continued growth in the developed regions of the earth; the requirements for eradicating poverty, disease and starvation in less privileged parts of the globe and the wherewithal for them on the way to fuller development. They must think of how these things may be done setting without disturbing man’s environment in unacceptable ways. The long view is a way of life for us. Texas Gulf Sulphur Company. ������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1970-71 Lakehead University Geology Journal Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource 1970-71 journal for the Lakehead University Geology Program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-71 1970 1971 Geology Yearbook https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1084/1971_Convocation.pdf c4b35c50bd2af38d239814d3b87d0c70 PDF Text Text ��������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1971 Convocation Program Subject The topic of the resource Universities University Life Description An account of the resource Program for Convocation on May 29, 1971 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-05-29 Convocation Convocation 1971 Lakehead University https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1912/LU_Geology_Yearbook_1971-72.pdf 9a71148bc1beec2b60b3c9ec5ce2fb97 PDF Text Text �Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/lugeologyjour1972 �LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY JOURNAL GEOLOGY SECOND EDITION 1971 EDITOR DAVE POWERS - 72 CO -EDITOR RON WRIGLEY �Looking to the future ... today. Rio Algom Rio Tinto 120 Adelaide Street West Toronto 1, Ontario �'Dedicatum It is cLi^tcuLt to know where to begin oh. to end a dedication to Trevor W. There were ao many h acets o h kit, career that it is impoAAible to do justice Page. to alt oh them. Khter graduation h.rom the University oh Idaho in 940, "Trev" enlisted in the R.C.A.F. and impatiently waited h°r World War II to terminate ao he could return to his iiut love - exploration. He came back to mining afiter discharge and i>et out to gain oa much varied experience as poAAible oa a prelude to entering the academic 1 circle. Though AometimeA unorthodox, "Trev" iA remembered by his AtudentA oa a dedicated and AucceAA^ul diAAeminator o h practical knowledge. He alwayA had an example firom kiA perAonal experience to illuAtrate a point during lecturer or labA. I n addition to kiA devotion to hard rock exploration, "Trev" became very interested in the Pleistocene oh Thunder Bay Vistrict. He made a detailed Atudy oh the results o h local glaciation and at the time oh his death was completing the fairst drafit oh a thesis on the Aubject requirement h°r a Master oh Science degree. The dedication oh the year book to the memory oh T. W. Page, B .Sc., P.Eng. is laudable. The department oh Geology has developed hrom Aingle instructor AtatuA to a major department within the Faculty oh Science. It is appropriate that the contribution made by that Aingle inAtructor Ahould be remembered and recorded. M. W. Bartley, P.Eng. �Once more the Geology Club of Lakehead University has demonstrated considerable enterprise in publishing this yearbook. It seems to be a particular talent of our students in the Department of Geology to become thoroughly involved in the corporate interests of the Department and, indeed, of the University as well. Their major contribution to the rescue of the last Carnival Week from the soggy sands of pernicious neglect was one of the best examples of healthy and constructive student involvement in the affairs of this University that has been apparent in the past year. Currently, the University is examining the implications for its future development that are contained in two public reports of the provincial government's Commission on Post-Secondary Education. One of these is in final form and refers only to the Northwestern Ontario region while the other is concerned in its "draft edition" with all of Ontario. Reactions to both briefs have been mixed and provocative descriptions of their contents commonplace. Certainly as the Universit- ies consume so many of the dollars in the public purse there is no gainsaying the taxpayer's right to expect accountability, but invoices or balance sheets do not quantify the short or long-term value of a university education to the individual, and through him or her perhaps even to the body corporate. In the last analysis there can be no substitute for the goals which are achieved by individual effort and it is within our own compass to rise above misleading and often substandard proposals set by dilettantes or opportunists. Their ideas are passe in any event, unless history lies and the boiling point of water is 5,000°K! It is a pleasure to commend the students in the Faculty of Science and particularly those in the Department of Geology for their past efforts in their studies and to wish all many happy and successful years ahead in their studies and in their chosen professions. I am pleased to con- gratulate all of the Geology students who have worked with care and vigour to produce this excellent yearbook. A. Ross, (Dean, Faculty of Science). R. �The production oh this second volume oh the Journal encourages Geology students oh our me in my belieh that the Department axe amongst the liveliest in the University. Your co-operative ehhort expresses an underlying interest in and concern hor oar commun- ity o^ purpose which Is to sustain and enlarge the study and knowledge oh the earth sciences. Everywhere in Canada there is a strong upsurge oh enthusiasm hor the science oh geology and students are coming into the universities in unprecedented numbers. The demand hor highly educated and qualihied prohessionals is sure and steady and, even on the most pessimistic oh projections, come. The demand is not only hor geologists in the will remain so h 0> many years to traditional areas oh petroleum and mining geology but is also hor people specializing in hydrogeology , oceanography ology and, a very new phenomenon, in High School teaching oh geology, , environmental ge- khtex many years oh neglect the prohession in Canada is beginning to be recognized as an essential and vital part oh our society. you are learning how to become part oh that prohession so that you may join a group oh Canadians world. The whose work is known and respected by their scientihic colleagues all over the responsibility hor becoming worthy members oh a great prohession rests on your shoulders Edward Mercy, CHAIRMAN, Geology Department. Vr. �with compliments from the faculty of science lakehead university Dean R. A. Ross �I �e> 'led-ct d LES TIHOR, President Geology Club This has been by faor the busiest yean, yet faor the Geology Club. But begone mentioning its activities I would like to Introduce the executive faor the past year: PRESIDENT SECRETARY TREASURER YEARBOOK EV1T0R SOCIAL DIRECTOR - - Let Tihor Beth Hillary Eric Bn own Vave Powers Brenda Cooper F ortunately the club a faint t exploit ofa the yean, woa what woa to faoZlow. The members decided to AuppZement out meagre budget by AetZlng hunting mapA dating mooAe A eat on. But, due to poor weather conditio nA and out late Atant, we sold only Alx mapA wonth eleven doZZant and, we were threatened with a falfaty dollar falne Afaten thlt dlsfaor erecting AlgnA on a Queen' A highway. appolntlng experience, however, thlngA began working very well Indeed. no Indication ofa , Morale woa very high In the geology department and tkit wat evidenced by the tremendouA Aupport Ahown In club actlvitlet. In the Eonettent' annual canoe race, faor Instance, 35 percent ofa the students enrolled In geology participated [thlt Included one Aneaky farogman'. We didn’t win anything but It began to become obvious to the Atudent body that there were geologists around. ) The club again made ItA pretence known by ret cuing the annual Winter Carnival King and Queen contett, previously cancelled due to Atudent apathy. Amazingly, an activity that no one had teemed to want anymore turned out to be a faantattlc tuccett. During carnival week we alto ’acquired’ the Engineer’ A prize cannon and actioned It ofafa to the highest bidder. Thlt wat In retaliation faor their kidnapping the geology Prlncett and holding her faor ransom. The $56. proceedt ofa this farlendly confaticl went to the CNIB. Along more academic liner, the club members enjoyed an Interesting and Infaormative underground tour ofa International Nickel’s new mine at Shebandowan, Ont. We very sincerely thank INCO and In particular, Mr. J. Vance, Mine Geologist faor their time and co-operation, and faor a wonderfaul dinner. We were faortunate also to have a number ofa falne speakers farom various parts A part ofa this book is dedicated to these speakers and their topics. ofa Canada and the U.S.A. Finally, In addition to a number ofa parties throughout the year, the Geology Club sponsored L.U.’s Wind-Up Dance ofa the year. The pro fails farom this dance provided the last crucial part ofa the revenue needed to guarantee publication ofa this book. All In all, it was a falne year faor the Geology Club and I would like to thank all those who made It so. A special hand, goes to our Year Book Editor, Dave Powers, and his stafafa who have put in a great many hours to make this second Yearbook a standard to be aimed at In the fauture years. Les Tlhor. �Following in the footsteps of last year's "Year Book" the groundwork for the new edition in early Fall. book is to make our presence known. success we began Our primary purpose for the year And what better way to accomplish this than to advertise our Department! I should like to take this time to thank each Professor and all the members of the Geology Department for contributing to the success of our second Year Book. A special thanks is extended to Mrs. Jean Helliwell, the Geology Secretary, whose typing skills and business experience proved to be invaluable; and to Mr. Sam Spivak, the Geology draftsman, with his drafting and artistic talent in giving us a hand by drafting the crests and advertisements. The experience of working with this year's staff has been an enjoyable one, and an experience I hope next year's second year class will take up and enjoy. Thanks to my staff for their patience and time: Ron Wrigley Co -editor Rob Larsen Advertising Manager Les Tihor Bob Scott Ron Green Brian Tittley Photographers Gary Grabowski Layout Manager Eric Brown Beth Hillary Barry Pinn Layout Dave Powers, Editor. �Kakabeka ����V>l. John S. Mo£h&u>WL, 8. Sc. [Phyiich) {CanJL&ton Univ.j; Gzolog-ical Engi.ntzAJ.ng) Quttn'A UnivzAAity) [GtoZogy] (Quttn'-i UniveAAity) 8 .Sc. Ph.V. • ( ( Background Geologist - Standard Oil Company of New Jersey Senior Geologist- Mobil International Oil Company, Basin analysis in Nigeria, Colombia and Southern Africa Associate Professor - Lakehead University Reader - University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria (Sabbatical leave 197 2/7 3) Research 1) Limnological studies of Lake Superior. 2) Mesozoic stratigraphy of Western Canada. 3) Limnological studies of Lakes Chad, Albert and the Niger Delta. Limnological studies of the Canadian portion of Lake Superior were carried out for the third field season under contract to the Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ont. To date nearly two-thirds of the Canadian portion of Lake Superior has been covered by a regional survey grid. During the 1971 field season the studies provided employment opportunities for the following students for at least part of the summer: Patrick Fung, George Einarson, Allan Speed, Beth Hillary, Peter Friske, Bob Kyryluk, Keith Heckley, Eric Brown and Dave Powers. A survey of the lake-proper was carried out from the Martin Karlsen between Pigeon River and Marathon along north-south lines every five minutes of longitude (approximately four miles) Benthos cores and Shipek grab samples of the lake-bottom sediments were taken at 325 stations and an echo sounding survey was carried out between sampling stations. In addition 110 stations were sampled in Nipigon Bay along a grid, two minutes of longitude by one minute of latitude (approximately 1.0 miles by 1.5 miles), from a Boston Whaler using a Ponar grab sampler and Phleger corer. . The following information has been compiled into map form to show the distribution of 1) the Eh and pH measurements of the lake-bottom waters and sediments; 2) the first map of the lake-bottom topography in nearly 50 years; 3) the grain size and mineralogical distribution of the lake-bottom sediments; 4) the amounts of organic carbon, total carbon, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium, strontium and mercury in the lake-bottom sediments. 5) the Quaternary stratigraphy. The regional limnological studies of the Canadian portion of Lake Superior will probably be completed during the 1973 field season �VR. HENRI LOUBAT, Geological Engineer, A^iiitant PAofieAAOA, Lakehead Pk.V. Geneva; Llniveuity Bold astonomers occasionally suggest a variation of physical parameters such as the gravitation "constant", since the birth of the solar system. But we don'.t have to go so far in the hypotheses to reasonably assume that if we are going back 3.10^ years, the earth's aspect has been somewhat different from what it was in recent geological times, during the last 600 m.y. for instance. In these very old Archean times, the size, shape, thickness of crustal (continental?) plates, the depth and nature of the oceans, the atmosphere, the climates were probably different from what they are now. Although some volcanic and sedimentary features seem similar to recent phenomena, we can reasonably guess other rates of volcanism and sedimentation, other relationships between crust and mantle in these remote times. If now we focus our interest on metamorphism, we could expect that the pattern of regional metamorphism has to be different in Archean and recent orogenies. It is easy to understand that the metamorphism of rocks is not only due to the absolute pressure and temperature, but also (and mainly) to the rate of the physical actions, to the trends of those "stresses": if for example the mass of crustal plates was much smaller than the mass of the recent continental plates, if the heat flow (beside volatile activities, H 2 O, CC> 2 and if the rate of sedimentation were also different, the pattern and the definition of metamorphic facies would be different from the classic schemes that we know from the works of Barrow, Turner, Winkler and others, working on much less ancient orogenies. . . ) For instance, if the absence of glaucophane-schist facies is confirmed in Archean belts, this could eventually indicate that narrow belts of extreme pressure and weak increase of temperature were missing in these times, indicative of smaller, lighter colliding crustal masses. At the onset, with It seems promising to initiate a systematic study along these trends. the best thing to do would be to investigate several limited areas in "greenstone belts" and to clarify what I call the "style" of metamorphism. We shall have, of course, to discriminate what is to be attributed to the many thermal aureoles around magmatic intrusions, also to discriminate the diaphthoresis from an initial 'positive' metamorphism. a limited team, Among many other fields, this one could confirm Thunder Bay as a major location for geological studies and research. �VR. JAMES M. FRANKLIN, B.Sc. [CanJi^ton) M.Sc. CaAJteXon ); Ph.V. (MeAteAn) ; ( AAA-iAtunt Pao^zaaoa. MID-WEST SUPERIOR GEOTRAVERSE RESEARCH GROUP During the first half of this century, many of the world s prominent geologists maintained that Precambrian Shields are composed predominantly of granite and contorted metamorphic gneiss. The apparent complexity of the geology was exemplified in those areas immediately adjacent to the relatively simple Phanerozoic rocks of the United States. Unfortunately, Precambrian rocks of New York and immediately north of the eastern States belong to the Grenville Province, and area affected by at least three orogenic periods. The Grenville Province is understandably structurally and petrologically complex. Had these geologists ventured north to Noranda, Timmins or Northwestern Ontario, they would have quickly realized that some portions of the Shield are less structurally complex than the Appalachians, and that distinct time and lithostratigraphic subdivision of the shield is possible. ' In the past 20 years, application of standard stratigraphic, structural, and petrographic techniques has resulted in unlocking the apparent secrets of the Precambrian. We now realize that that the oldest (Archean) areas of the shield are composed of three major elements, the economically important "greenstone" or volcanic belts, the metamorphosed and high deformed sedimentary or "gneiss" belts, and an assortment of granitic and mafic intrusive rocks. The first two "stratified" elements show remarkable stratigraphic continuity. Perplexing problems remain however. What type of "volcano" and volcanic structure was present during Archean time? Are the greenstone belts precursors to our present day "island arc" belts? On what type of crust were these volcanos built and what representatives of the ancient primeval crust do we see today? What mechanism has deformed the belts relatively intensively, yet metamorphosed them so little? What is the origin of the sedimentary detritus, and why are the sedimentary deposits highly metamorphosed and deformed, relative to the volanic areas? How old are the Archean rocks, and what tectonic stages are represented by these sequences? These and many other interesting problems have gained the attention of many geologists, but limited access, incomplete mapping, and the necessity of employing a divergence of specialists in order to attack a problem, have prevented geologists from finding the answers. A group of 12 geologists have thus joined together as a result of a necessity of using "team approach" to solving Archean mysteries, to form the Mid-west Superior Geotraverse Research Group. The research group is directed by Dr. A. M. Goodwin of the University of Toronto and includes Dr. Currie (U ot T) , Dr. Schwerdtner (U of T) and Dr. Kehlenbeck (Lakehead) as a structural geology team, Drs. Fawcett and Goodwin (U of T) and Dr. Loubat (Lakehead) as petrologists Drs West, Halls, Farquhar and York (U of T - Geophysics) as geophysicists and geochronologists Dr. Mercy as geochemist, Dr. Naldrett (U of T) and myself as economic geologists. Dr. L. Ayres of the Ontario Department of Mines and Dr. J. 0. Wheeler of the Geological Survey of Canada are acting as Government liaison personnel. The group has taken as its area of study a broad "corridor" extending north from Shebandowan to Pickle Lake. The corridor encompasses at least three volcanic belts and , , . , It contains virtually an entire suite of Precambrian lithotypes and The corridor is traversed by several roads and railroads, and further access may be gained by the abundant lakes and rivers of the area. two sedimentary gneiss belts. is probably completely representative of Canadian Shield Archean geology. Several participants have initiated studies: Currie is studying structure and paleomagnetism near Lac des Mille Lacs. Farquhar and York are applying the new Ar39/Ar40 techniques to dating metamorphosed rocks. Halls is examining the application of paleomagnetic techniques to Archean rocks. Goodwin has initiated petrochemical studies in the English River gneiss belt. I have undertaken a study of the base metal deposits in the Sturgeon Lake area. This summer Dr. Loubat will begin studies of metamorphic isogrades in Volcanic rocks, Dr. Kehlenbeck will study the structural domains associated with sedimentary-intrusive sequences north of Thunder Bay. The Geotraverse studies will probably continue for a period of ten years. The ultimate objective is to test several hypothetical "models" of Archean geology in order to find a more suitable explanation for the observed features. �V>i. Manned M.S. M. K&kZcnbcck, [SytijOLc.uA 8. A. c UvuvchA-ity) (Hofafria. ; Ph.V. UniveAAiXy) [Quccn'A Univ.) Background Research Associate for Adirondack Project Consulting Geologist (Ground Water) Geologist for Quebec Department of Natural Resources Visiting Professor at University of New Brunswick Assistant Professor, Lakehead University Research Petrography and metamorphism of rocks in the Little Moose Mountain syncline, Adirondack Mountains, New York. Deformation textures in plutonic rocks, specifically anorthosites. My initiation into the geological problems of Precambrian terrains was in 1960 while attending Syracuse University. There, I was fortunate to participate in a research project which was then just starting. Our investigation focused on the south-central portion on the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Simultaneously other universities were working on their research projects, so that the entire Adirondacks were receiving renewed scrutiny from many disciplines of geology. Of particular interest to me was the metamorphic petrology and structure of the Grenville metasedimentary sequences. Among the results of the field work was the establishment of four subfacies within the granulite facies as well as a distinction between basement and supracrustal rocks as defined by lithologic character, structure, and total rock textures. In 1965 I left the Adirondacks, moved north across the Frontenac axis, and entered into the Grenville Province proper. During the next four years I became acquainted with the geologic complexities of southeastern Ontario and Quebec. My association with the Grenville Project provided me with an invaluable learning experience. This project undertaken by the Quebec Department of Natural Resources involves 4-mile reconnaissance mapping of areas bounded by two degrees longitude and two degrees latitude (approximately 10,000 square miles) per field season. The value of such field work lies in the vast amount of geological information which is gathered in a single summer. To facilitate the analysis of the voluminous data, computer techniques were developed. This enabled standardization of data input, providing consistency in the recorded observations of all participating geologists. Computer treatment of the geological data greatly increased the time available for interpretation and extended the manipulations to which the data could be subjected. After nearly ten years of field experience with highly deformed and metamorphosed Precambrian rocks, my interests have become more and more centered on the structural evolution of Precambrian shield areas. Reconstructions of evolutionary paths rely heavily upon recognition of structural domains and on an understanding of their place in the tectonic framework. This is especially important if the absence of distinctive lithologies or structural trends prevents clear delineation of major structures. �An example is the Lac Rouvray anorthosite massif in Quebec. Investigating textures produced by cataclasis and recrystallization has shown that this igneous intrusion displays a spectrum of whole-rock textures ranging from primary igneous to completely metamorphic Hence the amount of deformation, in this case primarily recrystallization and cataclasis, is variable from place to place and defines distinctive structural domains. These deformation textures demonstrate that this course-grained igneous rock was in places completely reworked to a metamorphic gneiss bearing little resemblance to its ancestor, (Plate 1) The petrologic implications of this could be far reaching when considering the origin of the vast monotonous "seas" of quartzof eldspathic gneisses so abundant in shield areas. . Since my arrival at Lakehead University last September I had had limited opportunity to study the local geology; however, I hope to remedy this as soon as the snow melts. Plate 1 Plagioclase-biotite gneiss derived from anorthosite by complete recrystallization. �Vn. M. W. Sasitlny, Spe&lal LecXuAeA. A GEOLOGIST I was invited to contribute a personal experience to this edition of the Year Book. What better example than becoming a geologist. It is unlikely that my experience is greatly different from the majority of other graduates in geology. During my secondary school tenure I was exposed to the usual humanities and sciences but do not recall any reference to the solid earth science. On entering University in 1930, I elected Science as a broad area of study. The curriculum required enrollment in four sciences, english, a foreign language, and a non-science elective. Not being biology oriented, I selected the unknown, geology, to complement chemistry, physics and mathematics. The subject proved so interesting due primarily to the enthusiasm of the professors and the senior students that I was more than delighted with my selection. After four years of intensive instruction in the basic phases of the discipline plus two summer seasons prospecting, I graduated. Now I am a geologist - so I thought. My application for summer employment with the Ontario Department of Mines as a field assistI was certain that ant was accepted and I was assigned to a survey party as a junior assistant. at the close of the field season I would be forced to choose from a variety of responsible positions offered by government and industry. After all, I was a GEOLOGIST. No offers came. After three months of waiting, I partially realized my naivity and went searching for a position. The Provincial and Federal Departments were well staffed with men holding post-graduate degrees and/or several years' experience. They would require junior assistants next field season. My enquiries to exploration and mining companies envinced similar replies, but some did have jobs (not positions) open as survey helpers and draughtsmen, underground samplers, mill and mine helpers and university graduates would be favourably considered. Not for me, I was a GEOLOGIST. During my search for a position suitable to a B. Sc. in geology, I fortunately encountered a senior consulting geologist who offered sage advice and thereby brought me back to reality. He reminded me that I was only a graduate in geology, not a geologist. He convinced me that I might become a geologist in five or ten years depending on how hard I worked at gaining experience and increasing my knowledge. This came as quite a shock. He pointed out that although I had been provided with a sound geological academic training, this was only the beginning. I must now augment this training with practical experience and if possible attain post-graduate degrees concurrently. In reply to my query as to how this might be achieved since there was no positions commensurate to my academic accomplishments available, he delivered a never-to-be-forgotton lecture The gist of the lecture was for me to descent from my lofty pedestal, realize that my degree was only a tool, and seek a job in the industry which would further my general education. He went on to explain that a geologist must have an appreciation and general knowledge of the associated arts of exploration, mining, mineral dressing, and evaluation. The logical methods of acquiring this knowledge were to work as an assistant or helper in any category on an exploration project, in an operating mine, and in a mine engineering office. Above all, to observe the work of others in many different operations and endeavour to learn all I could about the other man's job in order that I could have a fuller concept of solid earth science. I followed his advice and worked progressively as a core grabber and logger on diamond drills, as a surveyor's helper on surface and underground, as an underground sampler and assayer, and as a mine planning assistant as well as geological mapping during and after my po^:-graduate studies. Some seven years after graduating with a Bachelor of Science in Geology, sufficient experience and knowledge to be a GEOLOGIST. M. W. BARTLEY. I felt that I had ��UMEX ( Union MINERAL Miniere Explorations EXPLORATION 4105-1 Place Ville and — Mining Corporation Ltd. DEVELOPMENT Marie TORONTO 866-2461 445-8832 Street MINING 1935 Leslie Street MONTREAL 407-475 Howe - 2050 Blvd. St. Cyril le VANCOUVER STE. FOY, QUEBEC 687-2781 683- 1939 W. SHERRITT GORDON MINES LIMITED MINING AND MILLING DIVISION PETER Lynn Lake , A. CAIN Vice President Manager Mining Manitoba Personnel Office (204) 356-2441 �SO, IF YOUR NOT A ROBI N„oo �Geology Secretary �MR. R. L. 8 EMMETT, Principal Ttc.hnicA.an. 'The Ancient Craft of Lapidary' Lapis - a stone. Lapidary - a person engaged in gem stone fashioning for adornment. In fact Stone Age men were the first lapidaries in as much as they gathered bright coloured pebbles and rubbed them with sand and other rock to wear down the rough surfaces and in doing so produced a semipolish in turn improving the colour of the stone. As time passed between the ancients and the old Chinese and Egyptian civilizations, various methods were improved, i.e. the wheel was invented and the ability to mount a piece of bamboo as a type of lathe, the invention of bronze and iron and along with these marvels the endless trial and error of various sands and minerals as abrasives. The ancient Chinese lapidary started to work rock crystal with quartz sand. This was a very slow arduous task. Then some craftsmen started using red sand (garnet) and found that this cut faster and did not break down so readily also that the fine powders gave a good polish. In fact garnet was used for centuries by the Chinese jade workers. As for the ancient Egyptians, I am sure they used similar abrasives because of the outstanding finish on some of the lapis-lazuli ornaments found in the tombs, not forgetting the gorgeous floor tiles of semi-precious minerals. I am, however, more familiar with the Chinese workmanship. There is a story told of a caravan arriving at a well known Chinese lapidary centre with bits of a brown mineral which was said to scratch even the hardest stone. Some of this was eventually broken and ground down in the garnet mill (a stone wheel turned by a mule, similar to an old corn mill) It was then found that this new brown minerals was indeed harder and at once became much sought after. It was, in fact Corundum - no doubt weathered out from a Pegmatite and just lying around . Now to the tools used. To cut the larger pieces of jade, rock crystal, turquoise, etc. the bown string type of saw was used, the string being replaced by a strip or rough wire of bronze. The general method was to sit two of the younger sons of the head craftsman one on either side of the piece to be cut, charge the wire with abrasive and get going with push and pull Many moons later it was cut through, these were the days of "Wat no clock". If a slab was required, the work simply started again. All abrasive, no matter how fine, was re-cycled and used again and again. I mentioned bamboo tubes. These were extensively used in the making of beads; the method is very simple and is used to the present day with modern materials. As the bamboo is hard when dry and has a tubular structure down its length, it makes an ideal material to hold abrasive. The material is roughly formed by rolling and grinding, then it is held against one end of the tube. The tube is filled with wadding or leather and abrasive applied. The tube was then turned, not in full revolutions but half turns by means of a simple pedal. The stone was soon ground to a smooth ball. I have done this myself and it works very well. The finished ball is now drilled to make a bead using a bow drill and a bronze wire bit. . Over the years lapidary tools improved and gems were better cut and polished but I do not have space here to enlarge on this aspect. However, I will describe the workshop where I watched and old craftsman work and where as a very special favour I was allowed to try the hand operated equipment. It was situated in the main room of St. James Square, Edinburgh, originally occupied �It contained what appeared to be an Adam fireplace, the by some member of the aristocracy. windows were begrimed and the floor was like a small quarry with bags of rough stones lying about. Mr. Begbie, the lapidary had worked there as a boy with his grand-uncle Mr. Cameron who was himself a lapidary and seal engraver and when Mr. Cameron died, Mr. Begbie carried on the business. Mr. Begbie was 83 years old when he died some six years ago. His workshop has returned to dust as the whole square has now been demolished. The workroom was still equipped with the old hand driven lap, or to be more precise hand driven skive which is a vertical shaft with a square boss in the centre to fit the square hole in the turntable (or lap) made of lead and the whole assembly turning between centres belt driven by hand operated shaft running parallel to it. As it is very difficult to cut a gemstone whilst holding it in the bare fingers, a painThis is called a 'dop stick' and is ful procedure anyway, a very simple holder is used. usually made from a hard wooden rod, similar to old knitting needles, the diameter of the rod approximating the size of the gem to be fashioned. The rod is about 6" x 8" long and tapered To the other end is fixed a blob of wax, bees wax and resin in the old days, more at one end. recently yellow leaf shellac. This 'blob' is warmed over a spirit flame and the rough stone is likewise treated and then bedded securely into the wax, leaving free the first surface to be ground and polished. When this side has been completed, the wax is warmed once again, the stone removed and turned to the next surface and so on until the work is completed. In order to grind a regular pattern of facets a 'Jab peg' is used. This is a piece of wood shaped like a small inverted gourd, 4V high, 2h" in diameter, tapering to 2" at the bottom, a hole is drilled down through the centre so that it will fit on a vertical post at the side of the lap. The surface of the "Jab peg" has an arrangement of shallow holes spiralling from the top to the bottom (see illustration) The vertical post mentioned above is situated about 2" from the edge of the lap and the "Jab peg" is secured to this by means of a long tapered wedge. Adjustment is obtained by raising or lowering the "Jab peg" on the post and driving in the wedge. The angle of the facet to be cut is obtained by placing the tapered end of the 'dop stick' into the holes on the "Jab peg" and raising or lowering the "Jab peg" . The abrasive used by Mr. Begbie was 'Emery' - a form of corundum with magnetite or hematite - or what might be termed 'Bort' corundum. This powder is commercially ground and sold in 1 lb. bags. Each grade or grit of abrasive is stored in separate stone jars similar to the old type preserve jars - and each has a separate brush used to brush the abrasive on to the lap. This lap is made of lead. Lead you may ask is a strange metal to use for a lap because it is soft as compared with other metals, but lead hardens with use and becomes impregnated with the sharp abrasive. This surface is very helpful when working small fine facets. The final polish of the gem is done on a block "Tin lap" using "rotten stone" as the polishing agent. Although this machine is hand-driven it is very accurate and relatively quiet and restful. The results obtained are very satisfying. However Patience is a virtue, Possess it, if you can, It's never in a woman. And seldom found in man, and If at first you don't succeed, Try, try, try again. The "Song of the Lapidary") �SAMUEL T. SP1VAK Vaa&ting TectwA.cu.an The Department of Geology has a fairly extensive map library comprising of approximately 3400 geolog- ical maps, including excellent coverage of Ontario and good coverage of the rest of Canada (Ontario Department of Mines; Geological Survey of Canada and Provincial mapping agencies) , as well as partial map coverage of the remaining countries (full coverage of Australia) and the moon. All Canadian maps are catalogued according to publishers' series and cross indexed with the National Topographic System. Maps exclusive of Canada are catalogued according to the Library of Congress classification and these methods enable anyone to go to our map library and immediately pick out any map of a given area. Geological maps are also catalogued according to approximately 96 different geological, geophysical, geomorphological , structural, physical, stratigraphic, economic features so that if one wishes to, in a lecture, emphasize a specific geological aspect such as faulting, folding, glacial features, etc., he is able to immediately pick out a map that best illustrates this. All the above information is stored on computer tapes and a print out of all catalogues is readily obtained. Drafting time is largely devoted to preparing drawings, overlays and maps for use by the geology professors as teaching aids as well as catering to individual drafting needs which include such projects as "Limnological Studies of Lake Superior" by Dr. J. S. Mothersill and (this year) a detailed field guide book to be used in conjunction with the 24th International Geological Congress conference in August of 1972 (this section being organized by Dr. J. M. Franklin) Throughout the year a considerable amount of drafting time is utilized by other departments in the Faculty of Science for the preparation of graphs, charts, sketches to be used in published papers. Two particular interests of this drafting department include: a i) a project to prepare geological relief model of the area from Marathon west to Atikokan and as far north as Armstrong. I 'm sure that this would give a better impression as to the relationship between geology and topography in this particular area; ii) a more extensive and uniform rock-type legend system that would allow a maximum flexibility by all geologists and cartographers. S. T. Spivak �For the past five years I have been employed by Dr J. S. Mothersill in carrying out the research studies of Lake Superior supported by the National Research Council of Canada and the Canada Centre for Inland Waters. . During the summer months I am required to prepare field equipment for student assistants carrying out research studies along the lake shore and also prepare supplies and equipment used for the major research vessel operations on Lake Superior. On the research vessel I am required to take a portion of the grab sample for benthic fauna samples. The sample was thoroughly washed to remove the clay and silt fraction. The remaining sample was treated with magnesium sulphate in order to separate the fauna from the remaining debris. The fauna present in each sample were then placed in an alchohol-f illed vial for preservation until identification could be made. After the compilation of data from the lake the samples were brought back to the lab for extensive study. Representative cuts of approximately 100 grams weight were made from each of the sand samples using the quarter ing-by-hand method. The grain-size distribution of the sand fraction was determined at 0.25 phi(<J>) intervals using sieving methods, and the grain-size distribution of the remaining silt and clay fraction was determined at 1.00 phi(<f>) intervals of pipette methods. Cuts of the silt and clay samples were made from the core for grain-size distribution which was determined at 1.00 phi(<}>) intervals by sieving and pipette methods. After the grain-size analysis of these samples were calculated, the figures were transferred on IBM sheets in order to determine the skewness, kurtosis, standard deviation and mean size by computer. Heavy mineral separations were carried out on representative sand samples using tetrabromoethane (S.G.=2.94) The heavy minerals were then separated into magnetic susceptibility suites using a hand magnet and a Franz magnetic separator at settings of 0.35, 0.80, 1.20 amps., and the non-magnetics at 1.20 amps. . From cuts of the silt and clay samples from the cores I prepare samples for x-ray diffractometry analysis along the sample preparation for atomic absorption analysis. After all the lab work has been completed, the data compiled and the results calculated, I am required to type up all Dr. Mothersill 's papers and reports, core description sheets, etc. Pat Zurkan �AWN SUMPTER T zc.hnA.CA.dn There are sixty comprehensive sets of the more important minerals, rocks and fossils from which the first year Geology student learns the basic rules and exceptions of identification and classification of geological specimens. These minerals, rocks and fossils are catalogued into their specific groupings in such a way as to follow exactly the general geology laboratory manual which was composed by Dr. J. Mothersill of Lakehead University's Geology Department. With the aid of the manual and the specimens the first year student receives a good basis for further geological studies. Many of the specimens can be found locally as the students discover when taken on field trips, and as a result, the student can associate specimens found in the field with the specimens supplied in the laboratory by performing the same simple tests for ident- ification, e.g. oratory hardness, cleavage, etc., as they use for identif icating specimens in the lab- . From the fossils the student learns how the age of sedimentary rocks are determined. Following this the student learns basic structural geology such as stratification, layering and foliation; erosion; then geomorphology which is the study of the changes in the landscape due to culminating in the study of geological maps that show patterns of rock type outcrops, stratas, faults and folds in fact all the information the student has learned in his or her first year geology. CONGRATULATIONS AND to the M. W. BARTLEY BEST WISHES Graduates & ASSOCIATES Geologists 202 Toronto - Dominion Thunder Bank Bldg. Bay, Ontario LTD. �MR. RICHARD L. STEPHENS Szismic Tzc.hnicA.oin The Seismic Station at Lakehead University began operation in March 1969 and is one in a network of 28 stations in daily operation across Canada. This seismic network has been established in such a manner that no point in the country is more than 300 miles from a seismic station. Recordings produced by these stations make possible the detection and location of all major earthquakes, underground blasts, and nuclear explosions any- where in the world. Seismic records are produced by a photographic process and must be changed and developed every 24 hours, along with the calibration of recording and detection equipment. Daily records are then annotated, analyzed and forwarded to the Seismology Division of the Earth Physics Branch, EMR, Ottawa. All major disturbances recorded by stations are immediately telexed to Ottawa to permit rapid determination of precise locations of events. Seismic studies are based on measurements of the time at which a particular disturbance was recorded, and the amount of ground motion it produced. Seismologists are currently using seismic records for such research projects as the determination of seismic risk zones in Canada; the related problems of practical standards for earthquake-resistant construction; and invest- igations of the regional properties of the earth's crust, mantle, and deep interior. R. L. Stephens �MR. VON MURRAY GcochmiAtny Labonatony Technician The geology research lab is located in Room CB 0021 with an auxilliary crushing lab in Room CB 0004. The lab is equipped to handle most types of geo- chemical analyses. In addition to the chemicals, glass and platinum ware, balances and furnaces necessary for classical gravimetric analyses, the lab also has a Bausch and Lomb Precision Colourimeter and a Perkin-Elmer Model 303 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The latter two instruments offer a rapid, precise method for major and trace element analyses Most first, second and third year geology majors will not have come in contact with the lab as it is used only for research purposes by faculty and fourth year students. This year Pat Fung and Allan Chan have made extensive use of the lab while doing research for their thesis-seminar course. It is part of my responsibility to offer guidance and assistance to students using the lab for these projects. In addition to helping Pat and Allan I have done analyses for 1^0+ and f^O- on rock samples for Dr. E. Mercy and trace element analysis by Atomic Absorption for Cu, Ni, Cr, Sr, Mn, Zn and Fe on sediment samples for Dr. J. Mothersill. My congratulations to the Geology Club for having a very active and successful year. Don Murray, Hon. B Sc . . (Chem . ) �noranda Noranda Exploration Company, Limited no personal liability Branch Office 253 Lincoln St. Thunder Bay STEEP ROCK IRON MINES WISHES EVERY SUCCESS TO THE LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY GEOLOGY CLUB WHOSE MEMBERS WITHOUT DOUBT WILL IN THE FUTURE DISCOVER ANOTHER STEEP ROCK AT STEEP ROCK - CANADA'S OLDEST AND DEEPEST PIT PRODUCING SINCE 1944. JOSEPH - A PROPERTY THAT WILL SOON PROVIDE THE STEEL INDUSTRY WITH THE HIGHEST QUALITY CONCENTRATES. AT LAKE ST. STEEP ROCK IRON MINES LTD. ATIKOKAN - ONTARIO ��CARNIVAL ���sointrex manuPaocurers geophysical & surveyors wien you a rewarding in career nne earcn sciences m SCINTREX 222 Snidercroft Road • LIMITED Concord, Ontario, Canada BRANCH OFFICES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD compliments of... CANADIAN INDUSTRIAL , MEDICAL + LAB LIQUID AIR LTD GASES • CRYOGENIC PROCESSES WELDING EQUIPMENT + SUPPLIES • MEDICAL EQUIPMENT ��ALLAN chan. Fourth Year Honors ELEMENT DISSEMINATION IN VOLCANIC ROCKS Due to the variation in mineralogical composition a suite of volcanic rocks should have a variation in densities. This variation may be a good indicator of the different rock types. Titanium, Potassium, Copper, Zinc and Nickel are commonly found in rocks and may give a basic indication of rock types. With this in mind the purpose of my thesis was: 1) To find a simple analytical method of determining rock types, especially distinguishing rhyolite from rhyodacite, and andesite from basalt; 2) similar to the major elements and; 3) To see if the trace elements reflected a variation To see if there is any significant trace element differ- ence existing between the suite of volcanic rocks from Sturgeon Lake, a base metal area, and Wawa, an area barren of base metals, which might indicate the presence of a massive sulphide deposit. In order to accomplish this the concentrations of K, Ti, Ni, Zn and Cu in sixty samples were determined by using atomic absorption techniques. Through experimentation it was found that the specific gravity method of classifying volcanic rocks fails to give satisfactory results, but perhaps this is due to experimental error. It is apparent that Zn is best correlated to TiC>2 and K 0 and gives the best range of values 2 in the classification of volcanic rocks. more or less not correlated in K 2 0 or Ti0 2 Cu is correlated better in TiC^/K^O only. . Allan Chan And Ni is �PATRICK FUNG - Fourth Year Honors THE DISTRIBUTION OF IRON, MANGANESE AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE WATER-SEDIMENT INTERFACE OF CENTRAL NIPIGON BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR The main topographic features of central Nipigon Bay consist of a narrow, steep-sided channel; a shelfarea of variable width, being much wider along the north shore than along the south shore and a shelf -break which is predominant in the northern part and almost absent in the southern part of the topographic channel. The Eh and pH values on the water-sediment interface samples indicate a slightly oxidizing and weakly alkaline environment There are three types of sediments found on the lake-bottom: (1) a thin layer of sand occurring mainly along the shores, (2) a sequence of Holocene siltclay sediments covering most of the topographic lows and (3) a sequence of highly calcic Pleistocene varved clays of variable thickness occurring mainly in topographic highs. This sequence of sediments under ly the other two types by erosional contacts. The mineralogical composition of these sediments consists mainly of quartz, calcite, feldspars, dolomite, illite, kaolinite, amphiboles and smectite-vermiculite interbeddings. The quartz peak is always the highest but the calcite peak in the varved sediments and the amphiboles and feldspars peaks in the silt-clay sediments reach considerable height. The other peaks are always minor. The areal distribution of the elements iron, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium and strontium is affected by both the lithology and water-depth and on this basis, these elements can be divided into four groups Manganese (1) The iron-group, including iron, copper, zinc and chromium (3) Nickel (2) (4) Strontium Relative to average sedimentary rocks, central Nipigon Bay is enriched in manganese, zinc and copper and is depleted in strontium, nickel, iron and chromium. Relative to the surface sediments of Lake Superior, it is depleted in manganese, copper, nickel, zinc and chromium but is enriched in strontium. Relative to the top interval sediments of southern Lake Michigan, it is enriched in chromium, copper, nickel, iron and manganese but is depleted in zinc. Relative to the surface sediments of the Pacific, it is depleted in iron, manganese, nickel and copper. Strontium is probably camouflaged by calcium in the precipitated carbonates and is hence enriched in the highly calcic varved sediments. The differences in distribution between manganese and the iron-group of elements is attributed mainly to the difference in stability of their ions and the different rates of post-depositional dissolution and subsequent migration of these ions upwards along solution channels during compaction. The behaviour of nickel may be due to its affinity to the iron-group of elements on one hand and to manganese on the other Other factors affecting the distribution pattern may be the different amount of detrital dilution due to different rates of sediment accumulation and to the different concentrations of these elements in Lake Superior. Fatriok Fung �Modern mining exploration requires more than a pick and a pan Cominco offers world markets an increasingly diversified product range which requires the successful development of new sources of metals and industrial minerals. Extensive and aggressive is required to meet future needs and replace the ore which Cominco is currently mining at approximately seven million tons each year. To accomplish this Cominco spends several exploration million dollars annually in exploration programs in Canada, the United States and overseas. EMplopabion^oiMioo CAMPBELL RED LAKE MINES LIMITED BALMERTOWN, ONTARIO EXPLORATION DIRECTED BY DOME EXPLORAT SUITE 702 ION , (CANA da) LIMITED 360 BAY STREET TORONTO, ONTAR O I ��THIRD YEAM Neil Campling Interests Paleoenvironmentoloqy Experience: 3 Seasons on Archeaological Digs George Einarson Interests Petrology and Geochemistry Experience Summer 1971 - Limnogeoloqical reconnaissance of Lake Superior under Or. J. Mothersill Ron Green Interests Economic Geology Tom Hong Interests Environmental Geology Experience Lands and Forests Gob Kyryluk Interests Geophysics and Music Experience Prospecting in Gritish Columbia �Howard Poulsen Interests Mining Geophysics and Exploration Geolony Experience 6 years Exploration Geophysics 1 year EJA Ltd Allan Speed Interests Geophysics Experi ence 2 summers with Great Lakes Elickel Mines 1 summer with Dr. 3 . Mothersill doing Limnogeclogical reconnaissance of Lake Superior Leslie A. l'ihor Interests Photography Experience 1 year with Goranda Explorations 3 years with Falconbridge Mines 1 year with the Geological Survey of Canada Gord Trimble Interests Economic Geolooy Experience 2 years with Falconbridge 3WK �SECWOT WE/IM Mike Andrews Interests Economic Geology Experience Summer 1971 - Ontario Department of Mines Eric W. Brown Interests Structural Geolooy, Computer Programming Experience Summer 1971 - National Museums of Canada (Wawa) Ralph Bullouah Interests Economic Geology Experience Summer 1971 - Ontario Department of Mines David J. Busch Interests Geophysics Experience Diamond Drilling Peter Friske Interests Geochemistry, Skiing, Tennis Experience Summer 1971 - Llmnogeological reconnaissance of Lake Superior under Dr. J. Mothersill �Gary P. B. Grabouski Interests Gptical mineralogy, Water-skiing Bryan L. Heppler Interests Skiing, Skydiving, Environmental Geology Beth Hillary Interests Geology Field Work, Oceanography, Petrology Experience Summer 1971 - Limnogeological reconnaissance of Lake Superior under Dr. J. Mothersill Dennis Kuiatkowski Interests Judo, Hunting, Fishing Robert Larsen Interests Scuba Diving, Petrology, Skiing, Squash Bernard Meyer Interests Experience 3 Seasons as Junior Assistant uiith 0. D. M. t �Paul Nielsen Interests Economic Geology Experience Summer 1971 - Exploration with Matt-gami Lake Mines David Powers Interests Paleontology, Petrology, Photography Experience 5ummer 1971 - National Museums of Canada (Wawa) - Limnogeoloqical survey of Lake Superior under Dr. J. Mothersill Sharon Tihor Interests Leslie Tihor, Volcanology, Geology in General Ron (0. J.) Llrigley Interests Varied - Mostly Shipwrecks I | �YEAR 1st UECLOGY MAJl Rb Fierre CHECKER, Ron G LL)C HER , Dan DACILJ, , , , - FIHbT YEAR KLIMASZEWSKI KRAUb, Toivn , Lilli , , SUGNARJO, Joe' man bTEIIMERT, Gordon , ( GEONICS LIMITED in VLF bYiyiTbhl, bTEliJART, 1 Leaders James R. Peter F. bZARABUKA, Ken TAM» lilinp Wonq LiilEGAIMD, Tom YU, Fred YUMA, Marias ZnWADUWbKI Peter Michael Kan LAU, Anthony LEE, Yip Wai MAbUI\) John PINE, Barry W. l DELGATY, Glake GALLEY David GRUUYb A1 HUDGIHb William G. jARVIb, Malcolm R. C EM We develop, design and manufacture airborne and ground geophysical electronic instruments. EM 15, EM SP 19 and 16, EM EM 16R, EM 17, EM 25 Lease/Purchase Plan — World-wide agencies 2 Thorncliffe Park Drive Toronto 17, Ont (416) 425 1821 18, �IVTPHAR DR LUNG Diamond 1 WORLD WIDE MINERAL EXPLORATION Rotary I; SERVICES Drilling Drilling Tie- Back Systems j Sampling Soil GEOPHYSICS, GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, GROUND AND AIRBORNE SURVEYS, INSTRUMENT SALES AND RENTALS McPHAR Bond Ave. Don Mills, Ont. Canado 139 Suite NEAREST BRANCH THUNDER BAY ( Geophysics 818 West Mirocle Mile Tucson, Arizona 85705 U.S.A. 811,837 Inspiration W. Hastings 50 Mary S. St. A. 5061' Australia Glorieta Gutenberg ONTARIO BOX 477 , NORTH BAY, ONTARIO Street ( Mexico ) , 345-5486 HEAD OFFICE Vancouver, B.C. Unley 807 705 ) 472-3550 160 5 D.F. Mexico INSPIRATION DRILLING DIVISION OF AMAH EXPLORATION, INC EXPLORATION EVALUATION DEVELOPMENT FINANCING TORONTO I ONTARIO , A. Hansuld, Regional Suite 1302-7 (416) 364-6188 King THUNDER BAY J. CANADA CANADA EASTERN J. INDUSTRIES DRESSER , Manager Street East ONTARIO Steers, District Geologist Room 204, 231 Arthur (807) 345-2519 St. LTD. �fffffTW-m i 1 *% “ r IlL Canoe Races �Boy those sure are neat rock pictures Strike, dip, lineetion, strike, dip, lineation, strike, dip, lineation, strike, dip, lineation, strike, dip, lineation, strike, dip.... it. Well if nothing else we could fish from Now lad that isn't the way to do it at all! ���every EN&itVEER Goo O GEOLOGIST Qehvno A vs �Intersection of the henoran and Hudsanian cleavages �Alex brown Department of Geoloqical engineering Ecole Poly technique Montreal " The White Pine Copper Deposit, hichiqan Dr. , Dr. H. V. UARREIM University of British Columbia " Chat Canada's Piinino Industry Heans To Canadians" Mr. BYRUIM RICHARDS A.B.P.G. Distinguished Lecturer 1971 " The Beaver River Anticline And Its Associated Giant Gas Reserves" 1 �GEOLOGY 71-72 aos a o — :— zoukoco zulu �c $Announcements �The GEOLOGY CLUB MouZd tike to extend their appreciation to the allowing people who*e contribution* throughout the court, e oi the year, Mere instrumental to the Aucce** o& both the Geology " Year Book" and the Geology Club. Dr. M. Kehlenbeck ProfieAAor Lakehead University Dr. R. Gregg Proves* or Queen 'a UniverAlty Mr*. Jean Heltlwell Secretary, Geology Department Mr. Sam Splvak Draftsman, Geology Department Ml** Cookie Polrer Geology Prince* Ml** Brenda Cooper Social Director M Iaa Su*an Turnbull Student Mi** Sandy Duncan Student M Iaa Brenda Duncan Student Ml** Lorna Nleml Student Mr. Larry Ovifirichuk Mr. G. Ha*hlgulcki and to all member* otf Artist Biology Photographic Technician the Geology Department too numerous to mention. �J BONGARD , LESLIE a Co. LTD. 204 ARTHUR ST. THUNDER BAY (P) ONT. — BONDS MUTUAL FUNDS — MGR. BARON S MALINOSKI — REP SCHUSTER — REP. TELEPHONE 344-6618 STOCKS D.F. F. �GEOLOGY FIRST YEAR F1ELV TRIP This year, the first year geology students had two opportunities to visit local areas of geological interest. In most instances the sites we visited were natural occuring examples of what we would be presented with in the geomorphological portion of the course this year. Accompanying us on the trips were Dr. Mercy, Dr. Mother sill, Dr. Franklin, and Dr. Kehlenbeck The purposes of the trips were to give us an over all as well as several upper year students. general idea of the geology of the area around Thunder Bay, which proved valuable to students from southern Ontario as well as to examine some specific examples of bedding, dikes and unconformities Our first stop on the Sibley group field trip was at the site of the Wolf River. Here Dr. Mothersill and Dr. Franklin pointed out the sequences of varved clays in the sedimentary bedding through which the Wolf River has cut. Our next stop was at the Enterprise Mine. Here we saw lead, zinc and silver ores. We also saw sandstone beds underlaid by Precambrian rock, a difference of 1.9 billion years between the two rocks. The group was then taken to Pass Lake on Sibley Peninsula. This brought us to an exposed basal unit of the Sibley Group which is comprised of polymictic and conglomerates. We saw, also, a well-defined contrast zone between the conglomerates and sandstone. The last point of interest was a quarry composed of black Rove shale overlying a Gunflint Formation. Embedded within the Rove shale were large irregular carbonate concretions, possibly of organic origin. The second trip on October second, despite the rainy weather was participated in by about thirty students. The first stop of the day was at the spillway of the Kakebeka Falls Hydro Station. Because of the excavation it produced the best exposure of Gunflint tuff-argillite in the area. Here we noted a fault with strike parallel to the face of the spillway cut. This site afforded an excellent opportunity to students who wished to collect samples as the area was abundant in pyrite nodules embedded in the chert as well as pyrite veins. Areas of shale, limestone, tuff, greywacke and chert beds were also closely observed. Close examination also revealed anthroxolite in veins. Our next stop at the Falls proper revealed a resistant chert-limestone cap which protected the underlying shales from erosion due to the Falls. Approximately one-half mile upstream from the Falls we examined the point of contact between the Gunflint Formation and the older granite. Next we proceeded to the point at which the Whitefish River crossed the road. A short distance down stream we examined a unconformity between older granodiorite (igneous intrusive rock) containing plagioclase and amphibole, and the Gunflint Formation. At this point chert mounds overlying the very thin basal conglomerate were observed. The chert mounds were believed formed from very primitive algae Proceeding south we came to the Pigeon River Middle Falls area. Here a gabbro dike in Black Rove shale has produced an obstruction at right angles to the river movement which is resistant to water erosion resulting in the Falls. These black shale formations contained carbonate minerals believed to be of organic origin 1.65 x 10l0 years old. Proceeding back to Thunder Bay we passed through the range of eroded mountains called the "Norwesters" of which Mount McKay is an example. These mountains are formed of black shale of the Rove Formation and are capped by a diabase layer about 200 feet thick. The diabase which is resistant to erosion prevents the shale from being eroded, reducing the mountains to a vertual peneplain. As the year proceeded, we were better able to comprehend the forces which produced and are destroying these features which we examined. We could also better comprehend these features as they naturally occurred, which were set out rather idealistically in the course proper. . , Barry Pinn, First Year Geology Student. ��cop©5 Wcr°9 da ser\/'\n9^°ina ssgss^ e^ ^^ an copeS ( apPv c ' ,a^° nS ' sa\ovs comPen eS eS s\aQ ,Of' a\\ o\ftev tov ' access ' 1 supplied and serviced by First in WALTER 901 A. CARVETH LIMITED YONGE STREET Branches: Precision Optics • TORONTO 5, ONTARIO MONTREAL OTTAWA . WINNIPEG • VANCOUVER . 2 1 93 ��GEOLOGY Printed by Inter-CoJ^giate Press of Canada (1971) ��Canada � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1971-72 Lakehead University Geology Journal Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource 1971-72 journal for the Lakehead University Geology Program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-72 1971 1972 Geology Yearbook https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1086/1972_Winter_Convocation.pdf 258351bb6c84668024f1225d8f2dc2b0 PDF Text Text ��������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972 Fall Convocation Program Subject The topic of the resource Universities University Life Description An account of the resource Program for Convocation on November 18, 1972 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-11-18 Convocation Convocation 1972 Lakehead University https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1920/Forestry_Yearbook_1972.pdf e5a175f6ccda30adeb3c66d75dfd6bce PDF Text Text �Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 h ttps ://arc h ve o rg/d eta i . i I s/l u f o r 1 972 �Lakehead University Forestry Annual 1972 f ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1 B ) 1 i I ;i •* \ .«* Hit ill ^^^^ m ji �ARBORETUM DEDICATION 276795 IN MEMORY OF J.W.HAGGERTY Un Thursday, November 25, President TamWyn dedicated the arboretum, a collection of tree species, to the late Chairman of the School of Forestry, John Haggerty. The arboretum is located behind the Physical Plant. Left to right: President Tamblyn, Mrs. J. Haggerty, Dean Kerr (hidden), LUFA President Bruce Ferguson, Dean Of University Schools H.S. Braun. �J.W. HAGGERTY John William Haggerty was born in Algoma, Ontario. After his war service, he entered the School of Forestry at the University of which he graduated with high honours in 1950. who discovered himself and time of war. member As of the He was one of those was a prominent Ontario Professional Foresters Association and the Canadian As a citizen, he took an active part in the work Arthur Rotary Club and the Lakehead Society of Fine Arts. was also active men his capabilities while on active service in a a professional forestry engineer, he Institute of Forestry. the Port New Brunswick from in the John Haggerty came He Canadian Kennel Club. to the death he gave himself of Lakehead to the in 1951. From that time training of forestry technicians. worked persistently and steadily towards up until his He also the establishment of a degree course in Forestry at the University. This Arboretum is a fitting remembrance memorial our forest resources should be managed with to his belief that to his life and work. It is a due regard for their conservation and the well-being of the environment. This, and the students he trained, will bear a living witness to his ideals. ��The Forestry Scene - 1972 Professional forestry education came of age in our University on April 25, 1971 was announced in the legislative assembly, on that date, that the provincial It cabinet had approved the University's request that it be authorized to grant the degree of Bachelor of the Science of Forestry. The academic year 1971-72 proved to be one of considerable stress for all members of the faculty in the University, and particularly for our developing The recruitment of five, full-time teaching staff members to meet of the the needs created by the offering for the first time of the third year Degree program, and to fill the openings which resulted from the resignation School. of Professc- Khalil during the early summer, and from the untimely death of our Chairman, John Haggerty, in August, was a task of particular urgency. During the first term and continuing into the second term, several members of the staff were obliged to commit a significant portion of their time to part, the work of a number of University committees. These committees were in preoccupied with the financial crisis which became apparent to us, in October, the with the study of University governmental organizations, and with continuing tasks of guiding the academic activities of the University through committees of the Senate. Within the School, we undertook a thorough review lengthy and Of both the Degree and Technology programs. This proved to be a most challenging task, but one which has led to a significant strengthening of these programs. They are intended to enhance opportunities of professional foresters and forest technologists in the Boreal Forest region of Canada, may by providing a general forestry education upon which our graduates develop knowledge and skills in their chosen fields. Commencing in September, 1972, we shall offer, for the first time, the fourth and final year of the Degree program. To that end, we have been authorized K.W. HEARDEN staff to proceed with the recruitment of two additional, full-time teaching members and of one laboratory assistant. This will only partially alleviate staff during the decidedly heavy teaching loads which will be carried by the will be the 1972-73 transition year of the Degree program. Course loads somewhat heavier than normal for students in some years of the program, also, but special efforts will be made to restrict these to tolerable levels. These problems, and those related to the employment of foresters and forest technologists, are inherent in the lack of any clearly defined statement of provincial forest policy. The financial controls which are being imposed upon universities by our provincial government are necessitating a careful scrutiny of all programs. In It is now apparent that only under special circumstances will they be experience across the past few years, one is inclined to speculate that the offered if they do not attract adequate numbers of students. policy is in reality one of expedience, perhaps best expressed as, "you Our Timber Harvesting Technology certificate program, unfortunately, has been be provided." in this category, and will not be offered in September for less than 10 shrinkage in financial support for silviculture, and this has imposed stresses students. and difficulties at all levels. considering the issue of forest policy in Ontario, in the light of actual liquiJate, we regenerate, where possible, and to the extent that funds may Indeed, in the past several years, there has occurred a In spite of the current strength of popular concern with the environment, Is pollution, and the management of our natural resources, opportunities for 60 y.-ars of the presence and influence of professional forestry in the province permanent employment in these fields have not developed satisfactorily. In it net time in Ontario, 104 years after Confederation, and after more than that there should be on the public record a clear, comprehensive, unequivocal forestry, provincial government complements for foresters have been fixed statement of forest policy? since 1962, and prospects for a change in this situation are not at all stronger basis of support for the needs of an effective sustained yield forest encouraging. Similarly, in the field of fish and wildlife management, no The existence of such a statement would be a management program, surely, than the present policy, if it exists, which seems increases in the complement of Conservation Officers have been authorized for to be heavily shrouded in ambiguity and highly susceptible to the vagaries some time, although only 110 officers are available currently for field of political climates. duties across the province. Under a properly defined and publicly supported policy of sustained yield An adverse trend in professional and technical employment in the forest management of our forest resources, forestry could be assured of stronger and industries for professional and technical forestry people has been influenced more consistent support in public spending priorities and programs in Ontario. by economic conditions during the past year or more. It does not appear that this trend will be changed in 1972. The need for all of us in forestry is to maintain a continuing pressure upon Against these negative trends in employment in forest resources management yield forestry as a vital necessity for the long term well-being of our must be considered the interesting anomoly of the significant, increases in country. our government and elected representatives for the recognition of sustained public expenditures on Silviculture which were noted some six years ago. Observation of the regeneration program, which absorbs most of this outlay, suggests that it ha.", been, in large measure, simply a quantitative, mechanized assault on the more obvious, accessible problem areas. The question of the quality of the work done thus far is disturbing many people in the profession, reflecting, as it does, the problems of adequate, detailed planning and supervision of the projects. ����oo •H S3 H •H -P 0) •d » g 8 a OS CD T3 O -p © X* PQ C§ CQ si CO CO SSI H ft! » Z Ml o p T3 to CO U a CO «aJ CO I s c3 > 35 t3 ������MULTIPLE USE CHORUS: Whose forests are these anyway For work, for study or play? Are they leasea to the Yanks For pulpwood and planks? Do Canadians have any say? That was a No-No one Sing us another one Not like the other one Sing us another one do-o When our timber resources CHORUS: An R.P.F. had On a portage crossing a truck route A canoeist stopped to play on his flute With a God awful thud He was crushed in And only the to quit Signing multi-use plans that don't But to cut be selection And build an erection In a wilderness zone takes a wit mud the truck gave a toot Lakehead U's class of F. '73 Were songfesting beneath a dead tree When from the inside A Woodpecker cried R.P.F. 's ate no damn good to me. CHORUS: Tourists called the Ranger a liar are cut Or prices are squeezed in a glut After lighting an illegal fire Which caused forest arson Burned up the parson And roasted the Sunday school choir Hey-Ho for multiple use Don't do another one Just like the other one Don't do another one We think of excuses For multiple uses To pull Canada out of a rut CHORUS: A fabulous axeman called Paul CHORUS: Highgraded the trees that were When asked for an excuse Hey-Ho for multiple use Give us another use Just like the other use Give us another use do-o. Cottage lot sales divide up the shore Into 50 foot plots by the score Now you need a sewer To keep the lake pure Or you'll poison the owner next door He said multiple tall Don't. use Prevented him cutting them Professor Day's songs all. CHORUS: An ecologist studied a thrush And was killed when Bob Day sprayed It had been fit the brush his plan To enact a spray ban So the thrush and the brush could be lush. �L to Greg Cowman Vice- Pres R ( Roger Brown P. R. Absent ( ), . ), Helen Nowak (Sec), Bruce Ferguson (Pres.) Paul Jewiss (Treas. ) THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT It is upon the close of this academic year that I became reminiscent of my term as L. U. F. A. President. Though apathy seemed to take an early foothold in the year, the unfounded accusation that Forestry students as a whole had assumed an artsy attitude was quickly relinquished. A remarkably successful orientation rite at Kangaroo Court and an October Beef Bash was all that was needed. Participatory wise, the Shine rama proved immensely that lived up to its tradition of always coming out on top. The bottle drive for United Appeal, even under the adverse conditions, surprisingly showed earnest drive. Forestry still The subsequent Social Nite and November Dance were also undoubtedly enjoyed. The true wealth of belonging to the Forestry sect continued into a Winter Carnival that would have fizzed without restoration of carnival spirit (i.e. - the Tech I sculpture) by us. Other involvements of the year such as the Annual Symposium, a Germany field trip, and guest speakers added much to such a short but eventful year. the work for To those who devoted services and time, I forward the executive's thanks for making the 1971/72 year a year of no monetary loss coupled with a renewed spirit only Forestry students could invoke. make a personal thank you and Sawdust" column. Chips his writing of the "Wood I if would like to to Dave Reed for Myself as well as Greg hope future years prove as much, not more, rewarding as it has been to us this year. Bruce Ferguson, President, 1971/72. �Wood Chips and Sawdust d. reid For. Deg. Ill Forestry still has fans, we must have faithful followers. Big Green quickly became big mud last week when we got wiped in don't know, volleyball play-offs. What the problem was, even the but we played very poorly and lost 4 out of 5 games to the disorganization opposition. guess a combination of bad luck and could have been the main faults of our play on D-day. (D for Well, if I I defeat). Still good news on the football field though. The Forestry 1 team over Science who of all things defaulted their play-off game on Saturday. The Forestry 3 team stayed alive by defeating the Phys Ed team they played in the quarter finals. won s FORESTERS, all years, especially first and second year: Your student organization is in trouble, i.e., LUFA needs your support and help in its activities. For instance, the Beer Bottle Drive was a complete disaster this year as far as money return, and more important, student turnout. After such a good response to Shineram very disappointed at the failure of the United Appeal ama, Bottle drive. Things like this can make or break the spirit of a faculty, and the third year people who more or less made the Bottle Drive exist as you might say, can't possibly carry the entire Forestry faculty on its back. We have as much a work load as any other class, and if we can find time to spend a few hours of time in a week to help out LUFA, so can you. In immortal words, ask not what LUFA can do for you, but what you can do for LUFA. Think about it, drop down to the LUFA office and offer help. I Forestry had a wee Thursday, Novermber 11. called Forestry and Friends on was good to see the first year students jet out and join in with the rest of the old dead wood that's been tanging around for a couple of years or more. These socials (there vill be another in late winter) are a good way to meet your *rofessors and get to know them as friends who can help you rather han be your enemies out to get you. tt was a very good gathering md we were glad to see that most of the Professors managed to social It Wood Chips and Sawdust d. reid For. Deg. Ill ittend. For those who never heard, this year's Bottle Drive collected J253.00 for United Appeal which is a pretty fair total for the lumber of supporters we had. This week Forestry is throwing the big dance Friday night, with nusic by JERUSALEM, beginning at 9 bells and flying on 'til 1. - BAR )oors open about 8:45. Who does all the cheering at Nor'Wester hockey and basketball lames? JOE SCHWARTZ of course. JOE would like to say Congrats o the big white and blue b ball team for a successful series against he Trojans and to the team on blades. Once they really get to work ( is a unit, they're ( gonna do ( alright. ) ) ) Well fans. Forestry has upset the favoured Phys. Ed. team in Football 7-0 by scoring a single point and an unconverted touchdown by Bob "Goose" Stoddart late in the game Saturday the 23rd. Phys. Ed. did have a good offensive attack but with some tough breaks, a few bad snaps and Forestry's ability to capitalize on these mistakes, Forestry wound up on the long end of the score. Forestry, you might say, is "numero uno". This Forestry 1 football team has accumulated over 60 points in 4 games and allowed only one point to be scored against them. This makes up for a little revenge for the case of beer we lost in the volleyball game on Thursday night which we lost by a point. The game played Saturday was a very clean well-played contest with some tough action along the line. Saturday night celebrations took place out in the University the annual Beef Bash. Mother nature cooperated with a beautifully clear, star-studded sky for the early part of the evening and while the flames of fire flickered, danced and licked away the dampness of the cool evening air, songs were sung and jokes were forest at told, Incidentally, while yours truly was up tellig a couple my wife drank most of our wine. Bruce Ferguson hopes everyone had a good fill of beef and an enjoyable time. bet you're sorry now that you missed it. I JOE SCHWARTZ WAS THERE! In regard to the Mooseport 200 which became the Mooseport 100, due to the lack of conditioning of the teams. Forestry hereby apologizes for dropping out after approximately 25 laps due to an urgent last minute meeting which was called at the Italian Centennial Hall. Before we left, however, we noticed some distinct advantages that some teams held over others. !n pdrticular, one team managed to have a three speed bike which was stuck in third gear classified as a standard one speed bike. P.S. Bruce and Greg would at the Beef Bash. like to thank all those who assisted Wood Chips and Sawdust d. reid For. Deg. Ml Well, still has fans, we must have faithful followers. became big mud last week when we got wiped in What the problem was, even don't know, but we played very poorly and lost 4 out of 5 games to the if Forestry Big Green quickly the volleyball play-offs. opposition. could have I I guess a combination of bad luck and disorganization been the main faults ol our play on D-day. (D for defeat). Still good news on the football field though. The Forestry 1 team over Science who of all things defaulted their play off game on Saturday. The Forestry 3 team stayed alive by defeating the Phys Ed team they played in the quarter finals. won s FORESTERS, all years, especially first and second year: Your student organization is in trouble, i.e., LUFA needs your support and help in its activities. For instance, the Beer Bottle Drive was a complete disaster this year as far as money return, and more important, student turnout. After such a good response to Shinerama, am very disappointed at the failure of the United Appeal Bottle drive. Things like this can make or break the spirit of a faculty, and the third year people who more or less made the Bottle Drive exist as you might say, can't possibly carry the entire Forestry I faculty on its back. We have as much a work load as any other class, if we can find time to spend a few hours of time in a week to help out LUFA, so can you. In immortal words, ask not what LUFA can do for you, but what you can do for LUFA Think about it, and drop down to the LUFA office and offer help. ���This year's Woodsmen's Wolfgang Kitzer Rob McLeod Jacques Trembley Steve Ball Bill Al Baker Raman WOODSMEN'S COMPETITION The annual Woodsmen's Competition was held in the first Saturday of Carnival Week. All contestants were in fine form from the Forestry "Pisser" the night before. It is safe to say the event was a success with five teams competing and ample spectators. Competing were Degree II who came first, Geology who came in second, our woodsmen's team who showed up third, and of course, the Jock Straps and nurses who came in 4th and 5th respectively. Even though the nurses came last, they were the best cheered and most watched team competing. Good form was shown by Medland, and all. Credit is due to the organizers, Danny Gilbert and Derek those who helped in many different capacities. all Due was cancelled. to lack of funds, the trip to Montreal for competition Hopefully, next year, the budget will not be so tight. Next year, we hope to get off to an earlier start and get things swinging. Allan Raman will be in charge of the team in 1972/73, and it is hoped many will turn out for it as there will be more activities, and we also hope to add to our existing supply of equipment. Until next year, remember to keep cutting deep Bill Baker. . Team �L to R Ray Rivard, Walter Palubiski, Fred Austin GERMANY FIELD TRIP This was, by no stretch of the imagination, a success story. A group of eight students and two professors attempted to set up a field trip for the third year degree and the second year technician students to commence on May 1st, 1972 and end on May 17th. In all, 46 people would have enjoyed an experience that few others in their field have had the chance to. The trip was to consist of viewing Management logging and research areas in European settings. The major drawback was raising funds. The federal government turned us down saying it was too specialized a trip, and provincial government was willing to give us only a third of what we asked for. the If I would like to close with a word of encouragement. planning another field trip of this scope, they should start planning it at least nine months in advance. The money is available, but you must start at the top and work down. Meet the minister in charge and plead your case clearly and emphatically. anyone is Ray Rivard. �Bill Front L to Murphy, Bob Fedorchuk, Jim Myers, Alan Raman Walter Palubiski, Gary McKellar (Chairman), Bob Baxter R SYMPOSIUM REPORT )jt # >;t ## ## ^ >:= # >f t + :< # # >:< ><* ## to the fact that our numbers in the School of Forestry have tripled since the First Annual held in March of 1969, it is felt that a brief history of the past proceedings will be informative and show the necessity of continuing such a well received event. Due Symposium was "Aspects of Forestry Associated with Multiple Land Use Concepts" was the central topic in Four speakers, all from Northwestern Ontario, presented their papers. The Symposium received national recognition in forestry circles in the form of a three-page feature article in the June, 1969 Forestry Chronicle. One of the speakers, Mr. K. W. Hearnden, joined our staff in the fall of 1969 and is now the Forestry School Chairman. the First Symposium. The Second Annual Symposium was entitled "Forest Policy in Ontario". Three aspects were discussed, Timber Licencing System, Sustained Yield Policy and Regeneration Policy. Three of the speakers were from Toronto. Mr. Leo Vidlak, a faculty member, was a speaker under the Regeneration Policy and later became engaged in some lively discussion. Dr. W. G. Tamblyn, President of the University, spoke on "Student Unrest" as the after-dinner speaker. The "Impact of Chemicals in Forestry" was the theme for the Third Annual Symposium. very knowledgeable group of men formed the panel of speakers. They came from Eastern Canada and the United States. Mr. R. J. Day, best remembered for his flamboyant method of spraying deodorants later joined the School as an Associate Professor in Silvico and Forest Ecology. Again we received national recognition in the June, 1971 issue of the Forestry Chronicle. A The Symposium this year discussed "Production Potential and Management of Under Utilized Species". This evolved through time into primarily a discussion on Poplar. A detailed description of the proceedings can be seen on the following pages. Many thanks for the excellent press coverage by Messrs. Dave Reid and Greg Crook to whom I am indebted for their photographic coverage and literary prowess. Also many thanks to the sales representatives who pushed the tickets to the students, especially to the first year Degree class for their relatively "good" showing. this year's loss Financially speaking, the Symposium lost has been kept below the $600 level. money for the fourth straight year, Hopefully, Attendance has risen from 130 in 1969 to over 200 this year. The Symposium is gaining recognition in Northern Ontario forestry circles as government and industry employees come from as far as Cochrane and Blind River to the east, and Kenora and Red Lake to the west. Interest has grown in leaps and bounds. All chairmen of the Symposium have received many favourable comments from those attending and especially the speakers who are amazed at the fact that the students run and finance these large symposiums. Lakehead Forestry is a new school without an established reputation. In the minds of those who control the hiring of new graduates, student participation is important. Participation in the symposium is an excellent way to show this interest. In organizing the symposium, just one person puts out a lot of his personal time as has been the case for the last two years. We need greater student participation beginning in SEPTEMBER. by Gary McKellar, Symposium Committee Chairman. �Forestry Management Production Potentiol and The Lakehead Universtiy Association held its annual symposium on Saturday March 4th. This year's topic "Production Potential and Forestry fourth Management of Under Utilized Species", turned out to be more or less a symposium on poplar, proving to be interesting very and informative to say the least. The first speaker was Mr. J. McLaughlin from Morbark InMr. McLaughlin disdustries. cussed the "Total Chip Concept" of harvesting hardwoods, which chips the entire tree using a portable debarker-chipper. With the aid of a movie, Mr. McLaughlin showed the oper- Morbark "Super ation Beaver" experimental hardwood plots in May of 1970 in Minneof the sota using cept. The the total chip confrom the an initial cost analysis showed equipment cost of $473,650 Beaver, cluding the Super experiment Drott feller in- a buncher, two grapsorting skidders, portable screen and maintenance over a ple year period. In the same period realizing 300 tons per day production (400 tons maximum) the cost per ton of chips would be $4.79 delivered to the mill five stressing the idea that greater Symposium Under Utilized Species of utilization can lower the cost of harvesting. Mr. Art Ennis of Boise Cascade proved to be a good followup to Mr. McLaughlin. Mr. Ennis talked about a tree length chip operation used by Boise Cascade, International Falls, Minn. He the fact that their operation was under conditions. Three seperate contracts have been let different aspects of the out for production. One contractor is stressed particular very specific responsible for cutting and limbing the trees and delivering them to the chipping site in time for the wood to cure before it is chipped. This contract made up one-third of the total cost of the chips. The second contractor is responsible for the running of 2250 Morbark Chipper and Debarker purchased by Boise Cascade in 1968, and loading the chips into vans. Mr. Ennis stated the the 2250 was 93% opercompared to down time, but that the maintenance crew worked after hours to keep the machine in top running order. Production was 18,000 cords per year per shift. (This portion incurred 16% of the cost. I The third contract was for hauling the chips from the site to the that ational mill using eight, forty foot company owned vans with an extra one at the chipper, and four leased tractor units. The average haul was 80 miles with a load of 10—12 cords depending on moisture content. Loading time is approximately one hour. Twenty-seven percent of the chip cost occurs here. Mr. Ennis suggested that separate contracts and a piecework pay system got everyone working as a team and the result was economically better than other sources of chips. Mr. Ennis concluded his talk by stating that presently 61% of the wood required in Minnesota is filled by total chips and that this could rise to 83% in the future and that Boise Cascade would probably purchase another chipping machine. Dr. Bender, formerly of Research Lab in was the next speaker. F. Federal the Ottawa Dr. Bender was involved programme in a to study the use of wood sawdust and chips as a food stuff for cattle and other animals with four-part stomachs. He stated that sawdust has been used as a bulk food from time immemorial but its low digestibility in untreated form prevented its use as a continuous diet. Dr. Bender found through his experiments that poplar had the untreated digestibility (15%l of the woods he tested. best He stated that 40% digestibility was required to sustain stock and that 45% enabled daily wight gain. By subjecting the sawdust or chips of poplar to 10—15 atmosphere pressure of steam, acetic acid is produced and bods between cellulose and lignin place the digestibility of 48 and 52 per Then to produce a nitro- poplar between cent. genous compound equalling proa small amount of am- tein, monia passed over the chips is and the ammonia reacts with the acetic acid to form the desired compound. Dr. Bender suggested we refer to his papers of April and Sept. 1970 to find out the results of his experiments in greater detail height and two to four times the mean annual increment over natural poplar stands on similar sites. The hybrid P. grandidenta x P. alba at Maple grows more that 1" in DBH per year and at 12 years is 14" in diameter. Zuffa talked about 20-25 year with veneer 80' tall trees, The next speaker Mr. A. Sudbury spoke on potential do rotations mestic and international markets for Canadian wood based panels. and 5—10 pulp wood. He stated Mr. Zuffa gave a most informative and interesting talk with only three days notice after one of the speakers cancelled in that Canada was pre- sently in production capacity of wood noted tariff based panels. Mr. Sudbury that a 20$ preventative on Canadian plywood ex- ports allows the U.S.A. to im87% of its hardwood port plywood from Asia at cheaper industrial The U.S.A. plywood market now being fil- cost. by Finland and Japan could be partly filled by Canadian products through better marketing techniques which stress the quality and competitive prices of Canadian goods. Mr. Sudbury suggested we could obtain a greater part of the European market for panels by demonstrating the variability and versatility of such products to potential buyers. He comled pleted talk his Canada's 1971 by stating wood totalled export of panels based $34,000,000 and the chance of new markets looks good. The last speaker was Dr. Z. Zuffa from the Lands & Forests Research centre at Maple, Ontario. Dr. Zuffa has done much research into the genetic im- provement of poplars especially hybrid production. He stated that an increase in the poplar cut in for 16-18" DBH and the week year rotations for Symposium. He of the also displayed slides and disks of some of his experiment. Following a general period, the over question 200 attending the day's proceedings adjourned to the main cafeteria for a bar and dinner. Following dinner Mr. Adams spoke as a devoted environmentalist compared the world to the commons area in the Feudal system of agriculture. In the world commons Mr. Adams gave N. America four choices: first, to increase our birth rate three times and catch up on the breeding race of numbers; second, to cruise along on our present haphazard course on a world scene; third, to conquer the world, ruling to our advantage; or fourth, help to set up workable world government to enforce the limited use of world world control to resources, population and maintain a world wide living standard. Because the fourth choice was the only feasible one but would be the most difficult to form, perhaps we a was eminent as the softwood cut approaches the allowable. He pointed out the advantages of should think of these goals in regional development schemes. a short rotation spe- posium was a great success and supported from outside the University proper was tremendous. Gary to Congratulations his chairman, and McKellar, committee for a job well done. poplar as, cies, ability to grow on a variety of sites and reaction to improved conditions, and its use as timber and other products, and the ease of genetic improvement. Mr. Zuffa displayed charts showing improved hybrid poplars obtaining three times the diameter, three to five times the All in all. this year's Sym- ��THE MAKEUP YEAR (To be sung to the tune of "Casey Jones Steamin and a Rollin") Come all ye Foresters if you want to hear, A short story on the makeup year, From Forest Tech I we advanced with pride, 20 men did and 40 men died. To theory and books we advanced with greed, Only to better ourselves, take heed, The schedule scrambled, the english was rough, Cause a rose is "Rosa blanda" to a Forester tough. The course that we took in the Calculus line, Kept us a-working on overtime, But with a pretty little Prof - ette explaining all the time, We discovered the mathematics of a curved line. Against the wishes of the A. M.S. We cal-cul-ated the strain and stress, Of snow for a sculpture that was to be the best, But somehow it never beat the weather test. Gone are the days of the field survey. Looking back at those days they seem like play. But growing in experience this I know, That our education won't melt away with the snow. G. Broom, Degree I ����W V. B. B. D. B. G. a. Palablskl Ferguson Angel Held Brown Zebruk Player McGuilllvray Sherwln Stoddart Jewlss G. J. G. a. D. K. B. J. M. 1mm. list not 0. a. B. P. B. Imp M. Mclntyre G. McKellar Mailable J. Marchlngton G. Pattys on E. Lockett G. Cowman T. Clayton(coach) HI Parker Stacey Brown Makl 6euf«ord taoel Vida McCartney Butler Keanan Myers Desjardins Phillips Powell Bakalinski (Happily) our No. 1 Team was the envy of all of the University compiling and impressive 5 and 0 record during the big season allowing only t point defensively and scoring 61. (Unhappily) the Quarterback Geoff Patty son, had to leave the playing field midway through the first game because of a broken ankle which occurred when he was trampled by a herd of stampeding Artsmen, (happily) Dave "Greek" riled was able to fill in for hlo and finished the rest of the season at the helm. (Unhappily) we lost a semi-final game and were eliminated from further play. (Happily) we can still come back next year (unhappily) again? The other two teams managed several wins each and did an excellent Job of gaining valuable intramural points for the Faculty. Forestry III ended up in 8th spot and gave Phys. id. I k II a run for their money in the quarter finals. GAMES WINS TIES POINTS PCHeSTHT I 5 5 0 0 10 PCa&STHY III 5 2 2 1 5 FGiLSTHT II 5 1 k 0 2 �BROOMBALL STANDINGS Wins 3 FORESTRY DBG. II FORESTRY Losses U 2 5 Ties 1 S. T. B. J. R. B. N. T. Maki Jewiss Kaczanowski Aho Lagzin Riley Mcllquham Campbell Goba Woods Position 7 8 5 1 TEAM I R. P. Points 7 TEAM II (11 1 1 T. StoiJt J. Thomson J. Myers MacGuillivray Thompson Sedor B. Nichols F. Austin R. T. G. P. G. P. R. G. M. D. Hall Brown Bakalinski Webb Boyce Desjardin Laponen A. D. G. s. Allen Dool Parker Ball FORESTRY DEGREE II BROOMBALL The Forestry Degree II broomball team was plagued by a rather weird misfortune of too many players showing up for the games. This handicap of continuous line shuffle was why we just missed the playoffs. The final record was 3 wins, U losses and a tie with a determined Phys. Ed. team who needed a win for a first place finish. The most promising line was the scooter line of Aho, Jewiss and MacGillivray. Lots of relief was supplied by Woods, Lagdzin, Kaczanowski, Sedor, Stott, Thompson, Thomson, Austin, and Riley. by Campbell, Nichols, Maki and Mcllquham. Strong defence was supplied Holding the fort was Goba. Most games which we won were after pre-game warmups at the Royalton. �HOCKEY G. G. B. D. G. G. J. D. B. G. R. D. H. B. Cowman McKellar Stoddart Hunt Zebruk LeMaistre Deachman tied Mitchell Fattyson Potvin Penna Palubiski Ferguson TEAM III TEAM II TEAM I J. Myers J. Warren G. J. T. C. G. S. Powell R. Nash D. Lightfoot K. Whoel F. Beck I. P. J. Has tie B. M. ~coaohe3 — D. D. B. A. D. G. B. R. A. B. N. D. T. Brodie Desjardins taponen Dool Baxter Raman Hollinger Brown ( coach) S. M. G. Bloomfield Buitenhuis Aho Marsh MacGuillivray Kondor Jewiss Campbell brown Haki Lagzin Goba Sneider 6tott Baxter Horbow Olson Team II, a first year team, played good hockey all season and were the only Forestry team to have a good shot at the championship. The team played very well as a unit and was assisted by some great defensive work by Mike DesjalTdins. The fellow from the east end, Allen Raman, should be nominated for an academy award for his performance in their last game of the season. longlac, wis Team I, ^ Don Laponen, brought up from our farm team in th» scoring race this year. Congrats to Don L. mostly third year boys, wound up in the championship in the consolation league after thrashing Forestry III in the semi-finals. Forestry III cleared the bench in the last minute and still couldn't score a goal on Gary "reflex" McKellar who took over for G. Cowman who retired the pad's halfway through the season to take on an offensive role on the team. Leading scorer on Team II was Gord "sticky stick" LeMaistre, and this season, Dave Ried and Bob Mitchell after four years in intramural hockey finally got their first goals of their careers. Team III had steady performances from the goaly, Paul "stingy" Jewiss and the line of Aho, MacGuillivray and Olson. Thanks to all who participated and made this one of the best hockey seasons for BASKETBALL Forestry in a long time. TEAM I Jewiss Thompson T. Thompson G. Pattyeon B. Kemp K. Whoel G. Cowman P. p. TEAM II TEAM III Copis J. Minors J. Myers S. Powell P. W. MacMillian A. J. Marchington B. Thompson A. Raman D. Readman E. Cross P. A. J. J. B. A. G. J. J. R. Nash Boyce Antapuk Dew Philips McNeil Allen Webb Bodrea Stacey Sherwin TEAM IV W. Palubiski B. Stoddart G. /.ebuik D. Reig R. Rivard B. Ferguson G. McKellar Of the four teams presented above only Team I made the playoffs this year. After a season of 8 wins, (5 by default) and 1 loss, the team not having played for seven weeks lost two in a row in the playoffs. The offensive punch was maintained by the Two Terrible Thompson' and Paul "the Jew" Jewiss. Burt Kemp when called upon showed some startling moves under the basket and some of the "Jocks" were left standing there without any. Team II led by Pete "the streak" Copi3, John "Dunker" Marchingtcn and Dan "Baseline" Readman managed 3 wins and several near misses. Better luck next year Tech. Team III the sleeper team came through with several wins at the start of the season but seemed to fade away towards the end. This was the first year team and it looks like they are in for better times (maybe next year, or the year after, or the year after that... etc.) Team IV was slapped together with some spirit and hope. Half way through the season they ran out of bottled spirits and their hope disintegrated, so they dropped out of the league. Despite this they received steady performances from Ray "Hookshot" Rivard and waiter "Fats" Palubiski. Dave Ried had a little trouble dunking, but also played a steady game. ��MISCELLANEOUS Nanibijou's Paddle - The forestry canoe which held Steve Paul, Carson Herrick, Gunther Herbert and Greg Cowman finished in 4 th spot with a Lots of thanks to the other guys who showed up but time of 3:30:2. were just too slow or sunk. Cross Country - Who is Dale Shippam? Anyway, he entered as a forester and streaked to a second place finish with a time of 3:11:00. Hang in there Dale, who and where ever you are. Golf - Dave "Greek" ftied the "mighty midget" finished second in the He rambled to an 89 overall and would have had a golf tournament. much better round if he hadn't shot a 69 on the back nine. Better luck next year Dave. Track and Field - Here we finished in 5th spot, not too bad for a bunch Davey, yeh the same guy of guys with pickled livers and tarred lungs. who plays golf finished 3rd in the javelin. He must have been mad at his car and tried to spear it as it sat in the parking lot. Mooseport "loo " - Forestry and Science, a combined team finished, in 2nd spot and another all Forestry team finished 4th. Keep peddling guys. FOUL SHOOTING 1st place overall went to Paul Jewiss who shot 64% from the line. This was our only 1st place Trophy for the entire year. Congrats Paul. ; VOIJ.KYBALL G. M. Desjardins A. Clark H. B. Murphy B. Kemp ft. Cowman Brown D. Ried G. Potvin Lemaistre Again a fantastic season that ended in tragedy. games and ended the season with 13 wins and 1 We played 14 loss. In the playoffs I don't think we won one game. During the season a lot of support came from Dave "knuckle serve" died and Bill "spike" Murphy, especially when the serves landed in and the spikes finally came down. The story in the playoffs was that the serves never landed in and the spikes never came down. Oh well?? �FLOOR HOCKEY Roger Brown Mike Horbor Scott Baxter John Buitenhuis Hod Nash Frank Beck Jim Umpherson Allan Raman Glenn drown John Warren Jim Myers Ray Pilkey Well our floor hockey team came in third overall in this sport. I won't mention that there were only three teams in the league. Jim Flash Myers was the top scorer for Forestry with 15 goals and 15 assists for 30 points. Jim ended up in third in the scoring race. Good show guys and better luck next year. SQUALLEYBALL Bill Murphy, Roger Brown and G. Cowman were Forestry representatives in the squalleyball tournament. Squalley ball is something like volleyball only you can play the ball off the walls of a squa3h court. It's a good fast game, so fast in fact each team only played one game and the season ended. Forestry won it's only game played so we can claim a share in the squalleyball championship with three other teams. SUMMARY I would like to thank all those fellows sho participated in the 71-72 sports program. We didn't win much in the way of championships, but we had a lot of fun doing it. We can, at least, take consolation in the fact that we are second to none in spirit and second place finishes A special vote of thanks should go out to the coaches and managers for getting their teams up for most of the games and also for those ardent few who showed up to the games to cheer their teams on to... well, cheer them on, anyway. Next year with a full four year degree program and many stars returning, the road to a championship for Forestry is nearly at an end. — J . G. Cowman P-S. As an added note. At the S.A.S. Dinner dance on Friday March 24, we were told that we had 47% of the fellows in Forestry out to play one sport or another throughout the year. As a result we were pre- sented with the Faculty participation Trophy, I (ie. Spirit Trophy). guess the S.A.S. finally recognizes a fact that we have known for years �CAN YOU SPARE THE TIME? could say what I wanted to, thoughts I would relate, But time is too expensive. And I'd hate to have you wait. This is how we're getting, it's not If I My how it should be. once was great, we had the faith. Together we were a team, But somehow we're straying, and do not seem to care, For the unity is going that it may seem unimpaired. Now you're in L. U. F. A. and so am I, Let's try to keep our unity high. Once again as a team we must play. And with the faith, L. U. F.A. will stay! P COPIS It �LAKEHEAD C UMVERSIT A WMTER 72 Shown above are the Karnival Queen and King, Debbie White and Dave Reid (Nursing). They were selected at last SaturAmong the contestants were Brenda day's Wind-up Dance. Boudreau (French Club), Cookie Poirier (Geology), Debby Baldwin (Engineering), Jean Hershey (Forestry), Leslie Vescio (Degree Nursing). The Princes included Dave Powers (Geology), Steve Sepulchre (French Club) and Rick Player (Forestry). (Arts) Winter Carnival 1972 Winter Carnival this year as we all know was changed from the traditional schedule of events. The Carnival windup ball was dropped as an end to the festivities and replaced by a bandarama which turned out to be very popular. The King Prince, Princess Contest, the Snow Sculpture and the parade were also dropped as officially sanctioned A. M.S. functions. The Prince and Princess contest eventually was picked up and sponsored by the Geology Club to whom we owe thanks for showing some spirit. Jean Hershey of id. and .iichard i- layer of Forestry Degree III were Forestry's contestants and everyone was very pleased to have them as our representatives. Thanks very much Jean and .iick. The Bushman's ball proved to be one of the highlights starting off the festivities of Winter Carnival. Hace from Pigeon .iiver. Forestry again won the Bike We were well represented in the hockey tourna- ment with a team comprised mainly of first year students, which came second. Winter Carnival again proved to be one of the most eventful times of the year with the Ontario Government making plenty from its taxes on beer and liquor. Everyone will be looking forward to Winter Carnival again next year and with a little cooperation and organization Forestry can once again show their school spirit as the one really dominant Faculty J in the school. n by day Potvin , , . . �L.U.N.A. Back-Rubs Carn/va/ '72., The Year of fhe Cannon Well fans, here it's Supday again and Winter Carnival is now We all hung over so don't expect too much history. past this are bright, I wonders what a young per- enterprising the C.N.I. B. week. The highlight of Winter Carcame when ESS kidnapped There seems to be a definite difference between school spirit Geology Princess, Cookie Poirier and forced the Geology Club to pay $25 ransom. The Geology Club retaliated the next day by walking off with the Engineers' cannon. Geology then and hard work. The apathy towards hard work could be noticed by the number of snow sculptures that were built and by nival the r this fair city. son could get for them? However, aU proceeds should go to auctioned the thing off to the highest bidder which turned out to be Forestry at $31 The only reason Forestry had to bid that high was because LUNA, which was giving backrubs, needed a paperweight and had some . money to bid for it. The Engineers couldn't even together enough money to buy themselves a soggy sandwich. The ransom and auction oroceeds went to the Canadian scrape National Institute for the Blind. Note: Cannons are going for more money than princesses. Incidentally, there are a number of cannons littering the parks Of of Karnival Floats. However, the school spirit was shown by the number of students who turned out for the the lack club-sponsored Carnival Windup. The turnout for this event far exceeded any previous records. On the negative side, one can only be dismayed at the malicious damage that someone or group has been doing around the University of late. At least a half a dozen doors have been kicked in, the Mall window display was broken, and the men's room completely wrecked (Women's lib strikes again?). This wanton damage leaves a bad aftertaste and is giving the student body a bad name even though we feel that it is not being done by students. It has been stated that there many Yahoos that sit guzzling beer instead of dancing. are too �CARNIVAL BOAT RACES �Woodsmen Competition on Campus It was below north today a zero chilly in the 29 degrees downtown by mid-morning and anybody on the streets was hurriedly rushing Helen Nowak cooks Mayor Saul Laskin breakfast. ward from place out of the Connaught the to Park Forestry to keep However, in place cold. students school of Lakehead University are camping out of doors as part of LU's winter carnival. at Hey Wolfgang, who's this year's number one winter camper? Wolfgang told me Joe Schwartz was caught hustling in a corner of the tent one night. �Ooh...I hate cold hands �carnival windup As for Forestry during carnival: we were first and last in the with the same team; we built a snow sculpture, we lost a heart-breaking championship hockey match against business giving up a score with three seconds to go; provided song leadership at the Last Chance Saloon; had warm-up parties and helped our Nor'westers defeat Lea College and U of Manitoba with some roof raising cheers; we offered for sale, one University; think that's a great deal done in a week. Way to go Forestry. border-to-LU bike race I �As I sat down one evening, t'was A forty-year I s ee old waitress, to in a me small cafe, these words did say. that you're a logger, and not just a Fo r no one common bum but a logger, stirs coffee with his thumb. MM once had a logger lover, there is none like him today, If you poured whiskey on it, he would eat a bale of hay. I He never shaved a whisker, off his horny hide. He just hammered in the bristles, and bit them My logger He held J « came me in a off inside. to see, t'was on a winters day. fond embrace, and broke three vertebrae. He kissed me when we parted, so hard I it broke my jaw, couldn't speak to tell him, he forgot his mackinaw. I A saw my lo'gger lover, go striding through the snow, going gaily homeward, at forty- eight below. The weather tried to freeze him, it did its very best At one hundred degrees below zero, he buttoned up his vest It froze clear down to China, it froze to the stars above, a thousand degrees below zero, it froze my logger love They tried in vain to thaw him, and if you believe They made hirn into ax-blades, to cut the douglas it sir. fir. And so I lost my lover, and it's to this cafe I've come. And it's here I wait for someone, to stir coffee with his thumb �In the managing of Canada's Forest Resources, most people are seemingly indifferent to the role of the Forester. This is because the Forester is too willing to compromise his position based on proven scientific facts and acquired experiences; To gain the status he seeks, the Forester must develop and pursue with determination every opportunity to be heard, then consistently present a sound message with conviction. ABITIBI PAPER COMPANY LTD. TORONTO, ONTARIO. /IBITIBI �THE DRYDEN PAPER COMPANY LTD. DRYDEN, ONTARIO, EXTENDS CORDIAL BEST WISHES TO LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY FORESTRY ASSOCIATION COMPLIMENTS OF Kimberli| LO • Clark Pulp and Paper WOODLANDS DEPARTMENT N G L A C • • • O NTARI O, C o m p a n q CANADA Compliments of GREAT LAKES PAPER Company Limited Ltd. �Compliments of AMERICAN CAN OF CANADA Marathon Ont. Wire Rope Industries of Canada Limited MIDWEST DIESEL & EQUIPMENT A DIVISION OF GNC INDUSTRIES LIMITED Distributors for: • • DETROIT DIESEL ENGINES • # DOMINION CRANES & SHOVELS • CANADIAN KENWORTH TRUCKS # UNIVERSAL CRUSHING EQUIPMENT 1100 WALSH STREET — THUNDER BAY "F", ALLISON TORQUE CONVERTERS FARR DRY AIR CLEANERS ONTARIO — PHONE 577-1101 FOR ALL YOUR LUMBER AND BUILDING MATERIALS COMPANY <lt!7> LIMITED PHONE 277 John Street, 345-6589 Thunder Bay, Ont. ��Hawker Siddeley Canada ltd. CANADIAN CAR DIVISION • BOX 67, STATION 'F, THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO �.ice fishing on cavern lake... �1:03 ».<•»».>« ago §S©3 •©&< ©:•«•< :;:<•»;>! »'»».•. v, :-;-:o;>: §•:©:•! Is©:* -:<•:<: • S'l can't believe I drank the whole thing. &©$ "Holy Batman, it's alive J ©•«3£>r!-<-e>S:0:g -<'*i'I~£<l •:•:©:-:-<•: <;o:-P:<: —Yes Lapp you drank the whole thing. Don't tell me how to open cans ^r— �T1MBERJAGK Logging Equipment 675 Beaverhall Place, Postal Station F Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada Saga Food Service of Canada Broadway avenue WINNIPEG, MANITOBA 287 Ltd. ����The forests are still with us. But they are threatened Proper management is the key to preservation and maximum use of this magnificent resource. Consider a career Contact Dr. H.S. Lakehead in forestry. Braun, Dean of University Schools University, Thunder Bay P .Ontario Crest Motor Hotel 875 Red River Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario Foresters excell in our DRAFT-ing course �NORTH SHORE WHITE TRUCK SALES LTD. NORTH SHORE EQUIPMENT DISTRIBUTORS. Distributors of Heavy Duty Forest Equipment Needs Through North Western Ontario ��FORESTRY ANNUAL STAFF Bottom Left John Marchington, Mike Folkema (Editor), Fred Austin, Paul Jewiss, Bruce Nichols, Stan Kaczanowski (Photo Editor) �������Printed by Inter-Collegiate Press of Canada (1971) Ltd. �NOT FOR GENERAL BORROWING Permission to take this book from the Library must be obtained from a member of Enquire the Senior Library Staff. at the circulation desk. �Canada � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972 Lakehead University Forestry Yearbook Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Annual yearbook for the 1972 Forestry class. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 1972 Forestry Forestry Faculty Harvest Lakehead University Forestry Association LUFA https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1085/1972_Spring_Convocation.pdf dee5c527daebae4fdc1f6c818ea3159b PDF Text Text ����������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972 Spring Convocation Program Subject The topic of the resource Universities University Life Description An account of the resource Program for Convocation on May 27, 1972. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-04-27 Convocation Convocation 1972 Lakehead University https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1913/LU_Geology_Yearbook_1972-73-74.pdf ccf3a1af94658ed9394239cae14dd159 PDF Text Text GEOLOGY '73-'74 �1972 ·73·74 Lakehead University UNIVERS~TY DEPARTMENT .O F GEOLOGY LAKEHEAD THIRD IDIIION �Dr. A. D. Booth �M. W. Bartley &Associates limited - Geologists - 202 TORONTO- DOMINION BANK BLDG. THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO �1: with compliments from the faculty of • sc1ence lakehead university Dean R. A. Ross �Some readers of this Yearbook may know that Lakehead University has recently been developing an Academic Plan. The first draft of this, usually called "The Skeleton" because of its front cover adornment, sets out certain principles which I believe to be appropriate in the development of this institution as a regional university. Looking at Northwestern Ontario, a number of points become obvious: first, the possession of large tracts of forest; second, the Canadian Shield and its relatively unexplored geological wealth; third, the lake; and fourth, but by no means the least important, the people of the region. Lakehead already has a Forestry School of some distinction and one which, we believe, in due course, should be the best in Canada. The Second of my primary areas of development is Geology, and I can see that this is likely to expand in two distinct phases. In the first of these, the Exploration Geology of Northwestern Ontario should be the object of the main thrust. Certainly there is need for the discovery of new ore bodies. Places such as Atikokan are dependent on existing resources, the end of which is already in sight. If new and important resources can be found, particularly in that area, a pleasant town may be saved from going the way of similar places in Alberta and British Columbia which have become ghost towns. This exploration phase, which is important, both to regional economy and to pure geology since it contributes, of course, to the theories of crustal structure, will be followed and probably parallelled at some point by what I can describe as Exploitation Geology which leads indirectly to Mining Engineering. The importance of the two phases of the plan lies in the fact that industrial and commercial backing for the university's activities should be forthcoming and that the government will be ensured of the regional devotion of our institution. Another advantage of the plan, which involves the participation of industry, lies in the employment possibilities for students during vacations - something which is at the root of instruction in all professional subjects. I hope that these remarks may do something to inspire the students in the Department of Geology with the importance of their subject, their mission and their departments in the present and future of this University. ANDREW D. BOOTH �MESSAGE FROM THE DEAN OF SCIENCE The principal problem facing Lakehead University this year has been the decrease in student numbers . This phenomenon has occurred in practically all universities in North America and Western Europe . Lakehead has not endured a unique experience. Perhaps a.n enrollment decrease would be regarded as a positive factor if it could be interpreted as showing a trend towards a higher quality and more dedicated studentry. However, our fin - ancial returns from the Provincial government are directly related to student numbers and when these decline significantly, the institution trembles , becomes hypertensive and narrowly misses the trauma of a corporate nervous collapse . Such experiences occur regularly in industry and commerce. If a commodity has lost favour in the market , then its producers must revamp or replace it . Failure to react success- fully to this challenge generally results in personnel cutbacks and plant closures . Whereas the industrial environment is pre- pared for such eventualities , the university one is not. By their very nature the universities attract staff of a highly intellectual and sensitive type . They are not well paid by industrial standards , but forego pecuniary ambitions in favou r �of a modest living which allows them the privilege of imparting knowledge to their students and pursuing their own individual research and scholarly work. It is no criticism to state that university professors and lecturers are less able to cope with the rough, tumble and consequences of shifts in market-demand than are their industrial counterparts. The fact is, however, that they are becoming increasingly compelled to react to these shifts. Since the middle ages, all of the major institutions of state and church in Western civilization have had to undergo radical changes. withered. Some have survived the experience while others The universities have endured minor perturbations over these centuries, but have probably never been subjected to the same external scrutiny as they are at present. We all have a responsibility to assuage and convince our critics through our performances and actions of the tremendous and benevolent effect that the university can and does have on our society. We need to have effective ambassadors, and, in the Faculty of Science at Lakehead University, the Geology students are among the best that we have. It is pleasure to be associated with them. Once again, I am delighted to commend the enterprising and good-humoured students in the Department of Geology for the format and the high standard of the articles chosen for the Geology Year Book. Warmest congratulations and best wishes to all, R. A. Ross, (Dean, Faculty of Science). �Union Miniere lxploratiuns and Mining corporation limited A Subsidiary of EXPLORATION DEVELOPMENT UNION Belgium MINIERE FIVE OFFICES IN CANADA 1935 Leslie Street TORONTO ( 416) 445-8832 200- 4299 Canada Way BURNABY 2 I B c (604)437-9491 4 105- I Place Ville Marre · MONTREAL FINANCING (514) 1068 - 7e Rue VAL o'OR P 0 . (819) 824 - 2994 866 -2461 2050 Blvd St. Cyrille West STE . FOY, QUEBEC (418) 683-1939 ~~~~& Geology Club of Lakehead University ~ The Exploration and Project Development Dept. The Algoma Steel Corporation, Limited SAULT STE . MARIE , ONTARIO . �Dr. Edward Mercy c H A I R MA N I s M E S S A G E The publication of this, the third Year Book, demonstrates a continuing involvement in their professional development by its student contributors and organizers. I am more than glad, on behalf of the Department, to welcome this account of student affairs during the past academic year. The tradition of the Year Book is an excellent one and I sincerely hope that , through your efforts , you will have established the tradition in this Department so that those corning after you will continue this good work. There is no doubt that the Year Book makes a significant contribution to the healthy growth of the Department. To all who have helped in the production of this volume, my heartiest congratulations. Edward Mercy , Chairman . �GRADUATE TO FALCONBRIDGI Geologists, Geophysicists , Geochemists, Mineralogists Mining and Electronic Technologists FALCONBRIDGE NICKEL MINES LIMITED 23 TOMLINSON BLOCK SEVEN KING STREET EAST, TORONTO 210, CANADA SAN . CUMBERLAND ST.- THUNDER BAY, ONT . CAMPBEll RED LAKE MINES LIMITED BALMERTOWN , ONTARIO EXPLORATION DIRECTED BY Dome lxploralion ICanada I limited SUITE 702 , 360 BAY STREET TORONTO , ONTARIO �PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE This has been a very successful year for the Geology Club . In keeping with the reputation we built for ourselves last year, the Club took on the major role of the University's Winter Carnival. This was done by sponsoring the Queen and King contest. Our two entries, Sharon Tihor and Doug Lehto faired very well. Doug went on to be crowned Carnival King and will unfortunately have to relinquish his throne next year, hopefully to another Geology student. Apart from Winter Carnival the Club put on two exceptionally successful beer bashes. As the academic year drew to a close the Geology Club Social held in the Prosvita Hall marked the end of the social calendar. I would like to at this time to introduce the Executive of the Geology Club for the past year, and to thank them for their participation and dedication. Vice-President: Bob Scott Secretary/Treasurer Eric Brown Social Directors: Ralph Bullough & Peter Friske Year Book Editor: Barry Pinn Special mention goes to Barry Pinn, Editor of the Geology Year Book , and his staff for the laborious hours which they have spent in the publication of an outstanding Year Book . David Powers, PRESIDENT, GEOLOGY CLUB. �ON THE GENESIS OF GRANITE by M. YUMA In the beginning God created the Heaven .•..•••.••.... and the Earth . And the earth was without form , and void ; so begins a well known story expounding a certain belief on the origin of the earth and granite since granite is a rock occurring near and on the surface of the earth . To a person supporting the democratic principle, that the majority opinion is correct , this would explain the origin of granite satisfactorily . However, we, being individualistic and schooled in geology like to think that this creation is not quite finished yet. It must be admitted though that the origin of the positive and negative changes that combine to form matter is unknown . We, geologists, come into this when the earth was without form , a swirling mass of dust and gasses, and imagine that the ''force" of gravity was present which formed this "ready created" dust into our earth . It is assumed that the reader agrees that the earth is a better sphere than the best basketball made by man; and also that energetic (heated) matter tends to rise to the "surface", i.e. heat energy flows from a hotter to a conler object . As a direct result of this remarkable observation , it can be stated that the concentratio n of radioactive isotopes is greatest in the rocks of the crust . Recall geothermal gradient . Also it is known that the radiogenic heat output was greater yesterday than today. Recall exponential decay function of all radioactive elements. This would also imply that the surface temperature of the earth, especially of granitic areas , was higher in the distant past . This is shown by the gaseous envelope around it (all expelled from the earth) . Also water molecules cover 75 % of the surface . Our "granite" stands out from the water , as the continental "floats". Recall isostasy . These continental " floats" are essentially granites and their derivatives. They were and are formed by contamination of the insoluble residue (silicon dioxide and aluminum silicates) by the liquid remaining from fractional crystallization of the basaltic magmas . This silica enrichment must precede granite formation . This enrichment occurs on the surface essentially . The contamination takes place near the surface under cover of the very "wet'' sediments . Bec~use of the lower density inherent in these "granitoid" rocks and because of the badly fractured platy nature of the earth ' s crust, these granitoid rocks tend to drift to the points of highest gravitional field strength, which are presently in the -- -- �vicinity of the poles. Guess where we find most of the earth's granites? That's right , near the poles ! This is normal and expected since the earth is not a perfect sphere . The granites make up only about 1/ 10 of one percent of the atoms in the earth but these are mighty important atoms for us air breathing creatures . SHERRITT SHERRITT GORDON MINES LIMITED MINING AND MILLING Lynn Lake , Manitoba Personnel DIVISION PETER A. CAIN Office Vice President Mining ( 204 ) 356-2441 �FIELD �TRIPS �1972-73 ��SfPW«J �Soetat �Bi II Mclelland Bruce Hicks Frank Smit Bill Blattner Dave Evans John Biczok �Marvin Humphreys Jeffrey Armstrong William Eismont James Rybar John Carlin First Year 1972.73 �NEIL R. CAMPLING Some Mineralogical, Textural and Environmental Aspects of the Pre-Gunflint & Pre-Sibley Weathered Profiles In the Thunder Bay region, ancient weathered profiles occur in the stratigraphic column below the initial sediments of the Gunflint and Sibley Formations. Both profiles consists of weathered granitic rock and a lithified, granitic derivative. The Pre-Gunflint profile is characterized by a remarkable increase in chlorite mineralization, and a very poorlydeveloped residual soil texture. These and other mineral ogical features tentatively indicate the Pre-Gunflint weathering occurred sub-aqueously in a temperature, estuarine or tidal-flat environment. The Pre-Sibley profile is characterised by an increase in hematite mineralisation, and a well-developed residual soil texture. These and other mineralogical features tentatively indicate that Pre-Sibley weathering occurred sub aerially in a humid, temperate climate. Only the Pre-Sibley weathered profile can be termed a paleosol . �Pillow lavas from Archean volcanic-rich supracrustal units the Superior Province of Northwestern Ontario were studied on a regional scale to identify possible variations in the style of metamorphism. Chemical analyses indicate that metamorphism has not affected the basic chemistry of the pillow lavas in most cases. Volatile contents vary in the lower grade of metamorphism, however, significant metasomatism has occurred in only a few localities. Both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline chemical affinities were noted in pillows from various areas. Chemical variations within individual pillows which have undergone relatively little alteration suggest differentiation processes may have occurred during the crystallization of the pillows. The pillow lavas of the Lake Nipigon-Geraldton-Jackfish area are of a low metamorphic grade with mineral assemblages corresponding to the greenschist facies. Variations in the scale of mineralogical homogeneity and the degre8 of recrystallization indicate that moderate pressure conditions prevailed in the Highway 11 area between Beardmore and Longlac while the Highway 17 area along the north shore of Lake Superior was characterized by very low stress conditions. This indicates a variation in the regional metamorphic pattern with greater depths of burial occurring in the northern volcanic-rich unit. The regional metamorphic pattern in the southern volcanic-rich unit may have been overprinted by thermal contact aureoles related to intrusive plutons. The suite of pill lavas from between the Highway 599 area represents central amphibolite zones bounded to the north at Central Patricia and to the south of Sturgeon Lake by low grade greenschist zones. Mineralogical and textural evidence suggests progressive regional metamorphism. �THE GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE ONAMAN LAKE PROPERTY, NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO In the thesis a detailed study was made of a small mineral prospect. The Onaman Lake property is located approximately 3 miles west of Onaman Lake in the Thunder Bay Mining.Division. The property is underlain by five rock types of Precambrian age: Keewatin acidic and mafic volcanics, Temiskaming conglomerate. Algoman granite and Keweenawan diabase dikes which cut all other rock types. The intrusion of the Algoman granite has had a contact metamorphic effect on the Keewatin mafic volcanics which is characterized by the progressive development of actinolite-tremolite and epidote group minerals in an originally chlorite rich rock. Cu, Zn and Pb are present on the property disseminated in quartz veins. In order to study the possibility of discovering other occurrences of Cu and Zn, the results of a soil sampling survey were evaluated statistically after separating the sample results into four groups: organic Cu and Zn values and inorganic Cu and Zn values. This study indicates a correlation between geochemical results and observed mineralization but indicates very few other anomalous conditions on the property. �STRUCTURES IN MIGMATIC ROCKS For this study an area along the Spruce River Road was chosen. Numerous outcrops in a 6 mile section were examined, which a variety of structures occur. Based on data, a three-fold division in the migmatite complex has been made. Well foliated biotite-plagioclase gneisses interlayered with quartzo-feldspathic gneisses. Lit-par-lit gneisses, composed of foliated gneisses interlayered with a potassium feldspar-rich mobilizate. Massive gneisses composed of poorly foliated rocks with vague structures. No sharp boundaries appear between these three types. A some-what transitional relationship between structures and mineralogy suggest stages in the degree of mobilization. A complex tectonic history is demonstrated by the structures in the migmatite. These migmatitic rocks comprise a basement complex overlain by less deformed and less metamorphosed metasedimentary and metavolcanic sequences. In the migmatite complex a fluctuating temperature produced great variations in the amount of melt at any time and thereby affected the complexities observed in the structures. �Archean Evolution of Western Dorion Twp. Ont. The western part of Dorion Twp. shows evidence of Archean ocks dating from very ancient 'primitive' basaltic crust to late kinematic, quartz monzonites. The oldest rocks underlie the northern part of the map area consists of metamorphic rocks of predominan~ly sedimentary nd, to a very minor extent, igneous origin. These metasedients are represented by roof pendants and xenoliths of fine medium grained, more or less plastically deformed, quartzoelspathic gneisses. The metamorphosed igneous rocks exist as ngular blocks of mafic to ultramafic hornblende gneiss. The atter may represent remnants of very early dykes, 'primitive' saltic crust or possibly 'horses' of mantle material. These oof pendants and xenoliths float in a 'sea' of pegmatitic o micropegmatitic, intensely flow-folded and very leucocratic obilizate. At the onset of the Kenoran 'orogeny' this basement assemb age began buckling in low amplitude east-west trending folds. s these folds developed, the synformal portion, now represnted in the southern part of the map area by the greenstone elt began filling with basement-derived pelitic· sediments, ntercalated in later stages with minor amounts of basaltic sh . With time the rate of deformation accelerated and the ressures and temperature became sufficiently high to remoblize the more volatile components of the basement at relatvely shallow depth . This caused intrusion of small eastest elongate quartz monzonitic bodies along zones of structral weakness at the edge of the greenstone belt and within he basement complex. These same pressure-temperature onditions caused progressive metamorphism of the pelitic ediments and retrogressive metamorphism of the basement omplex to a common middle-amphibolite facies grade. �ALLAN SPEED The Investigation into the use of Gamm-Ray Spectrometry as a possible geologic mapping tool The uses of the~mma-ray spectrometry as a geophysical tool in mineral exploration are well documented (Mero, 1960). However, few investigations into the feasibility of using this remote sensing technique as a geologic mapping tool are known. Thus, the purpose of this study was: 1) to investigate local scale variations in radioelement levels between different lithologic units. 2) to investigate the mineralogical composition of the various lithologic units causing the different radioelement levels. 3) to investigate the statistical problems involved in collecting and presenting data of this type, and 4) to investigate the possibility of using gamma-ray spectroscopy as a physical method which provides information from which geological conclusions can be drawn. Of the many radioactive isotopes that occur in rocks, only radio-potassium and members of the uranium and thorium series are important geologic sources of gamma-radiation . Two major,N-S traverses through the Gorham Township area crossed granitic batholithic intrusives, two types of sed~mentary rocks , volcanic rocks, diabase and gabbro. A portable gamma-ray scintillometer was used to measure the relative radiation effects of the various rock types. The initial count data was converted into more meaningful results using statistical methods , computer techniques, and geochemical analyses. These showed a definite difference in radioelement content of the various rock types measured. �JOE KASARDA The Alteration and Trace Element Content of the Mattabi Footwall Zone The Mattabi orebody is situated in the Sturgeon Lake area of North western Ontario. It exhibits many of the features common to Cu - Zn massive sulphide deposits found throughout the Canadian Shield . Alteration characteristics of the footwall rocks were studied by means of thin sections made from approximately 45 collected hand specimens. The main alteration products observed were sericite and carbonate . Abundant chloritoid and a relatively low chlorite content suggest that magnesium metasomatism was not prevalent during ore formation . No simple zonal arrangement of the lateration minerals is apparent. A total of 89 samples from 8 drill cores obtained from the footwall rocks were analyzed for Cu , Zn, Ni, Ag , Fe , Mn and Co2 by atomic absorption techniques. The frequency distributions of the elements were studied in the form of cumulative frequency curves. All the elemen~appear to be approximately lognormally distributed. Background and threshold levels were graphically estimated. �' A BIOGEOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF POPULUS TREMULOIDES APPROACHING A LEAD-ZINC-BARITE DEPOSIT The purpose of this study is to compare the variation of concentration of the trace elements lead, zinc, copper, and manganese in the various portions of Populus tremuloides with specific physical variables of the plant, such as height, age, and diameter, as well as with soil chemistry. The elemental levels of zinc, lead, copper, and manganese were measured in samples of soil, bark, old growth, new growth and buds of Populus tremuloides, and bark, old growth, new growth plus buds and needles for Pinus banksiana. Solutions of these samples were analyzed by atomic absorption methods. Lead is the only element which shows an anomalous concentration in the bark, new growth, old growth and buds of poplar. Old growth and new growth of poplar are the best portions of the tree to sample in order to detect the presence of a lead anomoly. The elemental concentration of lead, zinc, manganese, and copper in the plant organs sampled is affected by the absolute age of the species. The concentration of these elements does not accumulate with age. With the shallow soil profile, as occurs over the Sibley Group, geochemical soil sampling is a better exploration method for locating lead-zinc-barite deposits than a biogeochemical survey using Populus tremuloides as a sampling species �THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE LYON LAKE-CLAW LAKE SULPHIDE BEARING GRAPHITIC SHALE, STURGEON LAKE, ONTARIO The Lyon Lake-Claw Lake sulphide bearing graphitic shale is contained within a predominantly sedimentary sequence of course to fine clastics with minor carbonate and mafic volcanic rock. Sulphide mineralogy consists mainly of pyrite and pyrrhotite occuring as nodules, lensoid pods and narrow bands conformable with bedding. Traces of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and arsenopyrite are present as well. Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and As were analysed in sulphides, graphitic shale and wall rock. Results suggest: (1) Sulphides contain higher contents of Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and As than graphitic shale or wall rock and (2) Mn, Zn, Co and Ni content decreases eastward along the formation in graphitic shale. Analyses of a vertical section through the formation suggests: (1) Cu, Zn, and Mn are enriched in the footwall rocks as opposed to the hanging wall rocks, (2) Zn and As are concentrated in graphitic shale in comparison with hanging wall rocks and (3) Co and Ni content is relatively uniform throughout the section. Element ratios have been used to investigate the depositional environment of sulphides and host rock. Results show: (1) Co:Ni ratios in sulphides and graphitic shale are consistent with other worker's data for a sedimentary origin and (2) Mn:Fe ratios are suggestive of volcanic contribution to the Nestern margin of the formation. Carbon content in the graphitic shale varies from 1.60 12.06 %. X-ray studies indicate carbon is either present in an amorphous form or below the detection limit of this technique. X-ray studies indicate the pyrrhotite present is monoclinic possibly derived by metamorphism from pyrite. Evidence suggests that the graphitic shale is derived in a sedimentary basin in which there was volcanic activity at the western margin. This was followed by large scale mafic volcanism. Sulphides derived by sedimentary or diagenetic processes is likely, since there is no evidence for a direct volcanic exhalative source. �AMOCO CANADA PETROLEUM COMPANY LTD. Mining Division Mining Properties Optioned, Developed EASTERN OFFICE WESTERN OFFICE Suite 2010 65 Queen St. W. Toronto 1, Ontario Telephone: (416) 364-3409 2160 Guiness Tower 1055 W . Hastings St. Vancouver 1, B.C. Telephone: (604) 683-2591 PATINO MINES (QUEBEC) LIMITED Fourteenth FIoor, 7 Kin g St reet East Toronto , Ontario �STRUCTURE OF AN ARCHEAN SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE WITHIN THE QUETICO GNEISSIC BELT The purpose was to suggest a structural model for the metasedimentary rocks (Archean sediments). On structural grounds it appears reasonable to this area to assume that the metasedimentary sequence rests on a basement complex. The unconformity between these two appears to have been remobilized during orogeny and hence is no longer intact. Based on field observation of sedimentary structures several reversals of top directions were determined. These sediments are basically of graywacke composition. Low-grade metamorphism and non penetrative deformation have left primary sedimentary features intact. A maximum thickness of 4,700 feet of sediments was established from the model. The folding is tight isoclinal and slightly overturned, originating from a flexural slip and flow mechanism. THE SILICATE AND SULPHIDE PETROLOGY OF THE KAWENE LAKE INTRUSION silicate and sulphide petrology of the Kawene Lake Intrusion was studied using a transmitted light microscope, a reflected light microscope, a 4-axis universal stage microscope, point counting, chemical analysis and x-ray methods to determine if this intrusion is a strataform pluton, or an alpine type ultramafic. A tectonic environment is also investigated and an origin for the rocks and sulphides is suggested. It is found that this intrusion is not a strataform pluton, but is possibly an alpine type ultramafic lying somewhere in between the two suggested and meffibers, namely the ophiolite suites of Newfoundland and the serpentinites of Vermont. It is also found that this intrusion was syntectonically placed in an Archean eugeosyncline, surrounded by flysh-type deposits. It is suggested that both the sulphur and metal, essential to form the sulphides, came from the magma itself and not from the surrounding rocks or the sea water. �• Mining Exploration and Development • Properties Examined, Optioned and Financed Phelps Dodge Corporation of Canada Ltmtled Suole 1106 - 55 Yonge 51, Toronto, Onl M 5E I J4 ( 4 16) 366 4674 Suooe 404 , 1112 Wul Pender 51 , Vancouver I , B C ( 604) 684 - 6588 Suol t 409-491 Porl ogt Avt, Wonn•Pt<l R38 2E5, Monolobo (204) 775 - 8423 Fredenc:ton. N 8 • Val d'Or, 0~ / noranda NORANDA EXPLORATION COMPANY, LTD. NO PERSONAL LIABILITY BRANCH OFFICE . .. .. 253 LINCOLN STREET THUNDER BAY, ONT. �V1t. Ed.waJtd MeJtc.y V1t. MeJtc.y Wa6 boJtn and Jtec.eived ~ ea!tly educ.a.;t{.on in geology at :the ImpeJtia.t CoUege on Applied Sc.ienc.e and Tec.hnology in London, England wheJte he Jtec.eived a B.Sc.. and Ph.V. in geoc.he.m<..6bty. V!t. MeJtc.y Wa6 ai.ho a SenioJt Lec.:twteJt at :the UniveJtJ.JUy o6 Edinbu.Jtgh, Sc.o:tland. Th!tough :the ye..a/U}, V1t. MeJtc.y ha6 done JteoeaJtc.h on geoc.hemic.a.t J.J:tudieo o6 plu:tonic. and volc.anic. Jtoc.k. in Eu.Jtope a6 well. a6 J.J:tudieo on u.tbtama6ic. Jtoc.k..6 a6 modw o6 :the manile o6 :the EaJt:th. V!t. Man6Jted Keh.tenbec.k. V1t. Keh.tenbec.k. £00..6 boJtn in Bltemen, GeJtmany and c.ame :to N. AmeJtic.a 6oJt ~ univeJtJ.Ji:ty educ.ation. He J.J:tudied 6oJt ~ B.Sc.. in Ho6.6:tlta UniveJtJ.Ji:ty in New YoJtk.. Coming :to Canada, he Jtec.eived ~ Ph. V. in Geology at Queen' .6 UniveJtJ.Ji:ty in KingJ.J:ton wheJte. he ha6 done Jteo e.aJtc.h in :the GJtenviUe PJtovinc.e. A6:teJt one ye.aJt at U.N.B. he c.ame :to L. U. in 1977 and i-6 piteo enily doing !teo e.aJtc.h on :tec.:tonic. evo.tu:tion o6 :the Altc.hean c.JtuJ.J:t. �V~. M. W. Ba~~ley Bo~n ~n W~nn~peg, Man~~oba , unde~­ g~adua~e wo~~ a~ U n~ve~~~~y on Man~~oba , po~~-g~adua~e wo~~ a~ U n~ve~~~~y on To~on~o. F~eld Pa~~y Leade~ no~ On~a~­ ~o Vepa~~men~ on M~ne~ du~~ng po~~­ g~adua~e yea~~. Sub~equen~ly, Ch~en Geolog~~~ and P~oduc~~on Manage~ a~ S~eep Roc~ I~on M~ne~ L~m~~ed. F~~~~ P~~ncipal La~ehead Techn~cal In~~~~u~e. F~~~~ Cha~~man, Boa~d on Gove~no~~. La~ehead Un~ve~~~~y. Cu~~en~ly ~n p~~va~e p~ac~~ce a~ con~ul~an~ ~pec~al­ ~z~ng ~n ne~~ou~ m~ne~al explo~a~~on and developmen~. Spec~al Lec~u~e~ a~ La~e­ head Un~ve~~~~y ~ince 7977-72 ~e~~~on. V~ . John S. MotheMill V~ . Mo~heMill Uk:t..6 bo~n ~n Otill.IAXL, OntaJUo. He ~ecuved lvi.-6 B.Sc. (Phy~~~ , Mathemati~) at CM!eton UMveMdy and ~ B.Sc. (Geolog~cal Eng~ne~ng) and Ph .V. at Queen ' ~ UMveMdy. Wo~~ed no~ Stand~d 0~ (N.J.) and Mob~ !~~national 0~ Co . ~n TM~ey, Nig~, Colomb~ and EMope . Jo~ned the Faculty on La~ehead UMveMdy ~n 7966 . He hM been caMy~ng ou~ ~ ed~e~olog~cal ~tud~eh o6 La~e Sup~o~ . V~ng ~ ~ab­ batical leave he ~ed out ~e~entolog­ ~cal ~tud~~ o6 La~e~ V~~o~ and Chad and ~he N~g~ VeUa . �Bo~n ~n Nohth Bay , On~ . B. SQ . and M. SQ . a;t Ca.JLte;ton UMvVl.-6dy. Ph .V. ~n MetaLe.oge.ny a;t .the. UMvVl.-6dy o6 Wu.tMn On.tilio . While. ¢.tlldy~ng 6o~ my Ph. V., I ~ a ge.olog~.t w~h .the. Ge.olog~Qat Su~ve.y o6 Canada . I have. be.e.n a;t Lak.e.he.ad UMvVl.-6dy 6o!t 4 ye.a.JU and my ~Ue.aJtQh ~n.tMe.¢t6 Me. ~n P~e.Qamb~n StJta;t,{.gMphy on .the. ThundM Bay d~.ttzid and MMJ.:J~ve. Sulphide. Ve.po-6~ 1 1.> Genu~ . ~ . Md.e.wa.ine. ~ bo~n ~n To~on.to and a.t.te.nde.d UMVMI.>~Y ~n F~e.de.MQ.ton. He. ~e.Qeive.d h.i...-6 B. SQ . and M. SQ . ~n geology a;t .the. UMve.Mdy o6 New ~n~.>wic.k. . On.tilio Ve.pM.tme.n.t o6 Mil-teA hM be.e.n ~ . Mc.I.e.wa.ine. 1 1.> e.mployM 6oJt .the. pM.t .tMe.e. ye.a.JU ~n ThundM Bay . He. ~ g~v~ng .the. .t>e.d~e.n.tology QOu/1..6e. while. v~. J . Mo.the.Mill ~ on ~.>abbilic.at leave. �V~. Roge.~ M~ehett Bo~n -i..n FM-6R.e.y Yo~k6We. Eng.f.and , attended ManehM t~ Un-i..veM~Ij wh~'l.e. he. ~eeuved M6 B. Se . and M. Se . de.g~e.M . Com-i..ng to Canada, V~ . M~eheil 6tud-i..e.d 6o~ h-i..6 Ph. V. -i..n -i..6 atope. ge.oehe.rn.W~y at Mc.MMteJt Un-i..veM~Ij -i..n Hamilion . S-i..nee. Mc.MMt~ he hM .6tu.d-i..e.d at the. Un-i..ve.M~Ij o6 Af.beJtta and Un-i..veMUy o6 06R.o -i..n Noroway be.6o~e. eom-i..ng to Lakehead Un-i..ve.M~Ij th-i..6 ye.~ . V~ . M~eheil hM done. ~Me.~eh on .6u..f.phM -i.6otope..6, IU.mb~M and ~Me eMth g e.oehem-i.6~y . V~ . H. Lou.bat v~ . Lou.bat WM bo~n -i..n Sou.-i..aae. -i..n Sou.th~n F~nee. . He. ~e.euve.d h-i..6 e.~y edu.eation -i..n Be.R.g-i..u.m and hanee. be.6o~e. eMolling at· the. Uni.veM~Ij o6 Geneva -i..n SwUzeJt.e.and . Th~e. he. 6tu.d-i..e.d 6o~ a B. Se . , M. Se . and Ph .V. -i..n geoeogy and m-i..n~ogy M w~.e. M a d-i..p.f.oma -i..n ge.o.f.og-i..ea.f. eng-i..ne.~ng . In EMope. he. had done. wo~k p)()_nupaUy -i..n the. F~eneh and Ita.f.-i..an a.f.p-6 . In 1970 V~. Lou.bat WM -i..nvUe.d baek to Ge.ne.va M a R.e.~~ -i..n the. 6u.mmeJt .6eme6t~ . V~. Lou.bat pMtie-i..pa.;te.d -i..n an oee.anog~aph-i..e expedition -i..n 1971 6o~ the. Canad-i..an Oee.anog~aph-i..e I Mt-Uu.te. . The. p~o j e.et ea.f.R.e.d "deep d~" WM u.ndeJttaken -i..n the. Sou.th Atf.antie. S-i..nee. eom-i..n9 to Lakehead Un-i..veM~Ij , V~. Lou.bat hM done. ~e..6e~eh on we.ak.e.y metamo~phMe.d Mehean ~oek -i..n No~h­ We.6t~n On.:t.a.JUo , a.6 well a6 a the.o~y on the. ge.ne6-i.6 o6 pe.gm~e. . �!GEOLOGY LABORATORY TECHNICIANS I Ann Sumpter Ann was born and educated in England and emigrated to Canada in June 1967. She joined the staff of the Department of Geology at Lakehead University in July 1968 . Ann maintains all the requirements of the first year teaching laboratory and manufactures thin sections of suites of rocks for all the department ' s teaching purposes, of students field trip collections and for the research projects of the Faculty members ., Ann Sumpter (Peppermint Patti) Pat was born and educated in Thunder Bay and has been employed in the Department of Geology for the past 7~ years . She has a wide variety of skills in the secretarial, sedimentological , geochemical and petrological fields . Pat incorporates two interests in one; that of a professional typist and the other as a geological technician. Pat is also well known for her social conventions, eg . Hallowe ' en. Pat Zurkan �Ronald Bennett Chief Laboratory Technician , 1936 to 1967 , The Grant Institute of Geology , University of Edinburgh . Research , many kinds of technical approaches to Ph . D. studies. Presently, Principal Technician , Lakehead University . R.L. Bennett Sam Spivak Sam was born in Port Arthur where he received his basic drafting techniques in high school and his geological training while in the employment (for 8 years) of a local mining company and has been draftsman for the Science departments for the past '~ years . He maintains a fairly extensive map library while drafting time is largely devoted to preparing maps , overlays and drawings for use as teaching aids and research publications. S.T. Spivak �Ain Raitsakas Resident Seismology Affiliate & Mentor (Alternate Title - The Lure of Seismology) Ain was born in England some years ago, emigrated to Kanada several years later where he has remained even until this day . As a graduate of the prestigious Port Arthur Collegiate Institute , with the promise of an illustrious career ahead , he studied Physics at the University of Waterloo . He then advanced to Lakehead University; assimilating knowledge , working as a research assistant in Biology , before settling down in Seismology. A. Raitsakas Howard Poulsen Early History: Born, raised and educated educated in Thunder Bay area . Education : B. Sc . Physics (1968-1970), University of Waterloo; B. Sc . Geology (1972), Lakehead University . Jobs : Exploration Geophysics (1961-1971), High School Teaching (1968- 1969) , J. M. Franklin ' s right hand man (1972-1975) . Interests: Metallogeny, Exploration Geophysics , Evolution of the Archean , Keweenawan Stratigraphy, Farming . K. H. Poulsen �Jean Helliwell I was born and raised in Toronto ' the good ' where I comp l eted my High School education and then a Secretarial course at Ryerson College . Came to the great Northwest in 1967 and for the past 8 years have held the position of Geology Departmental Secretary. Jean Helliwell T HA NK y0u TO DR, M. BARTLEY - HoNORARY PROFESSOR, LA KEHEAD UNIV ERSITY MR S, J, HELLIWELL - SECRETARY, GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT MR. i I s. SPIVAK MISS P. ZURKAN - DRAFTSMAN, GEOLOGY DE PARTMENT - LAB TECHNI CIAN, GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT ���environ mental contro-1 40years ago One of the finest recreational parks in Northern Ontario is located between the old Hollinger mine and the adjoining town of Timmins, a Northern Ontario mining community of 30,000 people. When the Hollinger mine and Timmins were both young the park was a tailings dump in a shallow lake, unsightly and dusty. More than 40 years ago-long before environmental control became a subject of public concern-the dump was converted into a public park, maintained by Hollinger. It provides facilities for baseball , soccer, track and field events, picnics, field days, concerts and other recreational activities. When the Hollinger mine closed, the park was ceded to the town of Timmins, but it remains a symbol of Hollinger's long-held belief that a successful mining operation can and should enrich the lives of all Canadians. It also provides enduring evidence that the need for environmental control was accepted by Hollinger long before the subject became publicly popular. HOLLINGER MINES LIMITED �Canadian Exploration OHices Su1te 1302 - 7 King Street East TORONTO, ONTARIO MSC 1A2 (416 364-6188 EXPLORATION , INC. 601 - 53 5 Thurlow Street VANCOUVER, B.C. V6E 3L2 EXPLORATION EVALUATION DEVELOPMENT FINANCING (604) 683-0474 P 0 Box 1150 TIMMINS, ONTARIO P4N 7H9 (705) 264-5247 1666 Dublin Avenue A Subsidiary of: WINNIPEG, MANITOBA R3H OH1 (204) 786.4881 PO Box 130 AMERICAN METAL CLIMAX, INC. STEWIACKE, N.S. BON 2JO (902) 378-2603 SIIIP HOCK IRON MINIS liMIIID ~~~k.de LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY GEOLOGY CLUB SUIP HOCK IRON MINIS liMIJID Atikokan , Ontario ��\Vecanhelp make it happen. If you would like advice or information on any of our helpful services, why not drop in soon. We'll be pleased to help you in any way we can. serving Ontario �EDITOR'S MESSAGE This year book has been approximately three years in the making. During that time people have come and gone. Due to this turnover there have been many changes made, both in material and year book staff. When I and a few other concerned students took over,what faced us was an unorganized attempt of putting together a Year Book . We have attempted to put what pieces we had into some semblance of order. We have made no attempt to update the material to any great extent in order to finally get this year book done. Due to thi s many important details have been left out. material Thus I wi 11 give a brief resume of this that was left out of the Year Book . To begin with I will start with the faculty. In the winter of 1973/74 Dr. H. Loubat resigned his position at Lakehead and is now teaching in Quebec. Dr. Garth Platt was hired to fill this vacancy in the fall of 1974. This spring Dr. Jim Frankl in was offered a position with the Geological Survey of Canada which he has accepted. My only comment here is that L.U. Geology has lost one of its finest members . Listed below are the names of all the Geology students from 1974/75. I am sorry that no pictures of many of these students are available a nd my a p o 1o g i e s f o r t h i s fa i 1 i n g o n t h e p a r t o f t h e past year book staffs. FIRST YEAR Herb Christmas Brian Cole Douglas Cole James Crinklaw Ernest Grach Randy Ha 11 E 1 i zabeth Johnston Alan Koskela Fred Peters Jeffrey Record Jean Samson Bernard Schnieders Frank See! iger Mark Wittrup Gordon Yule �SECOND YEAR Alan Aubut Frank Balint Kenneth Hartviksen Stephen Hitchman Eric Mosley Donald Nicol Keith Peden Randy St. Jacques Ronald Tapsay Donald Turubchuk Gerald Varteniuk THIRD YEAR John Biczok Heather Boyle George Chabot Albert Chiew William French Holly Johnston William Mclellan Gerald Perry Frank Smit The following is the names of the students in the FOURTH YEAR - HONORS DEGREE for 1974/75 and also their thesis titles. DENIS BATTRUM Sedimentology of the Kama Hill for mati o n o f th e Sibley Group . JACK CLUE The formation of stream ripples. GARY GRABOWSKI Geology of the Atikokan iron mine. WILLIAM HODGINS Selenium absorption of Mn02. DENNIS KWIATKOWSKI - Geology and geochemistry of anthraxol i te. DOUG LEHTO Structural and petrological evo luti o n of th e Do g-Hawk eye Lake s area. �JOHN MASON Quaternary sedimenology and stratigraphy of Thunder Bay. WILLIAM MCRAE Determination of cesium by neutron-activation analysis. MARIO SILVA Internal structure and petrology of the Trout Lake Intrusion. GORDON STEINERT Structure and petrology of the Barnum Lake quartz-monzonite. JAMES SYVITSKI Element concentration of the waters and sediments of Thunder Bay. The next 1 ists are the names plus thesis titles for those students that have graduated in 1973 and 1974, in that order. 1973 HONORS DEGREE BRENT PASKE Geology and geochemistry of the Onaman Lake Property, Northwestern Ontario. GEORGE EINARSON Variations in the style of Metamorphism in Archean Supracrustal Units of the Superior Province. ROBERT KYRYLUK Description of structures and their significance in a migmatite complex. LESLIE TIHOR Archean evolution of Western Dorion township. ALLAN SPEED The investigation into the use of gamma-ray spectrometry as a possible geologic mapping tool. JOE KASARDA Wall-rock alteration and trace element geochemistry of the footwall rocks of the Mattabi Deposit, Sturgeon Lake area . NEIL CAMPLING Some geological and environmental aspects of remnant pre-Gunflint and pre-Sibley weathered profiles. �What comes out ofa Mine? What comes out of a mine? Minerals, of course. But much more than minerals ... such as: Jobs- at the mine sites- thousands of them. Jobs- in industries supplying goods and ~ ... ·vices to the mines- hundreds of thousands of them. Exports- about 1/3 of the exports required by Canada to maintain its role as a senior trading nation. New communities- there are hundreds of mining communities across Canada. New opportunities in new communities -for almost every kind of trade, skill , profession, talent or business. New wealth- total value of Canadian mineral production in 1973 exceeded $8 billion -wealth translated into the Canadian economy for wages, salaries, supplies, services, taxes and dividends. The Canadian mining industry is a valuable, useful industry in Canada - valuable and useful enough to be studied, understood and encouraged. HOLLINGER MINES LIMITED Labrador Mining and Exploration Company Limited Hollinger North Shore Exploration Company, Limited �heath &sherwood drilling A Division of • • • • ~C " Upper Canada Resources Limited Diamond Drilling Dual Tube - Overburden sampling Chip Sampling Deep Hole Rigs Unitized, Skid and Mobile Rigs KIRKLAND LAKE SUDBURY THUNDER BAY TORONTO WIN NIPEG 705-567-9311 705-682-2833 807-577-9043 416 -364-7301 204-889-7369 Head Office - 908 - 40 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario M5J ITI Member Canadian Diamond Dnlling Assoc1at1on THE PAS 204-623-2722 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972-74 Lakehead University Geology Journal Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource 1972-74 journal for the Lakehead University Geology Program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-74 1972 1973 1974 Geology Yearbook https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1984/1973_Convocation_Address_by_Dr._Sam_Smith.pdf 4f90fb451329b45720851de496734720 PDF Text Text ������������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973 Convocation Address Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Convocation address given by Dr. Sam Smith. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-11-17 1973 Convocation Sam Smith https://digitalcollections.lakeheadu.ca/files/original/8/1921/Forestry_Yearbook_1973.pdf f2b993ee7996ef637ba06154683c9cd4 PDF Text Text ���Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https ://arch ve o rg/detai Is/I uf o r 1 973 i . �LAKEHEAD FORESTRY HARVEST 73 �276796 �This is yearbook dedicated to the first graduating class of the forestry degree program. Best wishes to all of you for a successful future. ���SUPPORTERS Lakehead University Bookstore Lakehead University Food Services Curladrome Curling Club Dynast Forest Products Limited Abitibi Paper Company Limited Stan's Pizzeria and Spaghetti - Lakehead Woodlands House and Tavern Kimberly-Clark Pulp and Paper Company Limited, Woodlands Department �Intario-Minnesota Pulp and Paper Company Limi ted The Great Lakes Paper Company Limited The Ontario Paper Company Limited Domatar Woodlands Limited Paui Garofalo Barber Shops, 92 S. Cumberland and L.U. Mall Bert Styffe and Son Contractors Limited �Editorial Lakehead University's first group of degree foresters enters the world this spring. Most of us have began going to school for the past eighteen years with only a few months devoted to practical forestry work. We are ready to enter upon our careers education process is only beginning , but many among us feel our with our university experience serving - only to acquaint us with the general history of forestry practice, some technique and a whole lot of theory. We have been in a unique situation during the past four years. Our professors have outlined the straight and true p^th, and at the same time we have observed how these virtuous theories are twisted into a hardly recognizabl 'out there'. shape Surelv, graduating forestry students in the past have felt as strongly as ourselves about how forestry should be performed. to bend their values? fact - When then, did they start The answer may lie to a great extent in one unalterable thev got old, and in doing so lost the youthful energv it takes to stand hard by what one feels is true - even if it hurts a bit All we as graduates can do is go out and do the best job we can, and let the chips fall where they may. But I wonder - has this been said before? Thanks to all who have contributed to the book this year - the Argus Office and especially the crew on the yearbook staff. Greg Crook Editor Media Services, �Chairman's Message This edition of the Lakehead University Forestry Association's year book must be regarded as one of potential historic value marking, as it does, the graduation of our first class of foresters in 1973. In 1948, our forest technology program was initiated under the direction of the late C. John Campbell. Few who were then associated with the develop- ment, directly or indirectly, anticipated that it would become the progenitor, 25 years hence, of a full-fledged forestry degree program. In the latter con- text, it is appropriate that there be recorded, here, the name of John W. Haggerty. Professor Haggerty was intimately associated with the development of the School of Forestry for more than 20 years until his death in August, 1971. His unflagging aspirations and efforts towards the establishment of a forestry degree program at Lakehead University were realized in 1971. In April of that year, the Ontario government authorized the University to provide such a program, and to grant the degree, Bachelor of the Science of Forestry. The reputation of any educational institution depends upon its graduates. In the past quarter of a century, our School has been well-reputed through the competence, zeal and ability of the graduates of our forest technology program. The challenge before the forestry degree graduates of 1973, then, will be to bring to professional practice an untiring determination to improve Canadian forestry. By endeavouring constantly to carry theory into practice, they will reflect creditably upon themselves and upon the School of Forestry. In behalf of the faculty and staff of the School, I am pleased to express our best wishes to the Technology and Degree graduates of 1973 for challenging and satisfying careers. To the members generally of the Lakehead University Forestry Association, I must convey the appreciation of the faculty and staff for the patience, good-will and co-operation which were manifested under the difficult conditions of the 1972-73 academic year. We have been assured that substantial increases in faculty, staff and space will be authorized for the School for 1973-74. These benefits will enable further improvements in our courses and programs to meet the growing challenges of forestry in a post-industrial society. Kenneth W. Hearnden Chairman �S. Zingel Associate Professor G Vanson Lab Technician . �H. Westbroek Assistant Professor B. Kinnear Lab Technician �Hazenberg Assistant Professor T . H. Blair Associate Professor J. �G. Murchison Lecturer H. Hopkins Lab Technician D. ��LUFA Executive left to right Doris Neuart Secretary ���WHAT IS THE FORESTRY POLICY OF ONTARIO? Amongst a majority of members of the forestry profession, doubtless, there is a general assumption that a sustained yield policy has been adopted in the province and, on the evidence of increasing silviculture activities and rising expenditures in the past five years or more, that the policy is being effectively implemented. Since 1964, for example, outlays of public money on silviculture have gone from $2,000,000 to more than $5,000,000 in 1971, and statistically, at least, the annual reports of the Minister of Lands and Forests reveal in- creases in acres treated, units planted and so on, commensurate with these outlays . If one should seek to find in the public record an unequivocal declaration of the policy of Ontario in respect of forest lands, one which is known to and supported by all political parties, and which has been defined in all its implications, both immediate and long term, for all of our citizens, he may have some difficulty in finding any more substantial basis for the activities mentioned above than the casual interest of the government of the most prosperous of the ten provinces. The Crown Timber Act , which is taken to be the legislative embodiment of provincial philosophy and policy towards public forest lands makes no mention of sustained yield. Although a "management plan" may be required of a licencee this, alone, is no assurance that such plan will be little more than an inter- esting academic exercise, or, as has been too often the case, simply a long term timber liquidation projection, in which unaided, beneficent natural processes are offered as the basis for the establishment and growing of the next forest. The Act provides that the "Minister may enter into" regeneration agreements with licencees to promote and maintain the productivity of cut-over areas. Here, there has been a significant growth in activities and here, perhaps, can be seen a confirmation of the dedication of the government to the principle of sustained continued �. yield. Beyond these provisions, however, the Crown Timber Act would seem to be intended principally to ensure the orderly disposal of public timber, and for the collection of dues, fees, charges, and penalties. The support of our provincial government for sustained yield forest management, whether assumed or implicit, appears to be most generous, perhaps even embarrassing to some who are responsible for the expenditure of some part of the public silvicultural largesse , but that support might well be examined in the light of apparent provincial priorities , as revealed in the programs and expenditures in other areas of the public realm, and in the extent to which the full needs of an effective forest management program are being met. Six years ago, the Forestry Study Unit estimated a need for the commitment of $8.1 million to silvicultural programs by 1970, or approximately $3 million more than were provided in 1971. During the discussion on the estimates of his Department in the Legislative Assembly, in 1971, the then Minister of Lands and Forests acknowledged that current regeneration programs were inadequate and confessed that he was unable to obtain a large share of funds from the public purse for them. It seems that other programs in the public domain were deemed to be of greater importance. These, doubtless, included the $25 million ex- travaganza in Lake Ontario, "Ontario Place", and the recreation of various provincial "heritage" sites at costs of some millions of dollars, such as old Fort William, on the eroding banks of the Kaministiqua River. Looking beyond the grosser aspects of public spending, at the silvicultural program in particular, one is led to speculate as to the quality of regeneration work being undertaken when he learns that, although the silvicultural budget has increased by 2.5 times in the past seven years, no increase in the complement of professional foresters in the employ of the Department of Lands and Forests has been permitted since 1962. Although a substantial portion of the increased regeneration program was intended to fall .under the direction of cooperating continued �licencees, it is a fact that the initiative and responsibility for the planning, design, and general supervision of projects remained with the Unit Foresters. That the average Unit size, in the North, is approximately 1 million acres may be sufficient indication of the extent of the responsibility assigned to these people, and it may be inferred, of the intensity of management to be provided. In considering this issue of forest policy in Ontario in the light of actual experience across the past few years, one is inclined to speculate that the policy is in reality one of expedience, perhaps best expressed as, "you liquidate, we regenerate, where possible, and to the extent that funds may be provided." Indeed, in the past several years, there has occurred a shrinkage in financial support for silviculture, and this has imposed stresses and dif- ficulties at all levels. Nearly 20 years ago, the Sixth British Commonwealth Forestry Conference adopted a resolution on Forest Policy, portions of which follow: "1. That the attention of all Commonwealth Governments be drawn to the great need for a continuous and stable forest policy. 2. That those Governments who have not yet formulated and published a statement of their forest policy be urged to do so without delay, and that all Commonwealth Governments be urged to take action to implement their forest policies." A forest policy, the Conference agreed, should aim at, "The protection, conservation, and sustained yield management of sufficient areas of forest land to ensure the maintenance and the improvement of the protection functions of the forest, particularly in relation to soil and water supplies." In discussing the necessary steps towards sustained yield, a Conference committee stated that the attainment of adequate restocking of cut-over areas by natural or artificial means should constitute "the first charge on the re- continued. �. venue obtained from the harvesting of the crop." Is it not time in Ontario, 106 years after Confederation, and after more than 60 years of the presence and influence of professional forestry in the province, that there should be on the public record a clear, comprehensive, unequivocal statement of forest policy? The existence of such a statement would be a stronger basis for support for the needs of an effective sustained yield forest management program, surely, than the present policy, if it exists, which seems to be heavily shrouded in ambiguity and highly susceptible to the vagaries of political climates. Upon our profession, ultimately, rests the responsibility for the design of a provincial forest policy which our legislators will recognize and adopt as the indispensable foundation for the creation of a living heritage for future generations - a well-managed public and private forest estate Kenneth W. Hearnden , R.P.F. �Field Trips ����������Stags ����CLASS OF 73 Herb Bax Doug George Hunt Ball Ken George Rick Terry- Russell Zebruck Player Thompson �Doug Bill Gord Penna Murphy Lemaistre Malcolm Roy Mclntyre Potvin Mike Bob Ned Folkema Pick Martin Bernhard Jo-Anne Don Altmann Stupendick Wilson �Degree Front Row left III right - Ted Aho, Allan Ballack Bernie Chong Glen MacGillivray Paul Jewiss, Bill Baker, Bob Stoddart , , Middle Row left - , Trevor Woods, right Roland Hack, Rob McLeod Gary Bloomfield, Ron Sedor Mike Roy, Don Snider, Helen Nowak Jim Agombar John Thomson, Wayne McLeod, Rick Mcllquham, Chris Marsh, Bruce Lagzdin, John Godden Graeme Olson, Gunthef Herbert. , , , , , Back Row left - right Gerald Cook, Bruce Nichols, John Riley, Tom Scott, Norm Goba, Bruce Ferguson, Ilmar Kondor, Pat Thompson, Don Roy, Stan Kaczanowski Absent D. L. Chapeskie, A. Clark, C. Clarke, G. Cowman, E. East, J. Holley, Juhala, D. Parsons. �, Degree II Front Row (left to right) Frank Kennedy, John Bourdreau, Paul Fraser, Ron Kirkbride Nello Cataldo. , Kim Osmars Second Row (left to right) Bruce Barry, John Stacey, James Harrison, Paul Poschmann, B. Lahteenmaa. Third Row (left to right) Wim Vanborrendam Bill Thibault Larry Lemak, Ken Yaraskavitch George Broom, Mark Butler, Al Raman, Brad Sutherland , , Jacques Tremblay, Nick Saltarelli Bob Baxter. , , Don MacAlpine, Phil Keenan, John Negusanti, George Webb, Second Row (left to right) John Thomas, Don (Lap) Laponen, Derek Dool, Gary (Mush) Parker, Jack Phillips, Andrew Allan, Roy Robin. Absent Steve Ball Martin Fung Dan Gilbert Bernie Meuller Doris Neuert R. Parsons Don Strang Dan Vanlith �Degree ) 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i If f i ' ! 1 1 1 f 1 1 II I ! 1 i ' 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 1 iiiiiiiii lllmlii 1 lllllH 1 Front Row (left to right) D. Foster, J. Culp T. Jordon , , T. Knight, B. Cavanagh. Second Row (left to right) P. D. Van Oosten, D. Reilly, R. Grice Mahon , J. Jeffery, J. Power. , P. Burrough , M. Birch, E. Kaufman, Third Row (left to right) P. Spruce, S. Reid, G. Moore Front Row (left to right) T. McDonough, P. McBay, M. Desjardin, B. Mann, D. Lawrence, C. Shelp, J. Elliot. Second Row (left to right) D. R. Musselman, W. Kenney Prior, R. Knudson. , R. Paterson, J. Rawlinson, R. Orynik, D. Tribe, Third Row (left to right) R. Kilpatrick, D. Ruberry J. Christianson Selinger. , , C. Ball, G. Cheslock, W. Grace. J. Morse, R. McColm, C. Top Row (left to right) P. D. Roberts, 0. Natkinniemi, D Stratton. Kachkowski, E. Hudson, B. Neil, W. Munro, Absent P. Brett, P. Bryan, D. Davidson, D. Davis, J. DeLagran , D. Dew, M. Foreman, W. Gilmour, D. Goss , R. Arynik, T. Landry, L. Li Yok Tong , G. Lytle, B. Mobach, J. C. Moore, J. R. Morse, R. Morton, A. R. Mouck , W. Morbachewski , B. Horbachewski P. Queen, R. Rivard, P. Roberts, G. Simmons, R. Simons, S. Somers , N. Tennant A. Turcotte, P. Whaley, L. Whiting, H. Wilson, R. Grover �, Technology I Front Row (left to right) Brian Saar Gord MacKenzie, Martin Elphee, Hak Nielsen, Brent Johnson, Dave Merryfiled, R. Bishop, Bob Forbes, Brian Pinkney. , Second Row (left to right) Dave Zink, John Hakala, E. Widdis J. Houston, Rick Tease, Willy Cheslock, Dick Hagmah Rob Parsons, Mark Leschishin, John Dunford, John Wilson, Scotty McQuire. , , Third Row (left to right) B. Bigwood, Gary Hunter, Paul Dusk, John McLean, Lorne Davidson, Len Hoare. Absent Barker, A. Bennett, R. Bennett, L. Blayney, Boltuc B. Chapman, H. Checko, Collins, B. Davis, M. Desjardins, J. Diebolt G. Dumais E. Edwards, T. Eeuw D. Elliott, T. English, R. Fran, D. Ferguson, M. Butler, L. Davidson, M. Birch, W. Ford, S. Harrison, Iskra, R. J. Jeffries, M. Knox, D. Lane, B. McCulligh, J. Metcalfe, W. Moody, J. Munroe K. Nuttall C. Oshowy, Perry, R. Patterson, Poperechny W. Richardson, G. Rivard R. Robertson, B. Ross, P. Ruttle, P. Ryder, A. Sales, B. Saye R. Simpkins D. Skomorah A. Spencer, R. Stephens, R. Strey, D. Swanick M. Szeler, C. Thibodeau, G. Tomlinson, B. Vermeersch E. Widdis, B. Wilson, R. Prior. D. , R. , , , , , , , , , , �Technology II Graduates K. Lockett G. C. B. T. Brown Clark Fedorchuk Itz J. N. D. W. Douglas Smith Anderson Kilzer �. F. D. Beck Hilliard R. Sherwin D Shippam I. Wilson J. Warren D. Lightf oot R. Nash G. Perry A. Ostapiuk P. Backor R. Spooner R. T. K. Shenton Irvine Ringrose E. Wang J. Greer D. Colvin Vandahl �Environmental Studies Graduates Marching-ton Walrond Wery �, Campout in Connaught Park Campout davs were lazy and hazy in downtown Port Arthur. Instead of thirty below zero as in some previous years, it was warm enough for pretzels and beer. Nights were something else, with many people dropping in to say "hi" and enlighten our spirits. The night fire often flickered on into the early morning as the "coffee" drinkers stayed on. This year the campout went co-educational with four girls deciding to try their camping skills overnight. One of the many highlights was the snowman, in typical forester stance, which received much public attention. On the last night the fire department was brought to the ready when they noticed great flames on the horizon. The fire chief came by to check it out, and upon spying our merry group dancing and drinking decided to leave us and the fire in peace. Woodman's Competion The woodman's Competition was a great success. Everyone kept warm by the The turnout was sub- fire with liquid sunshine, thick pea soup and twisters. stantially better than in the past, and hopefully will continue to gain popularity in the future. Some fifty erect souls showed up to start, but only about half that many were present for the presentation of prizes, some not so erect. This year Forestry Degree II walked away with the trophy and a few spoils of victory. Ken Yaraskevitch , Team members were Jacques Tremblay , Don MacAlpine Dan Muscelman, Derek Dool and Paul Frazer. They will be back next year to defend their titles as Woodsman's Champions. Thanks to all the judges who braved the cold and tried to record times with frozen fingers. Their refreshments managed to carry them through the day intact. ��������, . Symposium L.U.F.A.'s successful Fifth Annual Symposium presented contemporary views on the Future Role of Forestry to a large audience of professional foresters and students. Five speakers representing different areas of Forestry in government industrv and consulting services were originally engaged to speak but bad weather closed airports in Northern and Southern Ontario keeping two of the speakers from attending. Given only twenty minutes notice, Mr. Lou Ringham, Assistant Deputy Minister agreed to represent the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Though they were unable to attend, Mr. W. W. Hall, a Consultant Forester near Ottawa and Mr. A. J. Herridge sources , , Assistant Deputy Minister, of Natural Re- will have their papers published in the symposium booklet along with the three other speakers. They were Mr. D. R. Redmond, Director of Public Relations, Canadian Forestry Service; Mr. R. B. Laughlan, Ontario Forest Industries Association; and Professor K. A. Armson, University of Toronto. At the end of the lecture portion of the program, the Chairman of the 1973 Symposium Committee, Don Roy, adjourned the Symposium to the Ontario Legion for an excellent dinner. Lakehead University President, Dr. Andrew Booth, gave an afterdinner speech explaining changes expected in the programs of study at the University. The Dean of Forestry, Mr. Ken Hearnden praised the Symposium Committee for their hard work in preparation for it. dancing to a seven piece orchestra. The night concluded with The members of the 1973 Symposium Committee were: Chairman Don Roy, Gary and Daphne McKellar, Rob Baxter, Paul McBay, Rob Baxter, Glynnis Tomkinsons Al Raman. , Mike Zeller, Derek Dool, Mike Birch and �����Sports Football For the first time tackle football was part of the intramural program at Lakehead University. Our team consisted of twenty well .rounded players who were chosen from about forty originals . Thanks should go to all those who tried out for the team but didn't make the starting lineup. There were two other teams in this year's league and of the games we played, we beat Engineering twice and lost to Physical Education twice. Next year we'll keep up the practices and maybe win another championship other than hockey. One highlight of the season was an exhibition game plaved against Lakeview High School in which the proceeds of a silver collection went to the Cystic Fybrosis Foundation. The team was boosted in man power with the addition of a few guys and with only a one hour practice under our belts the team should be congratulated for beating the Lions. Standouts on the team were Bruce "the animal Pattyson, Frank "sticky-fingers" Beck and Bob " " Ferguson, Geoff "scramble" run-back" Stoddart should also go to our coach, general manager and traini - . Thanks who is big enough to be all three, Walter Palubiski. Tackle Football Team Offense: Greg Cowman, Mike Desjardins, Geoff Pattyson, Frank Beck, Patt Brett, Jim Shaw, Gary Parker, Tul Oleksandrin. Defense: Brian Casanaugh, Bruce Ferguson, Jim Myers, Aime Spencer, Ed Hudson, Don Leeponen, Bob Stoddart, Bob Mitchell. Subs: Jack Phillips, Bruce Lagdzin, Gary McKellar, Brian Ballentine, George Zebruck Paul Jewiss. Coach: Walter Palubiski �Curling Team Team 1 Doug Penna Lloyd Juhala skip - vice Geoff Pattyson - Graeme Olson third - Bruce Nichols - 2 Diane - - skip vice Gary Bloomfield Tom Scott lead - - third lead The number one team skipped by Doug Penna entered the university playdowns and even though Doug made some great clutch draws the team went down to defeat. With the experience maybe next year the boys can do a little better. Our intramural team did well in the intramural league placing forth out of 16 rinks. Congratulations to all and thanks for your participation. Broomball Graeme Olson Gord Lemaistre Pat Brett Bob Forbes Gene Shelp Pat Boyce Bruce Nichols George Zebruck Al Turcotte Gil Moody John Holly Geoff Pattyson Al Raman G. McKensi Glen MacGuillivray Rick Player Brian Neil S. McQuire Lloyd Juhala Terry Thompson Brian Cawanaugh G. Brown Trevor Woods Barry Angell John Wilson M. Desjardins Bob Stoddart Walt Palubiski Martin Elphee J. Boudreau Doug Parsons Doug Penna Gary Moore A. Allen Ted Aho Roy Potvin D. Davidson Norm Goba Ray Rivard J . Stacey Ed East Bill MurDhy G. Parker Paul Jewiss Malcolm Mclntyre D. Laponen Doug Hunt G. Webb Bob Mitchell J Dew Gary McKellar J. Phillips John Carv R. Ringrose . 3. 4. From the looks of things we had a real good turnout for the Broomball league this year. had a good time. None of our teams made it to the finals but every participant �Mooseport "100" Short J. Harrison Keenan P. Poschman N. Cataloo D. Davidson S. McQuire J . Moore I. Rossen D. Doole A. Allen P . Tall - It seems as if we need some more practice on the bikes. year team who won the race from Pigeon River. who raced placed forth and fifth. placed where, but I I Where was the 1st Next year maybe? Anyway those won't embarrass anyone by mentioning who should mention that there were only 5 teams in the race. Varsity Judo Rick Player and George Zebruck were on the varsity iudo team which won the G.P.A.C. title in Brandon this year. In the middle weight division, Rick placed 2nd and George 3rd. The winner was a black belt from the University of Manitoba and considering our boys were only vellow and orange respectively, they did extremely well. Congratulations! Swimming Dave Lawrence 1st - 50 metre Breast Stroke 36 sec. 3rd - 50 metre Crawl 36 sec. There was a poor turn out for swimming and Dave "The Fish" was the only forester to show up for the meet. Apparently, Dave could have worked as a life guard at the pool but he had to straighten the jocks out on how to rule a pool legally. When he went back, they wouldn't hire him. letting the jocks know we're still here. Thanks Dave, for �. Track and Field 800 Meters: Don McAlpine 4th Time: 3:03 440 Dash Bruce Ferguson 5th Time: 00:64:5 Bob Mitchell 6th Time: 00:64:8 Jack Phillips 3rd 126', 122', 111' 7" Gary McKellar 4th 105 '4", 98 '8", 81' 9" Ron Bennett 5th 83' 9", Gary McKellar 4th 29' 11", Aime Spencer 7th 27'5", 28'2", 29'2" Spruce 4th 98 '8", 99' 5", 91 '1" Scott McQuire 2nd Time: 25.9 Bob Mitchell 4th Time: 26.7 Javelin Shot Put Discus : : : : 200 Meters: P. 83 '2", 106 '9" 30', 29 '7" Thanks for those who took time off from football practice to try their hand at Track and Field. Let's hope there be a bigger and better turnout for next year. Flag Football As it turned out this year the Flag Football league disintegrated due to the arrival of Tackle Ball at the University. Thanks to those guys who showed even though they didn't get to play and, through a mix up, missed out on the final game. Better luck next year f laggers �Tennis Champion - Frank Beck from 2nd year Degree Derek Dool also participated in the single elimination tournament. Thanks guys. Golf Only one Forester of the few who playing golf intramurally this year made it to the last round. Gord Lemaistre was the boy and unfortunately he had a field trip the day of the final so couldn't show up. Thanks anyway Gord and thanks to "Patty" and "Pots" and anyone else who tried their luck this year. Bowling Four people participated in Intramural Bowling. Bruce Ferguson, Greg Crook and your day at the lanes. ' s truly. They were Ilmar Kondor, No-body won but all had a free See more of you next year. Skiing The only fellow to place in the intramural skiing was Gary McKellar who tied for 3rd. Maybe we should try to get some more of our hotdogs out on the slopes.... ie. John Holly and Steve Paul. Maybe next year. SUMMARY The biggest indication of how the sports program was enjoved this year, was in the fact that Forestry again won the Participation Trophy. Of all trophies presented at the Awards Dinner Dance, this is the most prestigious as it shows the Faculty with the largest participation in all sports throughout the year. Next year, along with this trophy, we should be able to come closer to taking the Competition Trophy which is given to the Faculty with the most wins in all sports. The Dinner Dance put on by the S.C.A. is a galla affair and all should partake of the celebrations, so next year I hope to see more Foresters at the Banquet. Thanks again to all participants, and referees for making 72-73 another big year for Forestry in Sports. Greg Cowman ������������������Printed by Inter-Collegiate Press ot Canada (1971) ����� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lakehead University Alumni Collection Description An account of the resource Material kept by the Lakehead University Alumni Association, or donated by Alumni to the Association. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973 Lakehead University Forestry Yearbook Subject The topic of the resource Universities Description An account of the resource Annual yearbook for the 1973 Forestry class. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lakehead University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Forestry Forestry Faculty Harvest Lakehead University Forestry Association LUFA Yearbook